Constitutional Law: Structure and Rights in Our Federal System

by Braveman, Daan; Banks, William C.; Smolla, Rodney A.

• ISBN13: 9780820543741
• ISBN10: 0820543748
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-03-01
• Publisher: Lexis Nexis Matthew Bender

Summary

This concise & stimulating casebook incorporates new developments & textual discussion of the impact of constitutional cases & doctrine. Traditional in scope, Annual supplement.

Table of Contents

The Origins: ``We the People'' --- Where Does Power Reside in Our Constitutional System?
Introduction	1	(1)
An Historical Prologue to the Constitution	2	(4)
Pre-Colonial Constitutional Theory	2	(1)
From the Colonies to the Convention	2	(2)
The Constitutional Convention of 1787	4	(2)
Conceptions of Sovereignty: The National Government, the States, and the People	6	(16)
A Case Study of the Term Limits Movement	6	(1)
U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton (1995)	7	(13)
Notes and Questions	20	(2)
The Final Word? --- The Judicial Review Doctrine	22	(10)
Marbury v. Madison (1803)	23	(8)
Notes and Questions	31	(1)
Judicial Review of Executive Action	32	(11)
United States v. Nixon (1974)	33	(6)
Notes and Questions	39	(3)
Problem A	42	(1)
Judicial Review of State Action	43	(4)
Martin v. Hunter's Lessee (1816)	43	(4)
Notes and Questions	47	(1)
Contemporary Sovereignty Problems	47	(6)
Cooper v. Aaron (1958)	47	(3)
Notes and Questions	50	(1)
Problem B	51	(2)
Separation of Powers: Constitutional Checks and Balances
An Historical Overview	53	(7)
The English Heritage	53	(1)
Bringing Separation Theory to America	54	(3)
From the Convention to Current Doctrine	57	(2)
The Court Walks a Tightrope: Accommodating Separation's Diverse Goals	59	(1)
How Are Separation of Powers Disputes Decided? --- An Introductory Case Study	60	(15)
Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952)	60	(12)
Notes and Questions	72	(2)
Problem A	74	(1)
Limits on the Elected Branches: Oversight and Accountability in the Administrative State	75	(72)
Introduction	75	(1)
Delegation of Legislative Power	76	(2)
Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan (1935)	78	(4)
Notes and Questions	82	(1)
Yakus v. United States (1944)	83	(3)
Note: A Revival of the Delegation Doctrine?	86	(1)
Too Much Oversight: the Legislative Veto	87	(1)
Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha (1983)	87	(18)
Notes and Questions	105	(1)
Control Over Prosecution: The Independent Counsel	106	(1)
Morrison v. Olson (1988)	106	(16)
Notes and Questions	122	(1)
Problem B	123	(1)
Line Item Veto	123	(1)
Clinton v. City of New York (1998)	123	(12)
Notes and Questions	135	(1)
Presidential Immunity from Lawsuit	136	(1)
Clinton v. Jones (1997)	136	(11)
Notes and Questions	147	(1)
Limits on the Elected Branches: Foreign Relations and the War Powers	147	(18)
Foreign Relations Powers	147	(1)
United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corporation (1936)	147	(3)
Dames & Moore v. Regan (1981)	150	(5)
Notes and Questions	155	(1)
War Powers	156	(1)
Prize Cases (1863)	157	(1)
Notes and Questions	158	(1)
War Powers Resolution	159	(3)
Notes and Questions	162	(1)
Problem C	163	(2)
Limits on Judicial Power --- the Justiciability Doctrines	165	(34)
Introduction	165	(3)
The Gulf War: A Case Study	168	(1)
Dellums v. Bush (1990)	168	(8)
Ange v. Bush (1990)	176	(5)
Notes and Questions	181	(1)
Political Questions	181	(1)
Notes and Questions	182	(7)
Standing to Sue	189	(1)
Notes and Questions --- Citizen Plaintiffs	189	(3)
Notes and Questions --- Taxpayer Standing	192	(2)
Notes and Questions --- Congressional Plaintiffs	194	(3)
Ripeness/Mootness	197	(1)
Notes and Questions	197	(2)
A Protection for Congress: The Speech or Debate Clause	199	(13)
Gravel v. United States (1972)	199	(12)
Notes and Questions	211	(1)
Problem D	212	(1)
Congressional Control Over Jurisdiction of Federal Courts	212	(5)
Ex Parte McCardle (1868)	212	(2)
Notes and Questions	214	(2)
Problem E	216	(1)
Federalism Limits on Federal Courts
Historical Overview	217	(12)
The What and Why of Federalism	217	(2)
The Constitutional Convention	219	(1)
Federalism Concerns and the National Legislature	219	(1)
Federalism Concerns and the National Judiciary	220	(1)
Federalism Concerns and the National Executive	221	(1)
The Ratification Debates	222	(2)
Federalism From the 1780s to the 1990s	224	(1)
The Pre-Civil War Period	225	(1)
From the Civil War to the New Deal	226	(1)
Modern Federalism	227	(1)
The Role of the Tenth Amendment and ``Considerations of Federalism'' in Deciding Cases	228	(1)
Introduction: Federalism and the Judiciary	229	(2)
Eleventh Amendment	231	(48)
Hans v. Louisiana (1890)	231	(3)
Notes and Questions	234	(1)
Ex Parte Young	234	(4)
Notes and Questions	238	(1)
Edelman v. Jordan (1974)	238	(7)
Notes and Questions	245	(4)
Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida (1996)	249	(15)
Notes and Questions	264	(1)
Problem A	264	(1)
Alden v. Maine (1999)	265	(13)
Notes and Questions	278	(1)
Abstention	279	(8)
Railroad Commission of Texas v. Pullman Co. (1941)	279	(1)
Notes and Questions	280	(1)
Louisiana Power & Light Co. v. City of Thibodaux (1959)	281	(5)
Notes and Questions	286	(1)
Problem B	286	(1)
Remedies	287	(9)
Younger v. Harris (1971)	287	(4)
Notes and Questions	291	(1)
Pennzoil Co. v. Texaco, Inc. (1987)	292	(2)
Notes and Questions	294	(1)
Problem C	295	(1)
Supreme Court Review: Adequate and Independent State Grounds	296	(7)
Michigan v. Long (1983)	296	(5)
Notes and Questions	301	(2)
Federalism Limits on the Elected Branches and on the States
Introduction	303	(2)
Scope of Federal Power	305	(9)
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)	305	(7)
Notes and Questions	312	(1)
Problem A	313	(1)
Congressional Power to Regulate Interstate Commerce	314	(68)
The Emergence of Dual Sovereignty	314	(1)
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)	314	(3)
Notes and Questions	317	(1)
United States v. E.C. Knight Co. (1895)	318	(3)
Notes and Questions	321	(2)
Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918)	323	(4)
Notes and Questions	327	(1)
Problem B	327	(1)
The New Deal and Beyond	328	(1)
A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corporation v. United States (1935)	328	(4)
Notes and Questions	332	(3)
United States v. Darby (1941)	335	(3)
Katzenbach v. McClung (1964)	338	(3)
Notes and Questions	341	(1)
United States v. Lopez (1995)	342	(10)
Notes and Questions	352	(4)
Problem C	356	(1)
Tenth Amendment Limits on Congressional Power?	356	(1)
Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority (1985)	357	(4)
Notes and Questions	361	(1)
New York v. United States (1992)	362	(9)
Notes and Questions	371	(1)
Printz v. United States (1997)	371	(11)
Notes and Questions	382	(1)
Constitutional Limits on State Regulation of Commerce: The Dormant Commerce Clause	382	(31)
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)	384	(1)
Cooley v. Board of Wardens of the Port of Philadelphia (1851)	385	(2)
Notes and Questions	387	(1)
Problem D	388	(1)
Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc. (1970)	388	(2)
City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey (1978)	390	(4)
Notes and Questions	394	(1)
Maine v. Taylor (1986)	395	(5)
Notes and Questions	400	(5)
C & A Carbone, Inc. v. Town of Clarkstown (1994)	405	(7)
Notes and Questions	412	(1)
Problem E	412	(1)
Public and Private Domain
Introduction	413	(8)
Prohibiting Governmental Encroachments on Individual Rights	421	(17)
The Bill of Rights	421	(1)
Barron v. The Mayor and City Council of Baltimore (1833)	421	(2)
Notes and Questions	423	(1)
The Civil War Amendments	424	(1)
Slaughter-House Cases (1873)	424	(12)
Notes and Questions	436	(1)
Problem A	437	(1)
Prohibiting Encroachments on Individual Rights By Private Parties: The State Action Doctrine	438	(33)
The Civil Rights Cases (1883)	438	(7)
Notes and Questions	445	(2)
Jackson v. Metropolitan Edison Company (1974)	447	(5)
Flagg Bros., Inc. v. Brooks (1978)	452	(7)
Lugar v. Edmondson Oil Co. (1982)	459	(2)
Notes and Questions	461	(8)
Problem B	469	(2)
Exclusion and Equal Protection
Introduction	471	(21)
``We the People''	471	(1)
Johnson v. McIntosh (1823)	471	(3)
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)	474	(11)
Notes and Questions	485	(2)
Thurgood Marshall, Reflections on the Bicentennial of the United States Constitution	487	(3)
Exclusion and the Equal Protection Clause	490	(2)
Social and Economic Classification: Traditional Approach	492	(31)
Railway Express Agency v. New York (1949)	493	(4)
Notes and Questions	497	(1)
Massachusetts Board of Retirement v. Murgia (1976)	497	(4)
Notes and Questions	501	(1)
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez (1973)	502	(13)
Lyng v. Castillo (1986)	515	(3)
Notes and Questions	518	(1)
Washakie County School District Number One v. Herschler (1980)	519	(3)
Notes and Questions	522	(1)
Problem A	523	(1)
Racial Classification	523	(55)
What Is Meant by ``Race?''	523	(1)
St. Francis College v. Al Khazraji (1987)	523	(2)
Notes and Questions	525	(1)
Constitutional Standard	526	(1)
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)	526	(5)
Korematsu v. United States (1944)	531	(6)
Notes and Questions	537	(1)
Brown v. Board of Education [Brown I] (1954)	538	(3)
Notes and Questions	541	(1)
Brown v. Board of Education [Brown II] (1955)	542	(1)
Notes and Questions	543	(1)
Loving v. Virginia (1967)	544	(2)
Palmore v. Sidoti (1984)	546	(3)
Notes and Questions	549	(1)
Discriminatory Intent or Impact?	549	(1)
Yick Wo v. Hopkins (1886)	549	(1)
Washington v. Davis (1976)	550	(5)
Notes and Questions	555	(3)
Problem B	558	(1)
Affirmative Action	558	(1)
Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena (1995)	558	(16)
Notes and Questions	574	(4)
Problem C	578	(1)
Gender Classification	578	(39)
Introduction	578	(1)
Geduldig v. Aiello (1974)	578	(2)
Notes and Questions	580	(2)
Constitutional Standard	582	(1)
Goesaert v. Cleary (1948)	582	(1)
Notes and Questions	583	(1)
Frontiero v. Richardson (1973)	584	(5)
Craig v. Boren (1976)	589	(6)
Notes and Questions	595	(6)
United States v. Virginia (1996)	601	(9)
Notes and Questions	610	(1)
Discriminatory Intent or Impact?	611	(1)
Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts v. Feeney (1979)	611	(6)
Notes and Questions	617	(1)
Conclusion	617	(12)
City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center (1985)	617	(10)
Notes and Questions	627	(1)
Problem D	627	(2)
Economic and Social Rights
The Rise, Fall, and Resurrection of Entrepreneurial Liberty	629	(44)
Due Process	629	(1)
Lochner v. New York (1905)	629	(7)
Williamson v. Lee Optical Co. (1955)	636	(2)
Notes and Questions	638	(3)
Takings	641	(1)
Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon (1922)	641	(5)
Penn Central Transportation Company v. City of New York (1978)	646	(3)
Eastern Enterprises v. Apfel (1998)	649	(11)
Dolan v. City of Tigard (1994)	660	(9)
Notes and Questions	669	(3)
Problem A	672	(1)
Zoning and Social Control	673	(30)
Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co. (1926)	673	(4)
Edwards v. California (1941)	677	(3)
Saenz v. Roe (1999)	680	(10)
Village of Belle Terre v. Boraas (1974)	690	(6)
Moore v. City of East Cleveland (1977)	696	(5)
Notes and Questions	701	(1)
Problem B	702	(1)
Privacy and the Right to be Let Alone	703	(69)
Buck v. Bell (1927)	703	(2)
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)	705	(8)
Notes and Questions	713	(3)
Bowers v. Hardwick (1986)	716	(9)
Notes and Questions	725	(3)
Roe v. Wade (1973)	728	(12)
Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey (1992)	740	(11)
Notes and Questions	751	(2)
Washington v. Glucksberg (1997)	753	(18)
Notes and Questions	771	(1)
Problem C	771	(1)
Entitlements and the Negative Constitution	772	(21)
Dandridge v. Williams (1970)	772	(6)
Harris v. McRae (1980)	778	(7)
DeShaney v. Winnebago County Department of Social Services (1989)	785	(7)
Notes and Questions	792	(1)
Due Process in the Administrative State	793	(16)
Goldberg v. Kelly (1970)	793	(3)
Board of Regents v. Roth (1972)	796	(3)
Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill (1985)	799	(5)
Notes and Questions	804	(2)
Problem D	806	(3)
Rights of Conscience and Expression
Introduction	809	(1)
Religion in the Public Arena	810	(56)
Free Exercise	810	(1)
Reynolds v. United States (1878)	810	(4)
Sherbert v. Verner (1963)	814	(6)
Employment Division, Department of Human Resources v. Smith (1990)	820	(9)
Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye, Inc. v. City of Hialeah (1993)	829	(6)
Notes and Questions	835	(3)
Problem A	838	(1)
Establishment	839	(1)
Marsh v. Chambers (1983)	839	(10)
County of Allegheny v. American Civil Liberties Union Greater Pittsburgh Chapter (1989)	849	(13)
Notes and Questions	862	(3)
Problem B	865	(1)
Expression in the Public Arena	866	(129)
Introduction to Free Speech Theory	866	(3)
Speech and Lawless Activity	869	(1)
Schenck v. United States (1919)	869	(2)
Debs v. United States (1919)	871	(2)
Abrams v. United States (1919)	873	(5)
Whitney v. California (1927)	878	(5)
Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969)	883	(2)
Notes and Questions	885	(4)
Problem C	889	(1)
Vulgar, Graphic, Offensive, and Hate Speech	890	(1)
Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942)	890	(2)
Cohen v. California (1971)	892	(4)
Texas v. Johnson (1989)	896	(11)
R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul (1992)	907	(15)
Notes and Questions	922	(2)
Obscenity	924	(1)
Miller v. California (1973)	924	(4)
Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton (1973)	928	(7)
Notes and Questions	935	(1)
Problem D	936	(1)
Reputation and Privacy	937	(1)
New York Times Company v. Sullivan (1964)	937	(9)
Hustler Magazine v. Falwell (1988)	946	(6)
Notes and Questions	952	(1)
Prior Restraints	953	(1)
New York Times Company v. United States (1971)	953	(11)
Notes and Questions	964	(3)
Problem E	967	(1)
Content-Neutral Regulation of Speech	967	(1)
Wisconsin v. Mitchell (1993)	967	(5)
United States v. O'Brien (1968)	972	(4)
Notes and Questions	976	(3)
Problem F	979	(1)
Commercial Speech	979	(1)
44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island (1996)	979	(14)
Notes and Questions	993	(2)
Conscience and Expression in Special Settings	995	(184)
Schools	995	(1)
Schools and the Religion Clauses	995	(1)
Everson v. Board of Education (1947)	995	(5)
Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School Dist. (1993)	1000	(6)
Wallace v. Jaffree (1985)	1006	(6)
Lee v. Weisman (1992)	1012	(14)
Notes and Questions	1026	(3)
Problem G	1029	(1)
Agostini v. Felton (1997)	1030	(11)
Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)	1041	(5)
Notes and Questions	1046	(1)
Problem H	1046	(2)
Speech in Schools	1048	(1)
Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988)	1048	(10)
Board of Education v. Pico (1982)	1058	(11)
Notes and Questions	1069	(1)
Problem I	1070	(2)
Universities	1072	(1)
Widmar v. Vincent (1981)	1072	(3)
Rosenberger v. Rector and Visitors of University of Virginia (1995)	1075	(15)
Problem J	1090	(1)
The Home	1090	(1)
Stanley v. Georgia (1969)	1090	(3)
Frisby v. Schultz (1988)	1093	(7)
City of Ladue v. Gilleo (1994)	1100	(6)
Notes and Questions	1106	(2)
Government Employment	1108	(1)
Rankin v. McPherson (1987)	1108	(7)
Waters v. Churchill (1994)	1115	(9)
Notes and Questions	1124	(1)
Government Funding	1124	(1)
Rust v. Sullivan (1991)	1124	(7)
National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley (1998)	1131	(12)
Notes and Questions	1143	(1)
Electronic Communication	1143	(1)
Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. Federal Communications Commission (1969)	1143	(5)
Federal Communications Commission v. Pacifica Foundation (1978)	1148	(7)
Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission (1994)	1155	(4)
Notes and Questions	1159	(2)
Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union (1997)	1161	(16)
Notes and Questions	1177	(2)
Access to and Protection From the Political Process
Introduction	1179	(1)
Equality and the Political Process: Electoral Districting and Reapportionment	1180	(30)
One Person, One Vote	1180	(1)
Reynolds v. Sims (1964)	1181	(6)
Notes and Questions	1187	(1)
Vote Dilution	1188	(1)
Note on Mobile v. Bolden (1980)	1188	(2)
Notes and Questions	1190	(1)
Reverse Vote Dilution	1191	(1)
Shaw v. Reno (1993)	1191	(13)
Notes and Questions	1204	(6)
Problem A	1210	(1)
The First Amendment and the Political Process: Campaign Spending and Patronage	1210	(18)
Campaign Spending	1210	(1)
Buckley v. Valeo (1976)	1210	(4)
Notes and Questions	1214	(2)
Problem B	1216	(1)
Patronage	1216	(1)
Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois (1990)	1216	(12)
Notes and Questions	1228	(1)
Constitutional Limits on Direct Democracy: A Fundamental Right of Political Participation?	1228	(22)
Romer v. Evans (1996)	1228	(13)
Buckley v. American Constitutional Law Foundation, Inc. (1999)	1241	(9)
Notes and Questions	1250	(1)
Problem C	1250	(1)
Congressional Enforcement of Civil Rights	1250	(1)
City of Boerne v. Flores (1997)	1250	(10)
Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank and United States (1999)	1260	(8)
Notes and Questions	1268
Appendix---The Constitution of the United States of America	1	(1)
Table of Cases	1	(1)
Index	1