Constitutional Law

by Stone, Geoffrey R.

• ISBN13: 9780735550148
• ISBN10: 073555014X
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-03-01
• Publisher: Wolters Kluwer

Summary

The new edition of this best-selling constitutional law casebook offers a variety of critical and social perspectives, drawing not only on traditional doctrinal materials, but also on materials from political theory, philosophy, history, ethics, economics, and more. Long held in high regard For The quality of its scholarship, Constitutional Law responds to a broad range of current constitutional issues in its Fifth Edition. Longtime users will recognize these distinctive characteristics of the casebook: multi-disciplinary approach that utilizes a variety of critical and social perspectives to explore constitutional law a contemporary examination of Constitutional Law within a traditional doctrinal structure extensive textual summaries of the state of the law and its development logical two-part organization: first, the balance of powers among the Supreme Court and local, state, and federal governments, then the rights and powers of individuals comprehensive book ideal for a two-semester course supplemented annually, with First Amendment materials separated from the other coverage for ease of research clear and concise coverage of First Amendment law, especially valuable for law schools that do not have a separate course in the area Changes For The Fifth Edition reflect recent developments and class experience: issues of constitutional obligation and constitutionalism in times of crisis incorporated into the opening chapter reorganization of materials on the powers of Congress, with the materials on "other powers of congress" separated into a new Chapter 3 completely updated chapter on the Distribution of National Powers, with new material growing out of the war on terrorism and its implications for free speech, immigration, naturalization, privacy, and due process, As well as enemy combatant controversies notes are shortened, simplified, and thoroughly updated without diminishing depth of coverage Please visit the new companion website to learn more about this book. Website: http://www.aspenlawschool.com/stone_constitutionallaw5

Table of Contents

Preface	xxxiii
Acknowledgments	xxxv
Editorial Notice	xli
The Constitution of the United States	xliii
Biographical Notes on Selected U.S. Supreme Court Justices	lxi
The Supreme Court since 1789	lxxxi
The Role of the Supreme Court in the Constitutional Order	1	(162)
Introduction: Creating a Constitution That Binds the Future	1	(7)
Note: The Textual Constitution's Role in Binding the Future	2	(6)
The Origins of the U.S. Constitution	8	(21)
The Arguments over the New Constitution	12	(2)
The Federalist No. 10 (Madison)	14	(4)
Note: Madisonian Republicanism	18	(3)
The Federalist No. 51 (Madison)	21	(3)
Note: Madisonian Republicanism and Checks and Balances	24	(2)
Note: Madisonian Republicanism and Contemporary Constitutionalism	26	(3)
The Basic Framework	29	(32)
Marbury v. Madison	29	(7)
Note: Marbury v. Madison	36	(6)
Note: Constitutions, Democracy, and Judicial Review	42	(9)
Martin v. Hunter's Lessee	51	(4)
Note: Supreme Court Review of State Courts and State Laws	55	(2)
Note: Judicial Exclusivity in Constitutional Interpretation?	57	(4)
The Sources of Judicial Decisions: Text, ``Representation-Reinforcement,'' and Natural Law	61	(16)
McCulloch v. Maryland	61	(9)
Note: Constitutional Methodology and Constitutional Interpretation in McCulloch	70	(4)
Calder v. Bull	74	(1)
Note: Natural Law, Moral Argument, and the Supreme Court	75	(2)
The Power of Political Control over the Supreme Court	77	(12)
Note: Amendment, Appointment, Impeachment, and the Election Returns	77	(6)
Ex parte McCardle	83	(1)
Note: Political Control over Jurisdiction of Article III Courts	84	(5)
Note: The Power of Reprisal---General Thoughts	89	(1)
``Case or Controversy'' Requirements and the Passive Virtues	89	(70)
Advisory Opinions	91	(1)
Standing	92	(1)
Allen v. Wright	92	(5)
Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife	97	(8)
Note: The ``Law'' of Standing	105	(13)
Note: Prudential Standing	118	(1)
Political Questions	119	(1)
Baker v. Carr	119	(5)
Note: The Bases for Finding a Political Question	124	(12)
Note: The Development of Standards for Reviewing Political Fairness	136	(1)
Vieth v. Jubelirer	137	(7)
Bush v. Gore	144	(8)
Note: Political Questions and Partisan Issues	152	(6)
Questions of Timing---Ripeness and Mootness	158	(1)
The Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court	159	(4)
Note: Jurisdiction, Certiorari, and the U.S. Supreme Court	159	(4)
Federalism at Work: Congress and the National Economy	163	(116)
The Values of Federalism and Some Techniques for Implementing Them	163	(7)
Note: A Government of Enumerated Powers	163	(2)
Note: The Values of Federalism	165	(4)
Note: A Comparative Perspective---U.S. Federalism as a Model?	169	(1)
Doctrinal Fundamentals: Federalism and Judicial Review	170	(15)
Gibbons v. Ogden	170	(2)
Note: Gibbons v. Ogden	172	(1)
Hammer v. Dagenhart (The Child Labor Case)	173	(2)
Wickard v. Filburn	175	(2)
Note: Political Constraints versus Judicial Enforcement	177	(8)
The Evolution of Commerce Clause Doctrine: The Lessons (?) of History	185	(44)
United States v. E. C. Knight Co.	187	(1)
Houston, East & West Texas Railway v. United States (The Shreveport Rate Cases)	188	(1)
Note: Direct, Indirect, and Stream of Commerce Tests	188	(2)
Champion v. Ames (The Lottery Case)	190	(1)
Note: Prohibiting Interstate Transportation---Proper Regulation or Improper Pretext?	191	(1)
Note: The New Deal Crisis	192	(1)
A. L. A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States	193	(2)
Carter v. Carter Coal Co.	195	(3)
Note: New Deal Legislation and Commerce Clause Tests in the 1930s	198	(2)
NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.	200	(4)
United States v. Darby	204	(2)
Note: The New Deal Legacy	206	(2)
Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States	208	(1)
Katzenbach v. McClung	209	(1)
Note: Federalism and Congressional Motivation	210	(1)
United States v. Lopez	211	(11)
United States v. Morrison	222	(2)
Note: Federalism after the New Deal	224	(4)
Note: Observations on Court-Imposed Limitations on Congress's Powers	228	(1)
State Regulation of Interstate Commerce	229	(50)
The Fundamental Framework	229	(1)
Note: The Classical View	229	(2)
Note: The Modern View	231	(4)
Protection against Discrimination	235	(1)
Note: General Considerations	235	(1)
City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey	236	(2)
Note: Facial/Intentional Discrimination	238	(2)
C & A Carbone, Inc. v. Clarkstown	240	(5)
Note: Geographic Discrimination	245	(2)
West Lynn Creamery, Inc. v. Healy	247	(2)
Note: The Alternative of Subsidies	249	(1)
Note: Other Doctrines Concerning Discrimination	250	(4)
Note: Concluding Observations	254	(1)
Facially Neutral Statutes with Significant Effects on Interstate Commerce	254	(2)
Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising Commission	256	(2)
Note: Inferring Intent from Effect	258	(1)
Exxon Corp. v. Governor of Maryland	259	(4)
Note: Facially Neutral Statutes with (Merely?) Disproportionate Effects for Commercial or Social Purposes	263	(2)
Kassel v. Consolidated Freightways Corp.	265	(6)
Note: Facially Neutral Statutes with (Merely?) Disproportionate Effects for Police Power Purposes	271	(2)
Note: Taxation of Interstate Commerce	273	(2)
Note: Preemption	275	(2)
Note: Concluding Observations	277	(2)
The Scope of Congress's Powers: Taxing and Spending, War Powers, Individual Rights, and State Autonomy	279	(78)
Regulation through Taxing, Spending, and the War Power	280	(19)
The Taxing Power	280	(3)
The Spending Power	283	(1)
United States v. Butler	283	(5)
Note: The Spending Power and Dual Federalism	288	(1)
Steward Machine Co. v. Davis	288	(3)
Note: Conditional Spending, Coercion, and the Political Process	291	(5)
The ``War'' Power	296	(3)
Congress's Enforcement Power under the Reconstruction Amendments	299	(31)
Note: Possible Interpretations of the Section 5 Power	299	(2)
Katzenbach v. Morgan	301	(2)
Note: The Scope of Section 5	303	(3)
City of Boerne v. Flores	306	(3)
Note: The Roles of Court and Congress	309	(1)
Note: The Interaction of Congressional Enforcement Power and the Eleventh Amendment	310	(2)
Board of Trustees v. Garrett	312	(6)
Note: Congressional Power to Abrogate States' Sovereign Immunity	318	(9)
Note: Congressional Power to Regulate ``Private'' Action for Civil Rights Purposes	327	(3)
The Tenth Amendment as a Federalism-Based Limitation On Congressional Power	330	(27)
Missouri v. Holland	330	(2)
Note: Federalism and the Treaty Power	332	(1)
Note: The Modern Revival of Tenth Amendment-Based Restraints on Federal Regulation of State and Local Governments	333	(1)
Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority	334	(2)
Note: From Garcia to New York v. United States	336	(1)
New York v. United States	337	(11)
Printz v. United States	348	(3)
Note: The ``Anticommandeering'' Principle	351	(5)
Note: Concluding Observations on Congress's Powers	356	(1)
The Distribution of National Powers	357	(90)
Introduction	357	(4)
The Federalist No. 47 (Madison)	357	(1)
The Federalist No. 48 (Madison)	358	(1)
Note: The Theory of Separation and Checks and Balances	358	(2)
Note: A Comparative Perspective	360	(1)
A Case Study: Presidential Seizure	361	(14)
Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (The Steel Seizure Case)	361	(9)
Note: Youngstown and the Power of the President	370	(2)
Dames & Moore v. Regan	372	(3)
Note: Iranian Claims and Executive Power	375	(1)
Foreign Affairs	375	(30)
Executive Authority	376	(1)
United States v. Curtiss-Wright Corp.	376	(2)
Note: The President and Foreign Affairs	378	(1)
Note: The Allocation of Warmaking Authority	378	(5)
Hamdi v. Rumsfeld	383	(11)
Note: Unanswered Questions	394	(4)
Legislative Authority	398	(1)
The War Powers Resolution	399	(2)
Note: The War Powers Resolution	401	(2)
Note: Congressional Control over Agreements with Foreign States---Treaties, Executive Agreements, and Congressional-Executive Agreements	403	(2)
Domestic Affairs	405	(42)
Executive Authority	405	(1)
United States v. Nixon	405	(5)
Note: Executive Privilege and Presidential Immunity	410	(3)
Note: The Politics of Impeachment	413	(1)
Note: The ``Law'' of Impeachment	414	(3)
Legislative Authority	417	(1)
Note: The Nondelegation Doctrine and ``Quasi-Constitutional'' Statutes	418	(5)
INS v. Chadha	423	(6)
Note: The Legislative Veto	429	(1)
Note: Where Do Administrative Agencies ``Fit'' in the Separation of Powers Scheme?	429	(4)
Bowsher v. Synar	433	(2)
Morrison v. Olson	435	(7)
Note: Congressional Control over Administrative Officials	442	(3)
Note: Distribution of National Powers---Final Thoughts	445	(2)
Equality and the Constitution	447	(270)
Race, The Constitution, and Changing Conceptions of Equality	447	(54)
Slavery and the Constitution	448	(2)
State v. Post	450	(2)
Note: The Constitutionality of Slavery	452	(1)
Dred Scott v. Sandford	453	(3)
Note: Dred Scott and the Power of Judicial Review	456	(1)
Reconstruction and Retreat	457	(1)
Note: The Work of the Reconstruction Congress	458	(2)
Note: The Judicial Reaction	460	(4)
Plessy v. Ferguson	464	(3)
Note: Separate but Equal	467	(2)
The Attack on Jim Crow	469	(1)
Note: The NAACP's Legal Strategy	470	(1)
Note: The Road to Brown	471	(2)
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (Brown I)	473	(2)
Note: Justifications and Explanations for Brown	475	(6)
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (Brown II)	481	(1)
Note: ``All Deliberate Speed''	482	(1)
Fulfilling Brown's Promise	483	(1)
Note: The Initial Response to Brown	483	(5)
Note: School Desegregation Moves North	488	(2)
The End of an Era	490	(1)
Note: Modern Limits on the Duty to Desegregate	490	(7)
Note: Final Thoughts on School Desegregation and the Efficacy of Judicial Review	497	(4)
Equal Protection Methodology: Rational Basis Review	501	(22)
New York City Transit Authority v. Beazer	502	(2)
Note: Equal Treatment and Relevant Differences	504	(3)
Note: Limitations on Permissible Government Purposes	507	(1)
U.S. Department of Agriculture v. Moreno	507	(1)
City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center	508	(1)
Romer v. Evans	509	(3)
Note: ``Actual Purpose'' Review	512	(1)
Minnesota v. Clover Leaf Creamery Co.	512	(4)
Note: The Means-Ends Nexus	516	(3)
Railway Express Agency v. New York	519	(1)
Williamson v. Lee Optical	520	(3)
Equal Protection Methodology: Heightened Scrutiny and the Problem of Race	523	(99)
The Origins and Rationale for Heightened Scrutiny in Race-Specific Classifications That Disadvantage Racial Minorities	524	(1)
Strauder v. West Virginia	524	(1)
Korematsu v. United States	525	(4)
Loving v. Virginia	529	(2)
Note: Doctrinal Evolution in the Scrutiny Applied to Racial Classifications	531	(2)
Note: Justifications for Strict Scrutiny of Racial Classifications	533	(9)
Note: The Structure of Strict Scrutiny	542	(2)
Note: The Neutrality of Facial Classifications?	544	(1)
Hunter v. Erickson	545	(1)
Facially Nonracial Classifications that Disadvantage Racial Minorities: When Does Heightened Scrutiny Apply?	546	(1)
Washington v. Davis	546	(3)
Note: Rational Basis Review of Non-Race-Specific Classifications	549	(1)
Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp.	550	(3)
Rogers v. Lodge	553	(5)
Note: What Constitutes a Racially Motivated Classification?: Questions of Discriminatory Purpose	558	(9)
Note: Distinctive Problems in the Administration of Criminal Justice	567	(2)
McCleskey v. Kemp	569	(4)
Note: Racial Disparities in Investigating, Charging, and Sentencing	573	(3)
Race-Specific Classifications that Benefit Racial Minorities	576	(1)
Note: The Imposition of Strict Scrutiny	576	(5)
Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena	581	(8)
Note: The Constitutionality of ``Benign'' Racial Classifications	589	(5)
Grutter v. Bollinger	594	(12)
Note: The Contemporary Application of Strict Scrutiny	606	(2)
Gratz v. Bollinger	608	(3)
Note: The ``Special'' Case of Indigenous People	611	(1)
Rice v. Cayetano	612	(1)
Note: A Comparative Perspective	613	(2)
Note: The Special Problem of Facially Neutral but Race-Specific Voting Districts	615	(7)
Equal Protection Methodology: Heightened Scrutiny and the Problem of Gender	622	(44)
The Early Cases	622	(1)
The Road to Intermediate Scrutiny	623	(1)
Reed v. Reed	624	(1)
Frontiero v. Richardson	624	(2)
Note: From Reed to Craig v. Boren---Evolution and Doctrinal Confusion	626	(3)
Craig v. Boren	629	(5)
Note: Heightened Scrutiny for Gender Classifications?	634	(5)
Archaic and Overbroad Generalizations versus ``Real'' Differences	639	(1)
United States v. Virginia	640	(7)
Note: ``Real Differences'' and Formal Equality	647	(3)
Nguyen v. Immigration and Naturalization Service	650	(4)
Note: The Relevance of ``Real Differences''	654	(4)
Califano v. Goldfarb	658	(3)
Califano v. Webster	661	(1)
Note: The Problem of ``Benign'' Gender Classifications	662	(3)
The Irrelevant Constitution?	665	(1)
Note: The Current Relevance of Constitutional Law	665	(1)
Equal Protection Methodology: The Problem of Sexual Orientation	666	(23)
Note: The Nature of the Class at Issue	666	(3)
Romer v. Evans	669	(9)
Note: The Meaning of Romer	678	(1)
Note: More Targeted Laws Discriminating on the Basis of Sexual Orientation	679	(6)
Note: Strict Scrutiny for Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation?	685	(4)
Equal Protection Methodology: Other Candidates for Heightened Scrutiny	689	(28)
Alienage	689	(1)
Sugarman v. Dougall	690	(3)
Note: Strict Scrutiny for Classifications Based on Alienage---Defining the Political Community	693	(4)
Note: Alienage and Federal Preemption	697	(3)
Wealth Classifications	700	(1)
Note: Uncertain Protection for the Poor	701	(4)
Note: Wealth Discrimination and the Problem of Affirmative Rights	705	(5)
Other Disadvantaged Groups	710	(1)
City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center	710	(2)
Note: Evaluating the Claims of Other Disadvantaged Groups	712	(5)
Implied Fundamental Rights	717	(332)
Introduction	717	(7)
Note: Theories of Constitutional Interpretation---``Originalism'' and Its Critics	717	(7)
The Privileges or Immunities Clause	724	(10)
The Slaughter-House Cases	725	(5)
Note: The Demise of the Privileges or Immunities Clause	730	(4)
The Incorporation Controversy	734	(7)
Barron v. Mayor & City Council of Baltimore	734	(1)
Murray v. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co.	735	(1)
Twining v. New Jersey	735	(1)
Palko v. Connecticut	736	(1)
Adamson v. California	737	(1)
Note: The Black/Frankfurter Debate	738	(1)
Duncan v. Louisiana	739	(1)
Note: Incorporation since Duncan	740	(1)
Substantive Due Process: The Protection of Economic Interests and the Question of Redistribution	741	(27)
Note: The Road to Lochner	742	(3)
Lochner v. New York	745	(5)
Note: The (Alleged?) Vices of Lochner	750	(5)
Note: The Lochner Era, 1905--1934	755	(2)
Nebbia v. New York	757	(2)
West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish	759	(1)
Note: The Context of West Coast Hotel and the 1930s Political and Economic Climate	760	(1)
Note: The End of an Era	761	(1)
United States v. Carolene Products Co.	762	(2)
Williamson v. Lee Optical of Oklahoma	764	(1)
Ferguson v. Skrupa	764	(1)
Note: Pluralism, Naked Wealth Transfers, and the Courts	765	(3)
Fundamental Interests and the Equal Protection Clause	768	(77)
Skinner v. Oklahoma	769	(3)
Note: The Fundamental ``Right to Have Offspring''	772	(1)
Voting	773	(1)
Denial of the ``Right to Vote''	773	(1)
Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections	774	(1)
Note: Is the Right to Vote ``Fundamental''?	775	(3)
Kramer v. Union Free School District	778	(1)
Note: Kramer and Its Progeny	779	(2)
Dilution of the ``Right to Vote''	781	(1)
Reynolds v. Sims	782	(4)
Note: Reynolds and Its Progeny	786	(4)
City of Mobile v. Bolden	790	(4)
Note: Vote Dilution and the Interests of Groups	794	(4)
Davis v. Bandemer	798	(4)
Denial of ``Access to the Ballot''	802	(1)
Williams v. Rhodes	802	(1)
Note: Williams and Its Progeny	803	(3)
Access to the Judicial Process	806	(1)
Griffin v. Illinois	806	(1)
Douglas v. California	807	(1)
Note: Fundamental Interests and the Criminal Justice System	808	(3)
Boddie v. Connecticut	811	(1)
Note: Access to the Judicial Process in Civil Cases	812	(3)
Travel	815	(1)
Shapiro v. Thompson	815	(4)
Saenz v. Roe	819	(1)
Note: The Right to Travel as a ``Fundamental Interest''	820	(1)
Note: ``Penalizing'' the Right to Travel	821	(5)
Welfare	826	(1)
Dandridge v. Williams	826	(1)
Note: Dandridge and the Judicial Role in the Welfare Context	827	(3)
Education	830	(1)
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez	830	(7)
Note: The Rodriguez Formulation	837	(1)
Plyler v. Doe	838	(5)
Note: Plyler and the Equal Protection Clause	843	(2)
Modern Substantive Due Process: Privacy, Personhood, and Family	845	(122)
The Right of Privacy	845	(1)
Griswold v. Connecticut	845	(8)
Note: Griswold and the Right of Privacy	853	(4)
Abortion	857	(1)
Roe v. Wade	857	(6)
Note: The Abortion Decision	863	(6)
Maher v. Roe	869	(3)
Harris v. McRae	872	(1)
Note: The Abortion-Funding Cases	873	(2)
City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health, Inc.	875	(2)
Note: Regulating Abortion	877	(3)
Note: The Webster Case	880	(1)
Note: Abortion after Webster	881	(3)
Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey	884	(19)
Note: Casey and the Role of the Court	903	(1)
Stenberg v. Carhart	904	(13)
Family and Other ``Privacy'' Interests	917	(1)
Moore v. City of East Cleveland	917	(1)
Note: Family and Association	918	(2)
Zablocki v. Redhail	920	(3)
Note: Families, Marriage, and Tradition	923	(6)
Note: The Limits of Privacy	929	(1)
Bowers v. Hardwick	930	(5)
Lawrence v. Texas	935	(13)
Note: Homosexuality, Sexual Liberty, and Substantive Due Process	948	(2)
The Right to Die	950	(1)
Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health	950	(5)
Note: The Right to Die	955	(2)
Washington v. Glucksberg	957	(8)
Note: Assisted Suicide	965	(2)
Procedural Due Process	967	(21)
Liberty and Property Interests	967	(1)
Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth	968	(1)
Perry v. Sindermann	969	(1)
Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill	970	(2)
Note: Defining ``Liberty'' and ``Property''	972	(2)
Note: Statutory Entitlements and Natural Liberty	974	(3)
What Process Is Due	977	(1)
Mathews v. Eldridge	977	(4)
Note: Balancing Tests and the Due Process Clause	981	(5)
Note: The (Dead) Irrebuttable Presumption Doctrine	986	(2)
Note: Procedural Due Process and ``Legislative'' Determinations	988	(1)
The Contracts and Takings Clauses	988	(61)
The Contracts Clause	989	(1)
Note: Early Interpretive Problems	989	(3)
Home Building & Loan Association v. Blaisdell	992	(4)
Note: Market Ordering and Constitutional Interpretation	996	(2)
United States Trust Co. v. New Jersey	998	(1)
Allied Structural Steel Co. v. Spannaus	999	(2)
Note: United States Trust, Spannaus, and the Nonrevival of the Contracts Clause	1001	(3)
The Eminent Domain Clause	1004	(1)
Hawaii Housing Authority v. Midkiff	1004	(2)
Note: The Public Use Requirement and the Takings Clause	1006	(1)
Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon	1007	(3)
Miller v. Schoene	1010	(1)
Penn Central Transportation Co. v. New York City	1011	(5)
Keystone Bituminous Coal Association v. DeBenedictis	1016	(2)
Note: ``Takings'' and the Police Power	1018	(3)
Note: Penn Central, Keystone, Takings, and Related Problems	1021	(4)
Nollan v. California Coastal Commission	1025	(2)
Note: Nollan, Unconstitutional Condition's and Other Problems	1027	(4)
Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council	1031	(7)
Note: Lucas, the Environment, and Regulatory Takings	1038	(2)
Palazzolo v. Rhode Island	1040	(7)
Note: Palazzolo---Final Thoughts	1047	(2)
Freedom of Expression	1049	(436)
Introduction	1049	(12)
Note: The History of Free Expression	1049	(5)
Note: The Philosophy of Free Expression	1054	(6)
Note: Organization	1060	(1)
Content-Based Restrictions: Dangerous Ideas and Information	1061	(81)
Speech That ``Causes'' Unlawful Conduct	1061	(1)
Shaffer v. United States	1062	(1)
Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten	1063	(2)
Schenck v. United States	1065	(1)
Note: Shaffer, Masses, and Schenck	1066	(3)
Frohwerk v. United States	1069	(1)
Debs v. United States	1070	(1)
Abrams v. United States	1070	(3)
Note: Abrams and the Emergence of the Holmes-Brandeis Tradition	1073	(2)
Gitlow v. New York	1075	(3)
Note: ``Abstract Doctrine'' versus ``Urging to Action''	1078	(1)
Whitney v. California	1079	(3)
Note: The Brandeis Concurrence and the Road to Dennis	1082	(2)
Dennis v. United States	1084	(4)
Note: Dennis and the Communist ``Conspiracy''	1088	(3)
Note: The Road to Brandenburg	1091	(3)
Brandenburg v. Ohio	1094	(2)
Note: The Brandenburg Formulation	1096	(3)
Note: Abridgment of Speech Other than by Direct Criminal Prohibition	1099	(5)
Speech That ``Threatens''	1104	(1)
Bridges v. California	1104	(1)
Watts v. United States	1105	(1)
Planned Parenthood v. American Coalition of Life Activists	1106	(2)
Speech That Provokes a Hostile Audience Reaction	1108	(1)
Terminiello v. Chicago	1108	(1)
Cantwell v. Connecticut	1109	(1)
Feiner v. New York	1110	(3)
Note: Cantwell, Feiner, and the Search for Mechanisms of Control	1113	(1)
Note: Revising the Feiner Approach	1114	(3)
Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire	1117	(2)
Note: Fighting Words	1119	(3)
Note: The Skokie Controversy	1122	(3)
Speech That Discloses Confidential Information	1125	(1)
Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia	1125	(1)
Note: Landmark and the Problem of Confidentiality	1125	(1)
Nebraska Press Association v. Stuart	1126	(2)
New York Times Co. v. United States; United States v. Washington Post Co.	1128	(7)
Note: Nebraska Press, the Pentagon Papers, and Snepp	1135	(4)
Note: The Progressive Controversy	1139	(2)
Note: Terrorism and the First Amendment	1141	(1)
Note: Dangerous Ideas and Information---Final Thoughts	1142	(1)
Overbreadth, Vagueness, and Prior Restraint	1142	(21)
Overbreadth and Vagueness	1143	(1)
Gooding v. Wilson	1143	(3)
Note: Overbreadth	1146	(4)
Note: Vagueness	1150	(1)
Prior Restraint	1151	(1)
Lovell v. Griffin	1152	(1)
Note: Licensing as Prior Restraint	1153	(4)
Near v. Minnesota	1157	(2)
Note: Injunction as Prior Restraint	1159	(4)
Content-Based Restrictions: ``Low'' Value Speech	1163	(128)
False Statements of Fact	1164	(1)
New York Times v. Sullivan	1164	(5)
Note: The Central Meaning of New York Times v. Sullivan	1169	(3)
Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts; Associated Press v. Walker	1172	(1)
Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.	1173	(3)
Note: Public and Private Figures, Public and Private Speech	1176	(1)
Dun & Bradstreet v. Greenmoss Builders	1177	(1)
Note: Other False Statements of Fact	1178	(1)
Hustler Magazine v. Falwell	1179	(1)
``Nonnewsworthy'' Disclosures of ``Private'' Information	1180	(1)
Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn	1180	(2)
Note: Invasion of Privacy and the First Amendment	1182	(3)
Commercial Advertising	1185	(1)
Virginia State Board of Pharmacy v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council	1186	(5)
Note: Virginia Pharmacy and ``the Free Flow of Commercial Information''	1191	(3)
Note: Truthful, Nondeceptive Commercial Advertising after Virginia Pharmacy	1194	(1)
Central Hudson Gas v. Public Service Commission of New York	1195	(1)
Note: Truthful, Nondeceptive Commercial Advertising after Central Hudson	1196	(2)
44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island	1198	(1)
Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly	1199	(1)
Thompson v. Western States Medical Center	1200	(3)
Note: Truthful, Nondeceptive Commercial Advertising after Liquormart, Lorillard, and Thompson	1203	(1)
Note: Additional Regulations of Commercial Speech	1204	(4)
Obscenity	1208	(1)
Roth v. United States; Alberts v. California	1209	(1)
Note: Obscenity and Free Expression	1210	(4)
Note: Developments in the Law of ``Obscenity'' 1957--1973	1214	(2)
Miller v. California	1216	(3)
Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton	1219	(5)
Note: The 1973 Reformulation and Its Aftermath	1224	(3)
Note: Violence as Obscenity	1227	(1)
New York v. Ferber	1228	(2)
Ashcroft v. The Free Speech Coalition	1230	(3)
Note: Child Pornography	1233	(1)
The Lewd, the Profane, and the Indecent	1234	(1)
Cohen v. California	1234	(3)
Note: Profanity, Cohen, and the Captive Audience	1237	(3)
Erznoznik v. Jacksonville	1240	(1)
FCC v. Pacifica Foundation	1241	(2)
Sable Communications, Inc. v. FCC	1243	(1)
Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union	1244	(1)
Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union	1245	(3)
Note: ``Indecent'' Expression	1248	(3)
Young v. American Mini-Theatres	1251	(1)
City of Renton v. Playtime Theatres	1252	(1)
City of Los Angeles v. Alameda Books	1253	(2)
Note: Zoning and Nude Dancing	1255	(1)
Hate Speech and Pornography	1256	(1)
Beauharnais v. Illinois	1256	(4)
Note: Group Defamation and ``Hate Speech''	1260	(4)
R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul	1264	(6)
Wisconsin v. Mitchell	1270	(1)
Note: R.A.V. and Mitchell	1271	(2)
Virginia v. Black	1273	(11)
Note: Pornography and the Victimization of Women	1284	(6)
Note: ``Low'' Value Speech---Final Thoughts	1290	(1)
Content-Neutral Restrictions: Limitations on the Means of Communication and the Problem of Content-Neutrality	1291	(151)
General Principles	1291	(1)
Schneider v. State	1291	(1)
Martin v. City of Struthers	1292	(1)
Kovacs v. Cooper	1293	(1)
Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego	1294	(1)
City of Ladue v. Gilleo	1295	(1)
NAACP v. Alabama	1296	(1)
Bartnicki v. Vopper	1297	(1)
Note: The Search for Principles	1298	(2)
Note: The Meaning of ``Content-Neutrality''	1300	(4)
Speech on Public Property: The Public Forum	1304	(1)
The Public Forum: Streets and Parks	1304	(1)
Commonwealth v. Davis, aff'd sub nom. Davis v. Massachusetts	1304	(1)
Hague v. CIO	1305	(1)
Schneider v. State	1306	(1)
Note: Regulating the Public Forum	1307	(3)
Note: Devices for Regulating the Public Forum	1310	(3)
The Public Forum: Other Publicly Owned Property	1313	(1)
Adderley v. Florida	1314	(1)
Note: ``No Less than a Private Owner of Property''?	1315	(4)
International Society for Krishna Consciousness v. Lee	1319	(3)
Note: Modern Public Forum Doctrine	1322	(1)
Note: The Right to a ``Private'' Forum	1322	(2)
The Public Forum: Unequal Access and the Problem of Content-Neutrality	1324	(1)
Police Department of Chicago v. Mosley	1325	(2)
Note: Mosley and the ``Equality'' of Ideas	1327	(2)
Lehman v. City of Shaker Heights	1329	(3)
Note: Lehman and the Limits of Mosley	1332	(2)
Perry Educators' Association v. Perry Local Educators' Association	1334	(2)
Note: Quintessential, Designated, and Nonpublic Forums	1336	(4)
Note: Religious Expression and the Meaning of ``Viewpoint Neutrality''	1340	(3)
Unequal Access and the Problem of Government Speech	1343	(1)
Southeastern Promotions v. Conrad	1343	(2)
Board of Education, Island Trees Union Free School District v. Pico	1345	(2)
Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington	1347	(1)
Rust v. Sullivan	1348	(3)
Note: The Implications of Rust	1351	(1)
Legal Services Corporation v. Velazquez	1352	(4)
National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley	1356	(3)
United States v. American Library Association	1359	(8)
Symbolic Conduct	1367	(1)
United States v. O'Brien	1368	(5)
Note: Draft Card Burning and the First Amendment	1373	(4)
Note: Flag Desecration and Misuse	1377	(5)
Barnes v. Glen Theatre, Inc.	1382	(3)
City of Erie v. Pap's A.M.	1385	(1)
Note: Computer Code	1386	(1)
Regulation of Political Solicitation, Contribution, Expenditure, and Activity	1387	(1)
Village of Schaumburg v. Citizens for a Better Environment	1388	(1)
Buckley v. Valeo	1389	(8)
Note: Buckley and the Problem of Abridging Speech to ``Enhance'' the Electoral Process	1397	(5)
Note: Subsidy and Disclosure	1402	(3)
Note: Corporate Contributions and Expenditures	1405	(3)
Note: Additional Regulation of the Electoral Process	1408	(3)
McConnell v. Federal Election Commission	1411	(9)
Note: Regulating the Political Activities of Public Employees	1420	(6)
Other Means of Expression: Litigation, Association, and the Right Not to Speak	1426	(1)
NAACP v. Button	1426	(1)
Note: Litigation and the First Amendment	1427	(2)
Roberts v. U.S. Jaycees	1429	(1)
Note: Association and the First Amendment	1430	(1)
Boy Scouts of America v. Dale	1431	(3)
Note: Evaluating Dale	1434	(2)
Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins	1436	(1)
Note: Compelled Affirmation, Expression, and Association: The Right Not to Speak	1437	(4)
Note: Content-Neutral Restrictions---Final Thoughts	1441	(1)
Freedom of the Press	1442	(43)
A ``Preferred'' Status for the Press?	1442	(1)
A Right to ``Gather'' News?	1443	(1)
Branzburg v. Hayes	1443	(4)
Note: A Right to Gather News?	1447	(3)
Note: A Press Right of Access to Information?	1450	(2)
Richmond Newspapers v. Virginia	1452	(4)
Globe Newspaper Co. v. Superior Court	1456	(1)
Note: Variations on the Press Right of Access	1457	(2)
Differential Treatment of the Press	1459	(1)
Minneapolis Star & Tribune Co. v. Minnesota Commissioner of Revenue	1459	(3)
Note: Differential Treatment	1462	(1)
Regulating the Press to ``Improve'' the Marketplace of Ideas	1463	(1)
Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo	1463	(2)
Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC	1465	(2)
Note: Regulating the Airwaves	1467	(6)
Turner Broadcasting System Inc. v. FCC	1473	(2)
Note: Turner and the Regulation of Cable	1475	(4)
Note: The First Amendment in Cyberspace	1479	(3)
Note: Free Expression---Final Thoughts	1482	(3)
The Constitution and Religion	1485	(98)
Introduction: Historical and Analytical Overview	1485	(16)
Everson v. Board of Education	1485	(2)
Note: The History of the Religion Clauses	1487	(6)
Note: General Approaches to the Religion Clauses	1493	(4)
Note: Defining Religion	1497	(4)
The Establishment Clause	1501	(48)
The Anticoercion Principle	1501	(1)
Lee v. Weisman	1501	(9)
Note: The Noncoercion Principle	1510	(2)
The Nonendorsement Principle and De Facto Establishments	1512	(1)
Lynch v. Donnelly	1512	(7)
Note: The Nonendorsement Principle	1519	(7)
Impermissible Purposes: The School Prayer Cases	1526	(1)
Note: Problems with a ``Purpose'' Test	1527	(3)
Facially Neutral Statutes that Incidentally Aid Religion: Permissible and Impermissible Effects	1530	(2)
Mueller v. Allen	1532	(4)
Note: From Aguilar to Mitchell	1536	(6)
Zelman v. Simmons-Harris	1542	(2)
Note: Purpose and Effect in Aid to Nonpublic Education---Benevolent Neutrality?	1544	(4)
Note: Concluding Observations	1548	(1)
The Free Exercise Clause: Required Accommodations	1549	(18)
Braunfeld v. Brown	1550	(1)
Sherbert v. Verner	1550	(1)
Wisconsin v. Yoder	1551	(2)
Note: Problems of Mandatory Accommodation	1553	(3)
Employment Division, Department of Human Resources v. Smith	1556	(8)
Note: Should Accommodation Be Required?	1564	(3)
Permissible Accommodation	1567	(16)
Corporation of Presiding Bishop of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. Amos	1567	(5)
Texas Monthly v. Bullock	1572	(1)
Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet	1573	(2)
Note: When---If Ever---Should Accommodations of Religion Be Permitted?	1575	(2)
Note: Free Exercise, Free Speech, and the Right of Expressive Association	1577	(3)
Note: Concluding Observations	1580	(3)
The Constitution, Baselines, and the Problem of Private Power	1583	(66)
State Action, Federalism, and Individual Autonomy	1584	(5)
State Action and Federalism	1584	(1)
The Civil Rights Cases	1584	(3)
Note: Federalism and the Substantive Content of the State Action Doctrine	1587	(1)
State Action and Individual Autonomy	1588	(1)
Pure Inaction and the Theory of Governmental Neutrality	1589	(20)
Pure Inaction	1589	(1)
DeShaney v. Winnebago County Department of Social Services	1589	(2)
Flagg Brothers v. Brooks	1591	(4)
Lugar v. Edmondson Oil Co.	1595	(1)
Note: The Problem of the Passive State	1596	(5)
Judicial Action and the Theory of Government Neutrality	1601	(1)
Shelley v. Kraemer	1601	(3)
Note: Shelley v. Kraemer, State Inaction, and the Theory of Government Neutrality	1604	(5)
Constitutionally Impermissible Departures from Neutrality: State Subsidization, Approval, and Encouragement	1609	(17)
State Subsidization of Private Conduct	1609	(1)
Burton v. Wilmington Parking Authority	1609	(3)
Note: Subsidies, Penalties, and the Search for a Baseline	1612	(3)
Rendell-Baker v. Kohn	1615	(1)
San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee	1616	(1)
Note: State Action as Coercion or Significant Encouragement	1617	(3)
State Licensing and Authorization	1620	(1)
Public Utilities Commission v. Pollak	1620	(1)
Moose Lodge No. 107 v. Irvis	1621	(2)
Jackson v. Metropolitan Edison Co.	1623	(2)
Note: Licensing, Authorization, and Entwinement as State Action	1625	(1)
Constitutionally Required Departures from Neutrality? The Public Function Doctrine	1626	(12)
Marsh v. Alabama	1626	(2)
Note: The ``Public Function'' Theory and the Passive State	1628	(5)
Jackson v. Metropolitan Edison Co.	1633	(2)
Note: Public Functions as ``Exclusive Prerogatives'' of the State	1635	(3)
Unconstitutional Conditions and the Benefit/Burden Distinction	1638	(10)
Rust v. Sullivan	1639	(1)
Maher v. Roe	1640	(1)
South Dakota v. Dole	1641	(1)
Nollan v. California Coastal Commission	1641	(1)
Note: Benefits, Burdens, and Coercion	1642	(6)
Some Final Thoughts	1648	(1)
Table of Cases	1649	(16)
Table of Authoritites	1665	(24)
Index	1689