Conservation Education and Outreach Techniques

by Jacobson, Susan K.; McDuff, Mallory D.; Monroe, Martha C.

• ISBN13: 9780198567721
• ISBN10: 0198567723
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-05-11
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

The conservation of biological diversity depends on people's knowledge and actions. This book presents the theory and practice for creating effective education and outreach programs for conservation. Jacobson, McDuff, and Monroe describe an exciting array of techniques for enhancing school resources, marketing environmental messages, using mass media, developing partnerships for conservation, and designing on-site programs for natural areas and community centers. Vivid case studies from around the world illustrate techniques and describe planning, implementation, and evaluation procedures, enabling readers to implement their own new ideas effectively. Conservation Education and Outreach includes twelve chapters illustrated with numerous photographs showing education and outreach programs in action, each incorporating an extensive bibliography. Helpful text boxes provide practical tips, guidelines, and recommendations for further exploration of the chapter topics. This book will be particularly relevant to conservation scientists, resource managers, environmental educators, students, and citizen activists. It will also serve as a handy reference and a comprehensive text for a variety of natural resource and environmental professionals.

Author Biography

Dr Susan K. Jacobson is a professor in the Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation and the director of the Program for Studies in Tropical Conservation at the University of Florida. She teaches courses on environmental communication and natural resource management, and conducts research on the human dimensions of wildlife conservation. She earned her Ph.D. degree in resource ecology from Duke University and has published over a hundred journal articles, book chapters, reports, and books dealing with environmental management education and natural resource conservation in the U.S., Latin America, Africa, and Southeast Asia. Her 1999 book, Communication Skills for Conservation Professionals, was published by Island Press. Her edited volume, Conserving Wildlife: International Education And Communication Approaches, was published in 1995 by Columbia University Press. Dr Mallory McDuff teaches environmental education and communication at Warren Wilson College in Asheville, NC. She received her B.S. in Human Biology and English from Vanderbilt University and a Ph.D. from the University of Florida in the Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation with a focus on environmental education and the human dimensions of natural resource conservation. Dr McDuff works with undergraduate students to integrate education and outreach into the environmental actions of the 1,000 acre college campus, community groups, local schools, and municipalities. She has developed environmental education programs in places ranging from the estuaries of the southeastern U.S. to the rainforests of Central African Republic. She has published numerous journal articles and book chapters on conservation education, as well as environmental writings in newspapers and National Public Radio broadcasts. Dr Martha Monroe is an extension specialist in natural resources education and associate professor in the School of Forest Resources and Conservation at the University of Florida in Gainesville. She provides support to a variety of environmental education programs and teaches courses in conservation behaviour, communication and environmental education program development. Her work in environmental education spans over 25 years of teaching youngsters, facilitating teacher workshops, developing curriculum, and evaluating programs. She holds a BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Natural Resources from the University of Michigan. Dr Monroe has conducted teacher workshops, surveyed programs, and led EE training programs in Botswana, Namibia, Jordan, Russia, Tonga, Fiji, Malaysia, Chile, and Thailand.

Table of Contents

Introduction	1	(336)
1. Designing successful conservation education and outreach	7	(28)
1.1 The need for conservation education and outreach	7	(3)
1.2 Designing education and outreach programs	10	(2)
1.3 Planning	12	(9)
1.3.1 Review the mission	12	(1)
1.3.2 Identify goals and objectives	13	(2)
1.3.3 Identify target audiences	15	(3)
1.3.4 Include audience members and potential partners	18	(1)
1.3.5 Inventory resources and constraints	19	(1)
1.3.6 Select activities and messages	20	(1)
1.4 Implementation	21	(3)
1.4.1 Pilot test activities	21	(2)
1.4.2 Program operations	23	(1)
1.5 Evaluation	24	(10)
1.5.1 Designing an evaluation	24	(3)
1.5.2 Evaluation objectives	27	(1)
1.5.3 Data Collection for an evaluation	28	(6)
1.6 Summary	34	(1)
Further reading	34	(1)
2. Learning and teaching with adults and youth	35	(28)
2.1 Pedagogy for youth and adults	35	(5)
2.1.1 Youth-based environmental education	38	(1)
2.1.2 Environmental adult education	38	(2)
2.2 Brain-based learning	40	(2)
2.3 Experiential learning	42	(4)
2.3.1 Experiential learning cycle	44	(2)
2.4 Learning styles	46	(1)
2.5 Multiple intelligences	47	(2)
2.6 Inquiry learning	49	(2)
2.7 Constructivism	51	(3)
2.8 Cooperative learning	54	(3)
2.9 Creative, critical, and systems thinking	57	(4)
2.9.1 Bloom's taxonomy	57	(1)
2.9.2 Creative thinking	58	(1)
2.9.3 Critical thinking	59	(1)
2.9.4 Systems thinking	60	(1)
2.10 Summary	61	(1)
Further reading	62	(1)
3. Changing conservation behaviors	63	(22)
3.1 What do we mean by behavior?	63	(1)
3.2 Building environmentally responsible behavior	64	(1)
3.3 Environmental citizenship behavior model	65	(1)
3.4 Value-belief-norm model	66	(2)
3.5 Reasonable person model	68	(2)
3.6 Systems thinking	70	(1)
3.7 Significant life experiences	71	(1)
3.8 Building environmental literacy	72	(1)
3.9 Changing specific behaviors	73	(1)
3.10 Theory of planned behavior	73	(2)
3.11 Motivation theories	75	(1)
3.12 Elaboration likelihood model of persuasion	76	(3)
3.13 Stages of change	79	(1)
3.14 Diffusion of innovation	80	(3)
3.15 Social learning theory	83	(1)
3.16 Summary	83	(1)
Further reading	84	(1)
4. Conservation education in the schools	85	(47)
4.1 Communicating with schools	87	(7)
4.1.1 Planning	87	(4)
4.1.2 Implementation	91	(1)
4.1.3 Evaluation	92	(2)
4.2 Acting as a resource for the schools	94	(9)
4.2.1 Planning	94	(1)
4.2.2 Implementation	94	(7)
4.2.3 Evaluation	101	(2)
4.3 Connecting to academic standards	103	(9)
4.3.1 Planning	103	(5)
4.3.2 Implementation	108	(4)
4.3.3 Evaluation	112	(1)
4.4 Integrating conservation education into legislation and educational policy	112	(5)
4.4.1 Planning	113	(1)
4.4.2 Implementation	114	(3)
4.4.3 Evaluation	117	(1)
4.5 A sample of approaches to conservation education in the schools	117	(1)
4.6 Environment-based education	118	(3)
4.6.1 Planning	119	(1)
4.6.2 Implementation	119	(1)
4.6.3 Evaluation	120	(1)
4.7 Education for sustainability	121	(5)
4.7.1 Planning	122	(3)
4.7.2 Implementation	125	(1)
4.7.3 Evaluation	125	(1)
4.8 Action projects	126	(3)
4.8.1 Planning	126	(1)
4.8.2 Implementation	127	(2)
4.8.3 Evaluation	129	(1)
4.9 Summary	129	(2)
Further reading	131	(1)
5. Making conservation come alive	132	(42)
5.1 Hands-on activities	132	(6)
5.1.1 Planning	134	(2)
5.1.2 Implementation	136	(2)
5.1.3 Evaluation	138	(1)
5.2 Storytelling	138	(5)
5.2.1 Planning	139	(3)
5.2.2 Implementation	142	(1)
5.2.3 Evaluation	143	(1)
5.3 Games	143	(4)
5.3.1 Planning	144	(2)
5.3.2 Implementation	146	(1)
5.3 3 Evaluation	147	(1)
5.4 Case Studies	147	(6)
5.4.1 Planning	148	(3)
5.4.2 Implementation	151	(2)
5.4.3 Evaluation	153	(1)
5.5 Role-playing	153	(5)
5.5.1 Planning	153	(3)
5.5.2 Implementation	156	(1)
5.5.3 Evaluation	157	(1)
5.6 Contents	158	(2)
5.6.1 Planning	158	(1)
5.6.2 Implementation	159	(1)
5.6.3 Evaluation	160	(1)
5.7 Field trips	160	(7)
5.7.1 Planning	161	(2)
5.7.2 Implementation	163	(2)
5.7.3 Evaluation	165	(2)
5.8 Wilderness awareness and skills	167	(5)
5.8.1 Planning	167	(4)
5.8.2 Implementation	171	(1)
5.8.3 Evaluation	172	(1)
5.9 Summary	172	(1)
Further reading	173	(1)
6. Using the arts for conservations	174	(35)
6.1 Emotion, art, and learning	175	(1)
6.2 Visual arts for the protection of natural areas	176	(5)
6.2.1 Planning	179	(1)
6.2.2 Implementation	180	(1)
6.2.3 Evaluation	180	(1)
6.3 Art exhibits	181	(7)
6.3.1 Planning	182	(2)
6.3.2 Implementation	184	(2)
6.3.3 Evaluation	186	(2)
6.4 Hands-on arts programs	188	(5)
6.4.1 Planning	188	(2)
6.4.2 Implementation	190	(2)
6.4.3 Evaluation	192	(1)
6.5 Environmental literature	193	(2)
6.6 Keeping an environmental journal	195	(4)
6.6.1 Planning	195	(1)
6.6.2 Implementation	196	(2)
6.6.3 Evaluation	198	(1)
6.7 Environmental theater	199	(3)
6.7.1 Planning	200	(1)
6.7.2 Implementation	200	(1)
6.7.3 Evaluation	201	(1)
6.8 Music and the environment	202	(5)
6.8.1 Singing a conservation message	204	(1)
6.8.2 Planning	204	(1)
6.8.3 Implementation	204	(3)
6.8.4 Evaluation	207	(1)
6.9 Summary	207	(1)
Further Reading	208	(1)
7. Connecting classes and communities with conservation	209	(41)
7.1 Service-learning	210	(9)
7.1.1 Planning	212	(3)
7.1.2 Implementation	215	(1)
7.1.3 Evaluation	216	(3)
7.2 Issue investigation	219	(5)
7.2.1 Planning	220	(1)
7.2.2 Implementation	221	(2)
7.2.3 Evaluation	223	(1)
7.3 Project-based learning	224	(5)
7.3.1 Planning	226	(1)
7.3.2 Implementation	227	(2)
7.3.3 Evaluation	229	(1)
7.4 Community-based research	229	(6)
7.4.1 Planning	231	(2)
7.4.2 Implementation	233	(1)
7.4.3 Evaluation	234	(1)
7.5 Citizen science	235	(6)
7.5.1 Planning	236	(3)
7.5.2 Implementation	239	(2)
7.5.3 Evaluation	241	(1)
7.6 Mapping	241	(7)
7.6.1 Planning	243	(1)
7.6.2 Implementation	244	(3)
7.6.3 Evaluation	247	(1)
7.7 Summary	248	(1)
Further reading	249	(1)
8. Networking for conservation	250	(51)
8.1 Environmental clubs and groups	251	(5)
8.1.1 Planning	253	(1)
8.1.2 Implementation	254	(1)
8.1.3 Evaluation	255	(1)
8.2 Workshops and seminars	256	(7)
8.2.1 Planning	257	(2)
8.2.2 Implementation	259	(4)
8.2.3 Evaluation	263	(1)
8.3 Public presentations	263	(4)
8.3.1 Planning	264	(2)
8.3.2 Implementation	266	(1)
8.3.3 Evaluation	266	(1)
8.4 Information booths	267	(6)
8.4.1 Planning	269	(3)
8.4.2 Implementation	272	(1)
8.4.3 Evaluation	273	(1)
8.5 Professional posters	273	(4)
8.5.1 Planning	274	(3)
8.5.2 Implementation	277	(1)
8.5.3 Evaluation	277	(1)
8.6 Conferences	277	(7)
8.6.1 Planning	278	(5)
8.6.2 Implementation	283	(1)
8.6.3 Evaluation	284	(1)
8.7 Special events	284	(5)
8.7.1 Planning	285	(3)
8.7.2 Implementation	288	(1)
8.7.3 Evaluation	289	(1)
8.8 Partnerships	289	(7)
8.8.1 Planning	290	(2)
8.8.2 Implementation	292	(3)
8.8.3 Evaluation	295	(1)
8.9 Conflict resolution	296	(3)
8.9.1 Planning	297	(1)
8.9.2 Implementation	298	(1)
8.9.3 Evaluation	299	(1)
8.10 Summary	299	(1)
Further reading	300	(1)
9. Marketing conservation	301	(36)
9.1 Beginning a process for social marketing	303	(7)
9.1.1 Assessing the Audience	304	(1)
9.1.2 Understanding barriers and opportunities	305	(1)
9.1.3 Creating and selecting messages	306	(2)
9.1.4 Program implementation	308	(1)
9.1.5 Program evaluation	308	(2)
9.2 Social marketing tools	310	(1)
9.3 Signs, billboards, and posters	311	(4)
9.3.1 Planning	312	(1)
9.3.2 Implementation	313	(2)
9.3.3 Evaluation	315	(1)
9.4 Prompts	315	(2)
9.4.1 Planning	316	(1)
9.4.2 Implementation	316	(1)
9.4.3 Evaluation	317	(1)
9.5 Feedback	317	(3)
9.5.1 Planning	318	(1)
9.5.2 Implementation	319	(1)
9.5.3 Evaluation	320	(1)
9.6 Models	320	(3)
9.6.1 Planning	320	(2)
9.6.2 Implementation	322	(1)
9.6.3 Evaluation	322	(1)
9.7 Commitment	323	(3)
9.7.1 Planning	324	(1)
9.7.2 Implementation	325	(1)
9.7.3 Evaluation	326	(1)
9.8 Incentives and disincentives	326	(3)
9.8.1 Planning	326	(3)
9.8.2 Implementation	329	(1)
9.8.3 Evaluation	329	(1)
9.9 Press Interviews	329	(3)
9.9.1 Planning	330	(1)
9.9.2 Implementation	331	(1)
9.9.3 Evaluation	332	(1)
9.10 Paid and public advertisements	332	(3)
9.10.1 Planning	333	(1)
9.10.2 Implementation	334	(1)
9.10.3 Evaluation	335	(1)
9.11 Summary	335	(1)
Further reading	336	(1)
10. Getting out your message with the written word	337	(33)
10.1 Opinion articles	337	(4)
10.1.1 Planning	338	(2)
10.1.2 Implementation	340	(1)
10.1.3 Evaluation	340	(1)
10.2 Letters to the editor	341	(1)
10.2.1 Planning	341	(1)
10.2.2 Implementation	341	(1)
10.2.3 Evaluation	342	(1)
10.3 News releases	342	(10)
10.3.1 News release structure and content	345	(3)
10.3.2 Planning	348	(1)
10.3.3 Implementation	349	(1)
10.3.4 Evaluation	350	(2)
10.4 Brochures	352	(4)
10.4.1 Planning	353	(1)
10.4.2 Implementation	354	(2)
10.4.3 Evaluation	356	(1)
10.5 Fact sheets and flyers	356	(5)
10.5.1 Planning	357	(2)
10.5.2 Implementation	359	(2)
10.5.3 Evaluation	361	(1)
10.6 Guidebooks	361	(7)
10.6.1 Planning	362	(2)
10.6.2 Implementation	364	(2)
10.6.3 Evaluation	366	(2)
10.7 Summary	368	(1)
Further reading	369	(1)
11. Taking advantage of educational technology	370	(35)
11.1 Video	372	(8)
11.1.1 Planning	374	(3)
11.1.2 Implementation	377	(1)
11.1.3 Evaluation	378	(2)
11.2 The world wide web	380	(8)
11.2.1 Planning	383	(2)
11.2.2 Implementation	385	(1)
11.2.3 Evaluation	386	(2)
11.3 Distance education	388	(10)
11.3.1 Planning	391	(4)
11.3.2 Implementation	395	(1)
11.3.3 Evaluation	396	(2)
11.4 Computer simulation and modeling	398	(3)
11.4.1 Planning	399	(1)
11.4.2 Implementation	400	(1)
11.4.3 Evaluation	401	(1)
11.5 A suite of environmental technologies	401	(2)
11.5.1 Geocaching	401	(1)
11.5.2 Environmental monitoring	402	(1)
11.5.3 Real-time data	402	(1)
11.6 Summary	403	(1)
Further reading	404	(1)
12. Designing on-site activities	405	(31)
12.1 Laying the foundation: initial steps to designing on-site programs	405	(2)
12.2 Guided walk	407	(5)
12.2.1 Planning	408	(3)
12.2.2 Implementation	411	(1)
12.2.3 Evaluation	412	(1)
12.3 Exhibits	412	(10)
12.3.1 Planning	415	(3)
12.3.2 Implementation	418	(3)
12.3.3 Evaluation	421	(1)
12.4 Demonstration	422	(3)
12.4.1 Planning	422	(1)
12.4.2 Implementation	423	(1)
12.4.3 Evaluation	424	(1)
12.5 Nature awareness and study	425	(6)
12.5.1 Planning	426	(1)
12.5.2 Implementation	427	(3)
12.5.3 Evaluation	430	(1)
12.6 Facility design	431	(5)
12.6.1 Planning	432	(2)
12.6.2 Implementation	434	(1)
12.6.3 Evaluation	435	(1)
12.7 Summary	436	(1)
Further reading	436	(1)
References	437	(22)
Index	459