Conceptual Physics

by Hewitt, Paul G.

• ISBN13: 9780201466973
• ISBN10: 020146697X
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-06-01
• Publisher: Pearson Prentice Hall

Summary

Conceptual Physics, Tenth Edition helps readers connect physics to their everyday experiences and the world around them with additional help on solving more mathematical problems. Hewitt's text is famous for engaging readers with analogies and imagery from real-world situations that build a strong conceptual understanding of physical principles ranging from classical mechanics to modern physics. With this strong foundation, readers are better equipped to understand the equations and formulas of physics, and motivated to explore the thought-provoking exercises and fun projects in each chapter. Included in the package is the workbook. Mechanics, Properties of Matter, Heat, Sound, Electricity and Magnetism, Light, Atomic and Nuclear Physics, Relativity. For all readers interested in conceptual physics.

Table of Contents

To the Student	xi
About Science
The Basic Science---Physics	1	(1)
Mathematics---The Language of Science	1	(1)
The Scientific Method	2	(1)
The Scientific Attitude	2	(2)
Scientific Hypotheses Must be Testable	4	(1)
Science, Technology, and Society	5	(1)
Science, Art, and Religion	6	(1)
In Perspective	7	(2)
Unit I Mechanics	9	(234)
Linear Motion	10	(18)
Motion Is Relative	10	(1)
Speed	11	(2)
Velocity	13	(2)
Acceleration	15	(2)
Free Fall: How Fast	17	(2)
Free Fall: How Far	19	(2)
Graphs of Motion	21	(3)
Air Resistance and Falling Objects	24	(1)
How Fast, How Far, How Quickly How Fast Changes	24	(4)
Projectile Motion	28	(15)
Vector and Scalar Quantities	28	(1)
Velocity Vectors	29	(2)
Components of Vectors	31	(2)
Projectile Motion	33	(2)
Upwardly Launched Projectiles	35	(4)
Fast-Moving Projectiles---Satellites	39	(4)
Newton's First Law of Motion---Inertia	43	(16)
Aristotle on Motion	43	(1)
Copernicus and the Moving Earth	44	(1)
Galileo on Motion	44	(2)
Newton's Law of Inertia	46	(2)
Mass---A Measure of Inertia	48	(3)
Net Force	51	(1)
Equilibrium---When Net Force Equals Zero	51	(2)
Vector Addition of Forces	53	(2)
The Moving Earth Again	55	(4)
Newton's Second Law of Motion---Force and Acceleration	59	(15)
Force Causes Acceleration	59	(1)
Mass Resists Acceleration	60	(1)
Newton's Second Law	60	(3)
Friction	63	(1)
Applying Force---Pressure	64	(2)
Free Fall Explained	66	(2)
Falling and Air Resistance	68	(6)
Newton's Third Law of Motion---Action and Reaction	74	(12)
Forces and Interactions	74	(1)
Newton's Third Law	75	(1)
Identifying Action and Reaction	75	(2)
Action and Reaction on Different Masses	77	(1)
Do Action and Reaction Forces Cancel?	78	(2)
The Horse-Cart Problem	80	(2)
Action Equals Reaction	82	(4)
Momentum	86	(17)
Momentum	86	(1)
Impulse Changes Momentum	87	(4)
Bouncing	91	(1)
Conservation of Momentum	92	(2)
Collisions	94	(4)
Momentum Vectors	98	(5)
Energy	103	(19)
Work	103	(1)
Power	104	(1)
Mechanical Energy	105	(1)
Potential Energy	106	(2)
Kinetic Energy	108	(1)
Conservation of Energy	109	(2)
Machines	111	(3)
Efficiency	114	(3)
Energy for Life	117	(5)
Circular Motion	122	(14)
Rotation and Revolution	123	(1)
Rotational Speed	123	(3)
Centripetal Force	126	(1)
Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces	127	(2)
Centrifugal Force in a Rotating Reference	129	(2)
Simulated Gravity	131	(5)
Center of Gravity	136	(14)
Center of Gravity	136	(2)
Center of Mass	138	(1)
Locating the Center of Gravity	139	(1)
Toppling	140	(2)
Stability	142	(3)
Center of Gravity of People	145	(5)
Rotational Mechanics	150	(18)
Torque	150	(2)
Balanced Torques	152	(1)
Torque and Center of Gravity	152	(2)
Rotational Inertia	154	(5)
Rotational Inertia and Gymnastics	159	(2)
Angular Momentum	161	(2)
Conservation of Angular Momentum	163	(5)
Universal Gravitation	168	(14)
The Falling Apple	168	(1)
The Falling Moon	169	(2)
The Falling Earth	171	(1)
Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation	172	(3)
Gravity and Distance: The Inverse-Square Law	175	(2)
Universal Gravitation	177	(5)
Gravitational Interactions	182	(17)
Gravitational Fields	182	(2)
Gravitational Field Inside a Planet	184	(2)
Weight and Weightlessness	186	(1)
Ocean Tides	187	(6)
Tides in the Earth and Atmosphere	193	(1)
Black Holes	193	(6)
Satellite Motion	199	(13)
Earth Satellites	199	(3)
Circular Orbits	202	(1)
Elliptical Orbits	203	(2)
Energy Conservation and Satellite Motion	205	(2)
Escape Speed	207	(5)
Special Relativity---Space and Time	212	(20)
Space-Time	213	(1)
Motion Is Relative	214	(1)
The Speed of Light Is Constant	215	(1)
The First Postulate of Special Relativity	216	(1)
The Second Postulate of Special Relativity	217	(1)
Time Dilation	218	(4)
The Twin Trip	222	(6)
Space and Time Travel	228	(4)
Special Relativity---Length, Momentum, and Energy	232	(11)
Length Contraction	232	(2)
Momentum and Inertia in Relativity	234	(2)
Equivalence of Mass and Energy	236	(2)
Kinetic Energy in Relativity	238	(1)
The Correspondence Principle	239	(4)
Unit II Properties of Matter	243	(63)
The Atomic Nature of Matter	244	(14)
Elements	244	(2)
Atoms Are Recyclable	246	(1)
Atoms Are Small	246	(2)
Evidence for Atoms	248	(1)
Molecules	249	(1)
Compounds	250	(1)
The Atomic Nucleus	250	(2)
Electrons in the Atom	252	(3)
The Phases of Matter	255	(3)
Solids	258	(15)
Crystal Structure	258	(2)
Density	260	(3)
Elasticity	263	(1)
Compression and Tension	264	(3)
Scaling	267	(6)
Liquids	273	(17)
Liquid Pressure	273	(4)
Buoyancy	277	(1)
Archimedes' Principle	278	(2)
Does It Sink, or Does It Float?	280	(2)
Flotation	282	(2)
Pascal's Principle	284	(6)
Gases	290	(16)
The Atmosphere	290	(2)
Atmospheric Pressure	292	(2)
The Simple Barometer	294	(2)
The Aneroid Barometer	296	(1)
Boyle's Law	297	(2)
Buoyancy of Air	299	(1)
Bernoulli's Principle	300	(1)
Applications of Bernoulli's Principle	301	(5)
Unit III Heat	306	(65)
Temperature, Heat, and Expansion	307	(18)
Temperature	307	(2)
Heat	309	(1)
Thermal Equilibrium	310	(1)
Internal Energy	310	(1)
Measurement of Heat	311	(2)
Specific Heat Capacity	313	(1)
The High Specific Heat Capacity of Water	314	(1)
Thermal Expansion	315	(4)
Expansion of Water	319	(6)
Heat Transfer	325	(14)
Conduction	325	(2)
Convection	327	(3)
Radiation	330	(1)
Absorption of Radiant Energy	331	(1)
Emission of Radiant Energy	332	(2)
Newton's Law of Cooling	334	(1)
Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect	335	(4)
Change of Phase	339	(15)
Evaporation	339	(2)
Condensation	341	(2)
Evaporation and Condensation Rates	343	(1)
Boiling	343	(2)
Freezing	345	(1)
Boiling and Freezing at the Same Time	346	(1)
Regelation	346	(1)
Energy and Changes of Phase	347	(7)
Thermodynamics	354	(17)
Absolute Zero	354	(1)
First Law of Thermodynamics	355	(3)
Adiabatic Processes	358	(2)
Second Law of Thermodynamics	360	(1)
Heat Engines and the Second Law	361	(3)
Order Tends to Disorder	364	(1)
Entropy	365	(6)
Unit IV Sound and Light	371	(128)
Vibrations and Waves	372	(18)
Vibration of a Pendulum	372	(1)
Wave Description	373	(2)
Wave Motion	375	(1)
Wave Speed	376	(2)
Transverse Waves	378	(1)
Longitudinal Waves	378	(1)
Interference	379	(1)
Standing Waves	380	(2)
The Doppler Effect	382	(2)
Bow Waves	384	(1)
Shock Waves	385	(5)
Sound	390	(14)
The Origin of Sound	390	(1)
Sound in Air	391	(1)
Media That Transmit Sound	392	(1)
Speed of Sound	393	(1)
Loudness	393	(1)
Forced Vibration	394	(1)
Natural Frequency	395	(1)
Resonance	395	(2)
Interference	397	(1)
Beats	398	(6)
Light	404	(17)
Early Concepts of Light	404	(1)
The Speed of Light	405	(3)
Electromagnetic Waves	408	(1)
Light and Transparent Materials	409	(2)
Opaque Materials	411	(1)
Shadows	412	(2)
Polarization	414	(2)
Polarized Light and 3-D Viewing	416	(5)
Color	421	(21)
The Color Spectrum	421	(1)
Color by Reflection	422	(2)
Color by Transmission	424	(1)
Sunlight	425	(1)
Mixing Colored Light	426	(1)
Complementary Colors	427	(2)
Mixing Colored Pigments	429	(3)
Why the Sky Is Blue	432	(1)
Why Sunsets Are Red	433	(2)
Why Water Is Greenish Blue	435	(1)
The Atomic Color Code---Atomic Spectra	436	(6)
Reflection and Refraction	442	(21)
Reflection	442	(1)
The Law of Reflection	443	(1)
Mirrors	444	(2)
Diffuse Reflection	446	(1)
Reflection of Sound	447	(1)
Refraction	448	(1)
Refraction of Sound	449	(2)
Refraction of Light	451	(1)
Atmospheric Refraction	452	(2)
Dispersion in a Prism	454	(1)
The Rainbow	455	(2)
Total Internal Reflection	457	(6)
Lenses	463	(17)
Converging and Diverging Lenses	463	(2)
Image Formation by a Lens	465	(2)
Constructing Images Through Ray Diagrams	467	(3)
Image Formation Summarized	470	(1)
Some Common Optical Instruments	471	(2)
The Eye	473	(1)
Some Defects in Vision	474	(1)
Some Defects of Lenses	475	(5)
Diffraction and Interference	480	(19)
Huygens' Principle	480	(3)
Diffraction	483	(3)
Interference	486	(1)
Young's Interference Experiment	487	(3)
Single-Color Interference from Thin Films	490	(1)
Iridescence from Thin Films	491	(2)
Laser Light	493	(2)
The Hologram	495	(4)
Unit V Electricity and Magnetism	499	(96)
Electrostatics	500	(17)
Electrical Forces and Charges	500	(2)
Conservation of Charge	502	(2)
Coulomb's Law	504	(4)
Conductors and Insulators	508	(1)
Charging by Friction and Contact	509	(1)
Charging by Induction	510	(2)
Charge Polarization	512	(5)
Electric Fields and Potential	517	(14)
Electric Fields	517	(2)
Electric Field Lines	519	(2)
Electric Shielding	521	(2)
Electric Potential Energy	523	(1)
Electric Potential	524	(2)
Electric Energy Storage	526	(1)
The Van de Graaff Generator	527	(4)
Electric Current	531	(17)
Flow of Charge	531	(1)
Electric Current	532	(1)
Voltage Sources	533	(1)
Electric Resistance	534	(1)
Ohm's Law	535	(2)
Ohm's Law and Electric Shock	537	(2)
Direct Current and Alternating Current	539	(1)
Converting AC to DC	540	(1)
The Speed of Electrons in a Circuit	541	(1)
The Source of Electrons in a Circuit	542	(1)
Electric Power	543	(5)
Electric Circuits	548	(14)
A Battery and a Bulb	548	(1)
Electric Circuits	549	(1)
Series Circuits	550	(2)
Parallel Circuits	552	(2)
Schematic Diagrams	554	(1)
Combining Resistors in a Compound Circuit	555	(2)
Parallel Circuits and Overloading	557	(5)
Magnetism	562	(15)
Magnetic Poles	563	(1)
Magnetic Fields	564	(1)
The Nature of a Magnetic Field	565	(1)
Magnetic Domains	566	(2)
Electric Currents and Magnetic Fields	568	(2)
Magnetic Forces on Moving Charged Particles	570	(1)
Magnetic Forces on Current-Carrying Wires	571	(1)
Meters to Motors	572	(2)
The Earth's Magnetic Field	574	(3)
Electromagnetic Induction	577	(18)
Electromagnetic Induction	577	(2)
Faraday's Law	579	(1)
Generators and Alternating Current	580	(2)
Motor and Generator Comparison	582	(1)
Transformers	583	(4)
Power Transmission	587	(1)
Induction of Electric and Magnetic Fields	587	(2)
Electromagnetic Waves	589	(6)
Unit VI Atomic and Nuclear Physics	595	(50)
The Atom and the Quantum	596	(13)
Models	596	(1)
Light Quanta	597	(1)
The Photoelectric Effect	598	(1)
Waves as Particles	599	(1)
Particles as Waves	600	(1)
Electron Waves	601	(2)
Relative Sizes of Atoms	603	(2)
Quantum Physics	605	(1)
Predictability and Chaos	606	(3)
The Atomic Nucleus and Radioactivity	609	(20)
The Atomic Nucleus	609	(1)
Radioactive Decay	610	(2)
Radiation Penetrating Power	612	(1)
Radioactive Isotopes	613	(2)
Radioactive Half-Life	615	(2)
Natural Transmutation of Elements	617	(3)
Artificial Transmutation of Elements	620	(1)
Carbon Dating	621	(2)
Uranium Dating	623	(1)
Radioactive Tracers	623	(1)
Radiation and You	624	(5)
Nuclear Fission and Fusion	629	(16)
Nuclear Fission	630	(3)
The Nuclear Fission Reactor	633	(1)
Plutonium	634	(1)
The Breeder Reactor	635	(1)
Mass-Energy Equivalence	636	(3)
Nuclear Fusion	639	(2)
Controlling Nuclear Fusion	641	(4)
Appendices	645	(17)
A Units of Measurement	645	(2)
B Working with Units in Physics	647	(2)
C Graphing	649	(3)
D Vector Applications	652	(4)
E Exponential Growth and Doubling Time	656	(3)
F Equations of Physics	659	(2)
G Preparing for a Career in Physics	661	(1)
Glossary	662	(15)
Index	677	(13)
Acknowledgments	690	(1)
Photo Album	691	(1)
Photo Credits	692