Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics : Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology

by COMMITTEE ON CONDENSED-MATTER AND MATERI

• ISBN13: 9780309063494
• ISBN10: 0309063493
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1999-04-01
• Publisher: Natl Academy Pr

Summary

Discusses condensed-matter and materials physics studying the properties of the large collections of atoms that compose both natural and synthetic materials. Softcover.

Table of Contents

Executive Summary	1	(4)
Overview	5	(302)
Introduction	5	(2)
A New Era	7	(1)
The Science of Modern Technology	8	(2)
New Materials and Structures	10	(1)
Novel Quantum Phenomena	11	(4)
Nonequilibrium Physics	15	(2)
Complex Fluids and Macromolecular and Biological Systems	17	(2)
New Tools for Research: From the Benchtop to the National Laboratory	19	(5)
Findings and Recommendations	24	(5)
Research Infrastructure	25	(1)
Major Facilities	26	(1)
Partnerships	27	(1)
Education	28	(1)
Research Themes	29	(2)
Electronic, Optical, and Magnetic Materials and Phenomena: The Science of Modern Technology	31	(62)
Electronic Materials and Phenomena	38	(18)
Materials and Physics That Drive Today's Technology	38	(17)
Challenges, Priorities, and Frontiers of Electronic Materials and Phenomena	55	(1)
Optical Materials and Phenomena	56	(19)
Materials and Physics That Drive Today's Technology	56	(19)
Challenges, Priorities, and Frontiers of Optical Materials and Phenomena	75	(1)
Science and Technology of Magnetism	75	(15)
Technology Pull	76	(6)
The Physics of Magnetism	82	(7)
Major Outstanding Materials and Physics Questions and Issues in Magnetism	89	(1)
Future Directions and Research Priorities	90	(3)
Major Outstanding Scientific and Technological Questions	92	(1)
Priorities	92	(1)
New Materials and Structures	93	(44)
Complex Oxides	98	(8)
Electroceramics	106	(3)
New Forms of Carbon	109	(5)
Nanoclusters	114	(6)
Thin Films, Surfaces, and Interfaces	120	(6)
Artificially Structured Materials	126	(5)
Future Directions and Research Priorities	131	(6)
Materials Properties by Design: Complexity	132	(3)
Synthesis and Processing: Control	135	(1)
Physics: Understanding	135	(1)
Technology: Relevance	135	(1)
Outstanding Scientific Questions	136	(1)
Research Priorities	136	(1)
Novel Quantum Phenomena	137	(31)
Superfluidity and Superconductivity	140	(5)
Bose-Einstein Condensation in Atom Traps	145	(3)
Quantum Spin Chains and Ladders	148	(7)
The Quantum Hall Effect	155	(11)
Composite Particles	158	(2)
Edge States	160	(2)
Magnetic Order of Spins and Pseudospins	162	(4)
Summary	166	(1)
Future Directions and Research Priorities	166	(2)
Nonequilibrium Physics	168	(26)
Pattern Formation and Turbulence in Fluid Dynamics	170	(6)
Nonequilibrium Phenomena in Fluids	170	(1)
Pattern Formation	171	(2)
Turbulence	173	(3)
Processing and Performance of Structural Materials: Metallurgical Microstructures	176	(2)
Processing and Performance of Structural Materials: Solid Mechanics	178	(12)
Brittle and Ductile Solids	180	(1)
Instabilities in Dynamic Fracture	180	(3)
Polymers and Adhesives	183	(1)
Friction	184	(3)
Granular Materials	187	(2)
Length Scales, Complexity, and Predictability	189	(1)
Further Prospects for the Future	190	(2)
Nonequilibrium Phenomena in the Quantum Domain	190	(1)
Nonequilibrium Phenomena in Biology	191	(1)
Future Directions and Research Priorities	192	(2)
Soft Condensed Matter: Complex Fluids, Macromolecular Systems, and Biological Systems	194	(31)
Complex Fluids	197	(7)
Liquid Crystals and Microemulsions	197	(3)
Colloidal and Macromolecular Interactions	200	(2)
Polyelectrolytes	202	(1)
Polysaccharides	203	(1)
Macromolecules and Macromolecular Films	204	(7)
Phase Separation and Ordering in Thin Polymer Films	204	(1)
New Macromolecular Materials	205	(5)
Structural Polymers: Controlling Properties of New Polymers from Old Monomers	210	(1)
Biological Connections	211	(1)
Biological Systems	211	(11)
Two Traditions of Learning Must Merge to Allow Systematic Progress	212	(1)
Physics and Structural Biology	213	(2)
Molecular Conformation and Protein Folding	215	(1)
Single-Molecule Motions and Mechanics	215	(4)
Molecular Association	219	(2)
Consequences of the Human Genome Project and Other Genome Determinations	221	(1)
Directions and Priorities	222	(3)
Priorities	223	(2)
New Tools for Research	225	(49)
Atomic Visualization Through Microscopy	227	(7)
Atomic Structure	229	(2)
Electronic Structure	231	(1)
Nanoproperties of Materials	231	(2)
Atomic Manipulation	233	(1)
Conclusions	234	(1)
Neutron Scattering	234	(10)
The Past Decade	235	(7)
The Next Decade	242	(2)
Synchrotron Radiation	244	(9)
The Past Decade	247	(5)
The Next Decade	252	(1)
The Reinvention of Traditional Condensed-Matter Experiments	253	(2)
Man-Made Extreme Conditions	255	(7)
Matter at Very Low Temperatures	256	(1)
Matter at Very High Pressures	257	(3)
Matter in Large Magnetic Fields	260	(2)
The Next Decade	262	(1)
Computational Materials Physics	262	(8)
Progress in Algorithms	264	(3)
Computational Physics in a Teraflop World	267	(2)
Quantum Computers	269	(1)
Future Directions and Research Priorities	270	(4)
Outstanding Scientific Questions	272	(1)
Priorities	273	(1)
Changes in the R&D Landscape	274	(14)
From the Cold War to the Global Economy	274	(1)
A Decade of Change	275	(7)
Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics Today	282	(2)
Measuring Performance and Economic Impacts	284	(4)
The Next Decade	288	(19)
Making the Right Investments	288	(7)
Human Capital	289	(1)
Facilities and Infrastructure	290	(5)
Redefining Roles and Relationships	295	(7)
Role of Research Universities	296	(1)
Role of Government Laboratories	297	(1)
Interactions with Industry	298	(1)
The Importance of Partnerships	299	(3)
Integrating Research and Education	302	(1)
A Research Strategy for Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics	303	(4)
Discovery	304	(1)
Scientific Themes	304	(3)
Excellence with Relevance	307