Confidence in Public Speaking: Telecourse Version

by Nelson, Paul E.; Pearson, Judy C.

• ISBN13: 9781931719315
• ISBN10: 1931719314
• Edition: 8th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-09-01
• Publisher: Oxford Univ Pr

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
Chapter 1: Introduction	1	(18)
Question Outline	1	(1)
Why Study Public Speaking?	2	(2)
Personal Advantages	2	(1)
Professional Gains	3	(1)
The Seven Basic Elements of the Public Speaking Process	4	(4)
Source	4	(1)
Message	5	(1)
Receiver	5	(1)
Channel	5	(1)
Feedback	6	(1)
Noise	6	(1)
Situation	6	(2)
Confidence in Public Speaking	8	(7)
Fear of Public Speaking	8	(4)
Reducing Anxiety	12	(2)
Becoming Confident in Incremental Steps	14	(1)
Summary	15	(2)
Vocabulary	17	(1)
Application Exercises	17	(1)
References	17	(2)
Chapter 2: Listening and Ethics	19	(26)
Question Outline	19	(1)
The Importance of Listening	20	(1)
Three Myths About Listening	21	(1)
Assuming That You Listen Well	21	(1)
Assuming That You Cannot Be Taught to Listen Better	21	(1)
Assuming That Listening and Hearing Are the Same Thing	22	(1)
The Process of Listening	22	(3)
Receiving	23	(1)
Selecting	23	(1)
Organizing	23	(1)
Interpreting	24	(1)
Barriers to Effective Listening	25	(3)
Faking Attention	25	(1)
Prejudging the Speaker	26	(1)
Prejudging the Speech	26	(1)
Yielding to Distractions	27	(1)
Informative Listening	28	(4)
Suspend Judgments About the Speaker	29	(1)
Focus on the Speaker As a Source of Information	29	(1)
Concentrate Your Attention on the Speaker	29	(1)
Listen to the Entire Message	30	(1)
Focus on the Values or Experiences You Share With the Speaker	30	(1)
Focus on the Main Ideas the Speaker Is Presenting	30	(1)
Recall the Arbitrary Nature of Words	31	(1)
Focus on the Intent As Well As the Content of the Message	31	(1)
Be Aware of Your Listening Intensity	31	(1)
Remove or Ignore Physical Distractions	31	(1)
Evaluative Listening	32	(3)
Establish Standards of Appraisal	33	(1)
Consider the Positive As Well As the Negative Aspects of the Speech	33	(1)
View the Speech As a Unit	33	(2)
Consider the Speaker's Ethical Standards	35	(1)
Ethics and the Listener	35	(3)
Avoid Unethical Topics	35	(1)
Present Accurate Information	36	(1)
Avoid Misleading the Audience	36	(1)
Use Ethical Emotional Appeals	37	(1)
Respect All Cultural Groups	37	(1)
Do Not Hide Your Association With a Group Whose Purpose or Work Is Relevant to the Topic	38	(1)
Summary	38	(1)
Vocabulary	39	(2)
Application Exercises	41	(1)
References	42	(3)
Chapter 3: The Audience	45	(26)
Question Outline	45	(1)
Audience Analysis	46	(10)
Conventional Wisdom	47	(1)
Demographics	48	(8)
Methods of Audience Analysis	56	(4)
Observation	57	(1)
Informants	57	(1)
Interviews	58	(1)
Questionnaires	58	(2)
Situational Analysis	60	(2)
Size of Audience	60	(1)
Occasion	60	(1)
Time	61	(1)
Importance	62	(1)
The Uniqueness of the Classroom Audience	62	(1)
Adapting to Your Audience	63	(2)
Ethics and the Audience	65	(1)
Summary	65	(2)
Vocabulary	67	(1)
Application Exercises	67	(1)
References	68	(3)
Chapter 4: The Speaker	71	(18)
Question Outline	71	(1)
The Speaker-Audience Relationship	72	(3)
Credibility Is in the Eye of the Beholder	72	(1)
How Do You See Yourself?	73	(1)
Are You Afraid of Your Audience?	74	(1)
How Does Your Audience See You?	74	(1)
What Do Audiences Want?	75	(5)
Common Ground	75	(1)
Dynamism	76	(1)
Trustworthiness	77	(1)
Competence	78	(2)
How Do You Introduce Another Speaker?	80	(2)
What Is the Right Thing to Say?	81	(1)
How to Avoid Plagiarism	82	(2)
Summary	84	(1)
Vocabulary	85	(1)
Application Exercises	85	(1)
References	86	(3)
Chapter 5: Selecting a Topic and Purpose	89	(18)
Question Outline	89	(1)
Purposes of Speeches	90	(3)
General Purposes	90	(1)
Specific Purposes	91	(1)
Thesis Statement	92	(1)
Topic Selection	93	(5)
Searching for a Topic	93	(4)
Selecting a Topic	97	(1)
Evaluating Topics	98	(3)
Appropriate for You	99	(1)
Appropriate for the Audience	99	(1)
Appropriate Ethical Standards	99	(1)
Appropriate for the Occasion	100	(1)
Summary	101	(1)
Vocabulary	102	(1)
Application Exercises	103	(2)
References	105	(2)
Chapter 6: Finding Information	107	(34)
Question Outline	107	(1)
Researching Effectively	108	(6)
Begin the Research Process	108	(3)
Record Potential Sources	111	(1)
Make Index Cards or an Electronic File	112	(2)
Learn as You Look	114	(1)
Personal Experience as a Source of Information	114	(3)
Interviewing for Information	117	(4)
Before the Interview	117	(3)
During the Interview	120	(1)
After the Interview	120	(1)
Using the Library for Information	121	(8)
The Library Staff	122	(1)
Books	122	(1)
Magazines and Journals	123	(1)
Newspapers	124	(2)
Reference Works	126	(1)
Dictionaries	126	(1)
Encyclopedias	127	(1)
Facts and Figures: Yearbooks, Almanacs, and Websites	127	(1)
Books of Quotations	128	(1)
Searching the Internet for Information	129	(4)
Searching the World Wide Web for Information	131	(1)
Evaluating Sources on the Web	131	(2)
Creating the Bibliography	133	(1)
APA Style	133	(1)
MLA Style	133	(1)
Ethics in Research: Oral Footnotes	134	(2)
Summary	136	(1)
Vocabulary	137	(1)
Application Exercises	138	(1)
References	139	(2)
Chapter 7: Speech Organization and Outlining	141	(34)
Question Outline	141	(1)
The Importance of Organization	142	(1)
Organizing the Body of the Speech	143	(17)
Divide the Body Into Main Points	143	(3)
Determine the Order of the Main Points	146	(12)
Incorporate Supporting Materials	158	(2)
Consider the Connections	160	(2)
Transitions	160	(1)
Signposts	161	(1)
Internal Previews	161	(1)
Internal Reviews	162	(1)
Principles of Outlining	162	(2)
Subordination	162	(1)
Division	163	(1)
Parallelism	163	(1)
Types of Outlines	164	(7)
The Preparation Outline	165	(1)
The Formal Outline	166	(4)
The Key Word Outline	170	(1)
Summary	171	(1)
Vocabulary	172	(1)
Application Exercises	173	(1)
References	174	(1)
Chapter 8: The Ethical and Effective Use of Evidence, Proof, and Argument	175	(36)
Question Outline	175	(1)
How Can Evidence Be Used Ethically and Effectively in the Persuasive Speech?	176	(7)
Facts and Figures	178	(1)
Examples	178	(1)
Narratives	179	(1)
Testimony	180	(1)
Evaluating Evidence	180	(3)
Using Proof Ethically and Effectively	183	(22)
Personal Proof	184	(3)
Emotional Proof	187	(3)
Logical Proof	190	(1)
Mythic Proof	190	(3)
Components of an Argument	193	(1)
Types of Claims	193	(1)
The Construction of a Sound Argument	194	(1)
Types of Argument	195	(7)
Fallacies of Argument	202	(2)
Additional Ethical Concerns	204	(1)
Summary	205	(1)
Vocabulary	206	(2)
Application Exercises	208	(1)
References	209	(2)
Chapter 9: Introducing and Concluding Your Speech	211	(22)
Question Outline	211	(1)
The Functions of an Introduction	212	(8)
Gaining and Maintaining Favorable Attention	212	(5)
Relating the Topic to the Audience	217	(1)
Relating the Topic to the Speaker	218	(2)
Previewing the Message by Stating the Purpose and Forecasting the Organization	220	(1)
Demonstrating the Functions in a Speech	220	(4)
Suggestions for Introducing Your Speech	221	(2)
Mid-Speech Sag	223	(1)
The Functions of a Conclusion	224	(1)
Forewarning the Audience of the End	224	(1)
Reminding the Audience of Your Main Points	224	(1)
Specifying What the Audience Should Do	225	(1)
Methods of Concluding Your Speech	225	(3)
Ending With a Quotation	225	(1)
Asking a Question	226	(1)
Telling a Story	226	(1)
Closing With a Striking Statement	227	(1)
Suggestions for Concluding Your Speech	227	(1)
Summary	228	(2)
Vocabulary	230	(1)
Application Exercises	230	(1)
References	231	(2)
Chapter 10: Language in Public Speaking	233	(24)
Question Outline	233	(1)
How Do Words Provide Power?	234	(6)
Words Organize and Classify	234	(1)
Words Shape Thought	235	(1)
Words Are Representational and Presentational	236	(1)
Words Are Abstract or Concrete	237	(2)
Words Are Denotative and Connotative	239	(1)
Does Spoken Language Differ From Written Language?	240	(1)
Avoiding Problems With Your Words	241	(3)
The Politically Correct Movement	242	(1)
Sexist Language	243	(1)
Stereotypes and Differences	243	(1)
Racist Language	244	(1)
What Words Should You Use?	244	(5)
Use Words That Simplify	244	(1)
Use Substitutions and Definitions	245	(1)
Use Comparison and Contrast	245	(1)
Use Synonyms and Antonyms	246	(1)
Use the Origin of the Word	246	(1)
Use Words That Evoke Images	247	(1)
Use Correct Grammar	247	(1)
Use Vivid Words	248	(1)
Use Parallelism and Repetition	248	(1)
Using Words Ethically	249	(1)
Exaggeration and Oversimplification	249	(1)
Language and Perspective	250	(1)
Suggestions for Language in Public Speaking	250	(1)
Summary	251	(2)
Vocabulary	253	(1)
Application Exercises	254	(1)
References	255	(2)
Chapter 11: Delivering Your Speech	257	(30)
Question Outline	257	(1)
What Is Effective Delivery?	258	(1)
What Are Four Modes of Delivery?	259	(5)
Extemporaneous Mode	259	(2)
Memorized Mode	261	(1)
Manuscript Mode	261	(1)
Impromptu Mode	262	(2)
How Can You Use Your Voice Effectively?	264	(6)
Adjust Your Rate to Content, Audience, and Situation	264	(1)
Use Pause for Effect	265	(1)
Use Duration for Attention	266	(1)
Use Rhythm to Establish Tempo	266	(1)
Use Pitch for Expression	267	(1)
Use Volume for Emphasis	267	(1)
Use Enunciation for Clarity	268	(1)
Use Fluency for Fluidity	269	(1)
How Can You Use Your Body to Communicate Effectively?	270	(6)
Use Eye Contact to Hold Audience Attention	270	(1)
Use Facial Expression to Communicate	271	(1)
Use Gestures to Reinforce Message	272	(1)
Use Bodily Movement for Purpose	273	(1)
Consider Your Unique Physical Appearance	274	(2)
How Can You Improve Your Delivery?	276	(2)
Summary	278	(2)
Vocabulary	280	(1)
Application Exercises	281	(2)
References	283	(4)
Chapter 12: Presentational Aids	287	(28)
Question Outline	287	(1)
Why Use Presentational Aids?	288	(2)
Presentational Aids Reinforce Your Message	288	(1)
Presentational Aids Clarify Your Message	289	(1)
Presentational Aids Make Your Speech More Interesting	289	(1)
Presentational Aids Make Your Speech Memorable	289	(1)
Presentational Aids Reduce Your Anxiety	290	(1)
Factors Affecting the Use of Presentational Aids	290	(3)
Who Is Your Audience?	291	(1)
What Is the Occasion?	291	(1)
What Is the Setting?	292	(1)
What Is Your Message?	292	(1)
What Will Presentational Aids Cost?	293	(1)
What Rules Should You Follow?	293	(1)
What Are the Types of Presentational Aids?	293	(17)
What Are Graphics?	293	(5)
What Are Display Boards?	298	(2)
What Are Computer-Generated Graphics?	300	(1)
What Is Display Equipment?	300	(6)
What Is the Display of Persons and Things?	306	(4)
Summary	310	(2)
Vocabulary	312	(1)
Application Exercises	312	(1)
References	313	(2)
Chapter 13: Informative Speaking	315	(32)
Question Outline	315	(2)
Two Rhetorical Principles of Informative Speaking	317	(1)
Relate the Speaker to the Topic	317	(1)
Relate the Topic to the Audience	318	(1)
What Are Four Purposes of Informative Speaking?	318	(5)
Create Information Hunger	318	(2)
Help the Audience Understand the Information	320	(1)
Help the Audience Remember the Information	321	(1)
Invite the Audience to Apply That Information	322	(1)
Learning Styles and Informative Speaking	323	(4)
Five Principles of Learning	327	(5)
Build on the Known	328	(1)
Use Humor and Wit	328	(1)
Use Presentational Aids	329	(1)
Organize Your Information	329	(2)
Reward Your Listeners	331	(1)
Skills for the Informative Speaker	332	(5)
Defining in an Informative Speech	332	(2)
Describing in an Informative Speech	334	(1)
Explaining in an Informative Speech	335	(1)
Demonstrating in an Informative Speech	336	(1)
Ethics and Informative Speaking	337	(2)
Summary	339	(1)
Vocabulary	339	(3)
Application Exercises	342	(1)
References	343	(4)
Chapter 14: Persuasive and Presentational Speaking	347	(24)
Question Outline	347	(1)
What Is Persuasive Speaking?	348	(1)
Why Is Persuasive Speaking an Important Topic?	348	(2)
Three Purposes of Persuasive Speaking	350	(1)
Shaping Audience Responses	350	(1)
Reinforcing Audience Responses	350	(1)
Changing Audience Responses	351	(1)
What Is Being Influenced?	351	(4)
Feelings	351	(1)
Beliefs	352	(1)
Attitudes	353	(1)
Values	353	(1)
Behavior	354	(1)
Principles of Persuasion	355	(4)
Consistency Persuades	355	(1)
Small Changes Persuade	356	(1)
Benefits Persuade	357	(1)
Fulfilling Needs Persuades	358	(1)
Gradual Approaches Persuade	358	(1)
Types of Persuasive Speeches	359	(4)
The Speech to Inspire	360	(1)
The Speech to Convince	361	(1)
The Speech to Actuate	361	(2)
Ethics and Persuasive Speaking	363	(1)
Summary	364	(1)
Vocabulary	365	(2)
Application Exercises	367	(1)
References	368	(3)
Chapter 15: Speeches for Special Occasions	371	(22)
Question Outline	371	(1)
The Speech of Introduction	372	(17)
Guidelines for Giving a Speech of Introduction	373	(2)
The Speech of Welcome	375	(1)
The Speech of Inspiration	375	(2)
The Speech of Farewell	377	(1)
The Speech of Presentation	378	(1)
The Speech of Acceptance	379	(2)
The Speech of Tribute	381	(2)
The Eulogy	383	(2)
The Entertaining Speech	385	(4)
Summary	389	(1)
Vocabulary	390	(1)
Application Exercises	391	(1)
Application Assignments	391	(1)
References	391	(2)
Chapter 16: Speech Criticism	393	(18)
Question Outline	393	(1)
The Value of Criticism	394	(1)
A Brief History of Criticism	394	(2)
Coach or Critic-What's the Difference?	396	(1)
Biases in Evaluating Speeches	396	(3)
Kinds of Biases That Occur in Evaluating Speeches	397	(1)
How Biases Affect Us as Speakers and Evaluators	398	(1)
Why Biases Occur	399	(1)
Training Yourself to Be a Better Evaluator	399	(5)
Evaluating Within and Outside the Classroom-Critical Differences	402	(1)
Guidelines for Evaluating Speeches Outside the Classroom	403	(1)
Summary	404	(1)
Vocabulary	405	(1)
Application Exercises	406	(1)
Application Assignments	407	(1)
References	408	(3)
Chapter 17: Dynamics of Small Group Discussion	411	(32)
Question Outline	411	(1)
Understanding Small Group Communication	412	(8)
Why You Should Learn About Small Groups	412	(3)
What Is Small Group Communication?	415	(1)
The Role of Communication in the Small Group	416	(2)
How Should We Communicate in Groups?	418	(1)
Types of Small Groups	418	(2)
Communication and the Development of Group Culture	420	(4)
Dimensions of Cultures and Co-Cultures	420	(2)
Gender and Ethnicity As Co-Cultures	422	(2)
Development of Group Norms	424	(1)
Development of Role Structure	425	(3)
Types of Roles	425	(1)
Role Emergence	426	(1)
Categories of Behavioral Functions	426	(2)
Networks of Communication	428	(4)
Group Fantasy	430	(2)
Group Climate	432	(2)
Trust	432	(1)
Cohesiveness	432	(1)
Supportiveness	433	(1)
Being an Ethical Group Member	434	(1)
Summary	435	(1)
Vocabulary	436	(2)
Application Exercises	438	(1)
Application Assignment	439	(1)
References	439	(4)
Index	443