Preface | p. ix |
Introduction: The Nature of Communication | p. 1 |
The Nature of Communication | p. 2 |
Nonhuman and Human Communication Compared | p. 4 |
Chimpanzees and Gorillas in Controlled Environments | p. 10 |
Skepticism over Ape Language Studies | p. 15 |
Summary | p. 20 |
Suggested Reading | p. 21 |
Suggested Websites | p. 21 |
Review of Terms and Concepts | p. 22 |
End of Chapter Questions | p. 24 |
The Phonological Component: Phonetics | p. 28 |
Articulatory Phonetics | p. 29 |
Consonants and Vowels | p. 32 |
Syllables and Syllabic Consonants | p. 48 |
Suprasegmentals | p. 50 |
Connected Speech | p. 53 |
Summary | p. 57 |
Suggested Reading | p. 58 |
Suggested Websites | p. 58 |
Review of Terms and Concepts | p. 59 |
End of Chapter Exercises | p. 61 |
The Phonological Component: Phonology | p. 64 |
The Phoneme and the Concept of Significant Differences in Sounds | p. 64 |
Distinctive Feature Analysis | p. 74 |
Phonological Processes | p. 78 |
The Continuous and Complex Nature of Speech, Revised | p. 82 |
Summary | p. 84 |
Suggested Reading | p. 85 |
Suggested Websites | p. 85 |
Review of Terms and Concepts | p. 86 |
End of Chapter Exercises | p. 87 |
The Morphological Component | p. 89 |
The Morpheme | p. 89 |
Morphological Typology | p. 95 |
How New Words Are Coined | p. 97 |
Parts of Speech | p. 106 |
Summary | p. 110 |
Suggested Reading | p. 111 |
Suggested Websites | p. 111 |
Review of Terms and Concepts | p. 111 |
End of Chapter Exercises | p. 113 |
Syntax | p. 114 |
Syntactic Construction | p. 115 |
Subconscious Knowledge | p. 123 |
The Constituent Structure of Sentences | p. 131 |
Phrase Structure Rules | p. 134 |
Transformational Rules | p. 139 |
Optional and Obligatory Transformations | p. 142 |
Summary | p. 145 |
Suggested Reading | p. 146 |
Suggested Websites | p. 146 |
Review of Terms and Concepts | p. 146 |
Semantics and Pragmatics | p. 150 |
The Meaning of Words: Lexical Semantics | p. 150 |
The -Nyms | p. 157 |
Other Kinds of Meaning: Structural Semantics | p. 162 |
Pragmatics | p. 166 |
Summary | p. 177 |
Suggested Reading | p. 178 |
Suggested Websites | p. 179 |
Review of Terms and Concepts | p. 179 |
Fieldwork Project | p. 181 |
Sociolinguistics and Linguistic Anthropology | p. 182 |
Regional Dialects | p. 183 |
African American English | p. 188 |
Hispanic English | p. 194 |
Contact Languages: Pidgins and Creoles | p. 197 |
Situational Dialects or Registers | p. 198 |
Gender and Language | p. 206 |
Linguistic Anthropology | p. 211 |
Language and Nationalism | p. 217 |
Summary | p. 218 |
Suggested Reading | p. 219 |
Suggested Websites | p. 220 |
Review of Terms and Concepts | p. 221 |
Language Acquisition | p. 225 |
Language and the Brain | p. 225 |
Ideas about Language Acquisition | p. 226 |
How Do Children Acquire the Components of Language? | p. 228 |
Language Socialization: Three Examples | p. 238 |
The Acquisition of Sign Language | p. 240 |
Bilingualism | p. 242 |
Summary | p. 247 |
Suggested Reading | p. 248 |
Suggested Websites | p. 248 |
Review of Terms and Concepts | p. 249 |
Sign Language | p. 252 |
The Nature of Sign Language | p. 253 |
What Is ASL? | p. 254 |
Nicaraguan Sign Language: The Birth of a New Language | p. 267 |
Social Dimensions of Sign Language | p. 268 |
Summary | p. 268 |
Suggested Reading | p. 270 |
Suggested Websites | p. 270 |
Review of Terms and Concepts | p. 271 |
End of Chapter Exercises | p. 272 |
Writing Systems | p. 275 |
Writing Is Secondary to Speech and Sign Language | p. 275 |
Types of Writing Systems | p. 276 |
The History of Writing | p. 294 |
The Printing Press | p. 305 |
A Few Words about Computers | p. 307 |
Summary | p. 307 |
Suggested Reading | p. 308 |
Suggested Websites | p. 308 |
Review of Terms and Concepts | p. 309 |
End of Chapter Exercises | p. 311 |
Nonverbal Communication | p. 314 |
What Does "Nonverbal" Mean? | p. 315 |
Kinesic Behavior | p. 315 |
Affect Displays | p. 318 |
The Eyes Have It | p. 320 |
Physical Appearance | p. 321 |
Touching (Tactile) Behavior | p. 323 |
Paralanguage | p. 325 |
Proxemics | p. 326 |
The Physical Environment | p. 328 |
"How-To" Books: A Word of Caution | p. 330 |
Summary | p. 330 |
Suggested Reading | p. 331 |
Suggested Websites | p. 331 |
Review of Terms and Concepts | p. 332 |
End of Chapter Exercises | p. 333 |
Historical Linguistics | p. 336 |
The Relationships between Languages | p. 337 |
Types of Language Change | p. 345 |
How Long Does It Take a Language to Change? | p. 353 |
Disappearing, Reappearing, and Emerging Languages | p. 355 |
The Spread of Englishes | p. 357 |
New Jargons | p. 358 |
Summary | p. 359 |
Suggested Reading | p. 360 |
Suggested Websites | p. 360 |
Review of Terms and Concepts | p. 361 |
Answers to Reviews of Terms and Concepts | p. 365 |
Answers to Selected Exercises | p. 377 |
Fieldwork Exercises | p. 387 |
Index | p. 397 |
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