Constitutional Law and Politics Civil Rights and Civil Liberties

by O'Brien, David M.

• ISBN13: 9780393925661
• ISBN10: 0393925668
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-06-23
• Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company

Table of Contents

Cases [within brackets] are discussed and extensively quoted in the topic introductions.
ILLUSTRATIONS	xxv
PREFACE	xvii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS	xxi
THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS	1	(22)
CHAPTER 1 The Supreme Court, Judicial Review, and Constitutional Politics	23	(80)
A. ESTABLISHING AND CONTESTING THE POWER OF JUDICIAL REVIEW	27	(40)
HOW TO LOCATE DECISIONS OF THE SUPREME COURT	28	(1)
[Calder v. Bull]	29	(11)
CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY: Decisions of the Supreme Court Overruled and Acts of Congress Held Unconstitutional, and State Laws and Municipal Ordinances Overturned, 1789-2004	36	(4)
James Kent's Introductory Law School Lecture in 1794	40	(3)
The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of 1798	43	(16)
Marbury v. Madison	46	(10)
Eakin v. Raub	56	(3)
President Jackson's Veto Message of 1832	59	(3)
President Roosevelt's Radio Broadcast, March 9, 1937	62	(5)
B. THE POLITICS OF CONSTITUTIONAL INTERPRETATION	67	(36)
IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE: Written and Unwritten Constitutions: Britain's and Israel's Constitutions	69	(7)
(1) The Text and Historical Context	76	(10)
(2) In and Beyond the Text	86	(18)
CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY: What Is the Constitution? Could a Constitutional Amendment Violate the Constitution?	89	(7)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW: Comparative Constitutional Interpretation	96	(7)
CHAPTER 2 Law and Politics in the Supreme Court: Jurisdiction and Decision-Making Process	103	(117)
A. JURISDICTION AND JUSTICIABLE CONTROVERSIES	104	(66)
FIGURE 2.1 Avenues of Appeal: The two main routes to the Supreme Court	106	(2)
[Frothingham v. Mellon]	108	(3)
FIGURE 2.2 Jurisdictional map of the U.S. Courts of Appeal and U.S. District Courts	109	(2)
[Northeastern Florida Chapter of the Associated General Contractors of America v. City of Jacksonville, Florida]	111	(1)
[Wyoming v. Oklahoma]	111	(8)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW: Other Important Rulings on Standing	112	(5)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW: Class Action Suits	117	(2)
[Luther v. Borden]	119	(1)
[Colegrove v. Green]	119	(5)
INSIDE THE COURT: Standing and the Connecticut Birth Control Cases	120	(4)
[Nixon v. United States]	124	(6)
INSIDE THE COURT: The Supreme Court's Reversal of Precedent in Historical Perspective	128	(2)
Flast v. Cohen	130	(7)
Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church and State, Inc.	137	(4)
Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife	141	(4)
Baker v. Carr	145	(12)
Goldwater v. Carter	157	(4)
Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow	161	(26)
CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY: Rules for Judicial Self Restraint and Avoiding Constitutional Questions	169	(1)
B. THE COURT'S DOCKET AND SCREENING CASES	170	(1)
C. THE RULE OF FOUR AND AGENDA SETTING	171	(5)
CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY: Figure 2.3. Docket and filings, 1800-2003	171	(2)
IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE: The "European Model" of Constitutional Courts and Judicial Review	173	(3)
D. SUMMARILY DECIDED CASES	176	(1)
E. THE ROLE OF ORAL ARGUMENT	176	(2)
F. CONFERENCE DELIBERATIONS	178	(4)
INSIDE THE COURT: On the Tentativeness of Votes and the Importance of Opinion Writing	180	(2)
G. POSTCONFERENCE WRITING AND CIRCULATION OF OPINIONS	182	(3)
CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY: FIGURE 2.4. Opinion writing, 1937-2004	184	(1)
H. OPINION DAYS AND COMMUNICATING DECISIONS	185	(2)
INSIDE THE COURT: Voting Alignments in the Rehnquist Court; 1986-2002 Terms	186	(1)
I. THE IMPACT OF SUPREME COURT DECISIONS: COMPLIANCE AND IMPLEMENTATION	187	(33)
CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY: The Southern Manifesto: A Declaration of Constitutional Principles	190	(10)
Linkletter v. Walker	200	(4)
Griffith v. Kentucky	204	(2)
Jaffree v. Board of School Commissioners of Mobile County	206	(2)
Commonwealth of Kentucky v. Jeffrey Wasson	208	(14)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW: Other Recent State Supreme Court Decisions Declining to Follow the U.S. Supreme Court's Rulings	212	(8)
CHAPTER 3 Economic Rights and American Capitalism	220	(84)
A. THE CONTRACT CLAUSE AND VESTED INTERESTS IN PROPERTY	222	(30)
CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY: John Locke on the Ends of Political Society and Government	223	(3)
Fletcher v. Peck	226	(3)
Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward	229	(4)
Charles River Bridge Co. v. Warren Bridge Co.	233	(7)
Home Building & Loan Association v. Blaisdell	240	(6)
City of El Paso v. Simmons	246	(3)
United States Trust Co. of New York v. State of New Jersey	249	(3)
B. THE DEVELOPMENT AND DEMISE OF A "LIBERTY OF CONTRACT"	252	(34)
[Allgeyer v. Louisiana]	256	(3)
[Jacobson v. Massachusetts]	259	(7)
Butchers' Benevolent Association v. Cresent City Livestock Landing & Slaughterhouse Co. (The Slaughterhouse Cases)	266	(4)
Munn v. Illinois	270	(3)
Lochner v. New York	273	(6)
Muller v. Oregon	279	(2)
West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish	281	(4)
Lincoln Federal Labor Union v. Northwestern Iron & Metal Co.	285	(1)
C. THE "TAKINGS CLAUSE" AND JUST COMPENSATION	286	(18)
Hawaii Housing Authority v. Midkiff	290	(3)
Nollan v. California Coastal Commission	293	(3)
Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council	296	(13)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW: Other Important Rulings on the Takings Clause	301	(3)
CHAPTER 4 The Nationalization of the Bill of Rights	304	(82)
A. THE SELECTIVE NATIONALIZATION OF GUARANTEES OF THE BILL OF RIGHTS PLUS OTHER FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS	309	(45)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW: The Selective Nationalization of the Bill of Rights plus Other Fundamental Rights	314	(2)
CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY: Guarantees of the Bill of Rights That Have Not Been Applied to the States	316	(1)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW: Approaches to Nationalization of the Bill of Rights under the Fourteenth Amendment	317	(2)
Barron v. The Mayor and City of Baltimore	319	(2)
The Slaughterhouse Cases (reprise)	321	(1)
Hurtado v. California	321	(5)
Palko v. Connecticut	326	(3)
Adamson v. California	329	(5)
Rochin v. California	334	(5)
INSIDE THE COURT: The Theory and Drafting of Justice Douglas's Opinion in Griswold v. Connecticut	337	(2)
Griswold v. Connecticut	339	(8)
Duncan v. Louisiana	347	(7)
CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY: The Second and Third Amendments	353	(1)
B. THE RISE AND (PARTIAL) RETREAT OF THE "DUE PROCESS REVOLUTION"	354	(32)
[O'Connor v. Donaldson]	355	(2)
[DeShaney v. Winnebago County Department of Social Services]	357	(1)
[Michael H. v. Gerald D.]	358	(11)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW: Other Recent Rulings on Substantive and Procedural Due Process	364	(5)
BMW of North America v. Gore	369	(5)
County of Sacramento v. Lewis	374	(15)
CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY: Citizens, Noncitizens, "Enemy Combatants," and Civil Rights in Wartime	379	(7)
CHAPTER 5 Freedom of Expression and Association	386	(302)
CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY: The 1735 Trial of John Peter Zenger and Free Speech in the Colonies	389	(8)
A. JUDICIAL APPROACHES TO THE FIRST AMENDMENT	397	(33)
(1) Fifty Years of "Clear and Present Danger"	399	(27)
[Abrams v. United States]	399	(1)
[Whitney v. California]	400	(2)
[Yates v. United States]	402	(1)
[Scales v. United States]	403	(1)
[Communist Party of the United States v. Subversives Activities Control Board (SACB)]	403	(2)
Schenck v. United States	405	(1)
Gitlow v. People of the State of New York	406	(6)
Dennis v. United States	412	(11)
Brandenburg v. Ohio	423	(3)
CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY: Judicial Approaches to the First Amendment	425	(1)
(2) Judicial Line Drawing: Ad Hoc and Definitional Balancing	426	(4)
[Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire]	428	(2)
B. OBSCENITY, PORNOGRAPHY, AND OFFENSIVE SPEECH	430	(96)
(1) Obscenity and Pornography	431	(48)
[Regina v. Hicklin]	431	(7)
Roth v. United States and Alberts v. California	438	(4)
Stanley v. Georgia	442	(2)
INSIDE THE COURT: Letter from Justice Black to Justice Harlan, December 10, 1969	443	(1)
Miller v. California	444	(5)
Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton	449	(6)
New York v. Ferber	455	(4)
City of Erie v. Pap's A.M.	459	(6)
Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union	465	(9)
Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition	474	(5)
(2) Fighting Words and Offensive Speech	479	(47)
[Packer Corporation v. Utah]	480	(1)
[Public Utilities Commission v. Pollak]	481	(1)
[Erzoznik v. City of Jacksonville]	481	(4)
Cohen v. California	485	(4)
Federal Communications Commission v. Pacifica Foundation	489	(6)
Bethel School District No. 403 v. Fraser	495	(4)
R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul, Minnesota	499	(9)
Wisconsin v. Mitchell	508	(2)
Virginia v. Black	510	(7)
Rust v. Sullivan	517	(14)
IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE: Communitarianism, Feminism, and the Canadian Supreme Court's Rulings on Hate Speech and Pornography	522	(4)
C. LIBEL	526	(25)
[Beauharnais v. Illinois]	526	(3)
[Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co.]	529	(2)
[Time, Inc. v. Hill]	531	(3)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW: Other Important Rulings on Libel	532	(2)
The New York Times Company v. Sullivan	534	(6)
Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.	540	(6)
Masson v. The New Yorker Magazine	546	(3)
Cox Broadcasting Corporation v. Cohn	549	(2)
D. COMMERCIAL SPEECH	551	(27)
[Valentine v. Chrestensen]	551	(2)
[Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission of New York]	553	(6)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW: Other Important Rulings on Commercial Speech and the First Amendment	555	(4)
Bigelow v. Virginia	559	(5)
44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island	564	(8)
Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly	572	(6)
E. FREEDOM OF THE PRESS	578	(28)
(1) The Doctrine of No Prior Restraint	580	(14)
Near v. State of Minnesota ex rel. Olson	583	(3)
New York Times Company v. United States	586	(8)
(2) Indirect Prior Restraints	594	(12)
Branzburg v. Hayes, In re Pappas, and United States v. Caldwell	597	(6)
Houchins v. KQED, Inc.	603	(3)
F. REGULATING THE BROADCAST AND CABLE MEDIA, AND THE INTERNET	606	(24)
Red Lion Broadcasting Co., Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission	612	(2)
Federal Communications Commission v. Pacifica Foundation (reprise)	614	(1)
Denver Area Educational Telecommunications Consortium, Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission	615	(5)
Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union (reprise)	620	(1)
Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union	621	(5)
United States v. American Library Association	626	(4)
G. FAIR TRIAL/FREE PRESS CONTROVERSIES	630	(7)
[Sheppard v. Maxwell]	631	(1)
[Nebraska Press Association v. Stuart]	632	(1)
[Gannett Co. v. DePasquale]	632	(1)
[Richmond Newspapers, Inc. v. Virginia]	633	(2)
Globe Newspaper Company v. Superior Court for the County of Norfolk	635	(2)
H. SYMBOLIC SPEECH AND SPEECH-PLUS-CONDUCT	637	(29)
(1) Symbolic Speech	638	(22)
[United States v. O'Brien]	639	(2)
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette	641	(9)
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District	650	(3)
Texas v. Johnson	653	(7)
(2) Speech-Plus-Conduct	660	(6)
[Hague v. Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO)]	660	(5)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW: Rulings Extending the Concept of a Public Forum	662	(1)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW: Places That Have Been Held Not to Be Public Forums	663	(2)
[Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston]	665	(1)
I. FREEDOM OF ASSOCIATION	666	(22)
[Bell v. Maryland]	670	(3)
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama	673	(3)
Roberts v. United States Jaycees	676	(3)
Boy Scouts of America v. Dale	679	(9)
CHAPTER 6 Freedom from and of Religion	688	(162)
A. THE (DIS)ESTABLISHMENT OF RELIGION	697	(101)
CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY: Religious Displays in Public Places and the Establishment Clause	700	(10)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW: Major Rulings Upholding Governmental Aid or Support of Religion over Establishment Clause Objections	710	(3)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW: Major Rulings Striking Down Laws and Policies for Violating the Establishment Clause	713	(3)
Everson v. Board of Education of Ewing Township	716	(7)
Engel v. Vitale	723	(5)
Abington School District v. Schempp and Murray v. Curlett	728	(5)
Lemon v. Kurtzman, Earley v. DiCenso, and Robinson v. DiCenso	733	(7)
Wallace v. Jaffree	740	(11)
INSIDE THE COURT: Justice Kennedy Switches Positions and the Outcome in Lee v. Wiesman	749	(2)
Lee v. Weisman	751	(5)
Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District	756	(4)
Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet	760	(9)
Rosenberger v. The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia	769	(12)
Agostini v. Felton	781	(6)
Zelman v. Simmons-Harris	787	(11)
Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow (reprise)	798	(1)
B. FREE EXERCISE OF RELIGION	798	(52)
[United States v. Ballard]	800	(6)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW: Major Rulings Denying Free Exercise Claims	803	(3)
Sherbert v. Verner	806	(6)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW: Major Rulings Upholding Free Exercise Claims	810	(2)
Wisconsin v. Yoder	812	(4)
Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith	816	(9)
Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah	825	(7)
City of Boerne v. Flores	832	(9)
Locke v. Davey	841	(12)
IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE: The Self-Defense Forces Enshrinement Case, the Supreme Court of Japan, and Religious Minorities	845	(5)
CHAPTER 7 The Fourth Amendment Guarantee against Unreasonable Searches and Seizures	850	(168)
A. REQUIREMENTS FOR A WARRANT AND REASONABLE SEARCHES AND SEIZURES	853	(11)
[Chapman v. United States]	854	(1)
[Maryland v. Buie]	855	(3)
Chimel v. California	858	(3)
Arizona v. Hicks	861	(3)
B. EXCEPTIONS TO THE WARRANT REQUIREMENT	864	(33)
[Schneckloth v. Bustamonte]	864	(2)
[California v. Hodari D.]	866	(2)
[Florida v. Bostick]	868	(2)
[United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez]	870	(2)
[Gould v. United States]	872	(1)
[Warden v. Hayden]	872	(3)
INSIDE THE COURT: Memorandum from Justice William J. Brennan to Chief Justice Earl Warren on Terry v. Ohio	873	(2)
Terry v. Ohio	875	(5)
United States v. Sokolow	880	(4)
Illinois v. Wardlow	884	(2)
Bond v. United States	886	(2)
Minnesota v. Dickerson	888	(4)
United States v. Santana	892	(2)
County of Riverside v. McLaughlin	894	(3)
C. THE SPECIAL PROBLEMS OF AUTOMOBILES IN A MOBILE SOCIETY	897	(27)
[Carroll v. United States]	897	(3)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW: Automobiles and Border Patrol Searches	899	(1)
[United States v. Chadwick]	900	(3)
United States v. Robinson	903	(5)
Illinois v. Lidster	908	(4)
INSIDE THE COURT: Memorandum from Justice Sandra Day O'Connor on California v. Acevedo	911	(1)
California v. Acevedo	912	(4)
Knowles v. Iowa	916	(2)
Atwater v. Lago Vista	918	(6)
D. OTHER GOVERNMENTAL SEARCHES IN THE ADMINISTRATIVE STATE	924	(30)
[Frank v. Maryland]	924	(1)
[Camara v. Municipal Court]	925	(1)
[New York v. Burger]	926	(5)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW: Searches by Government Officials in the Administrative State	928	(3)
National Treasury Employees Union v. Von Raab	931	(7)
Vernonia School District 47 J v. Acton	938	(6)
Ferguson v. Charleston	944	(6)
Board of Education of Independent School District No. 92 of Pottawatomie City v. Earls	950	(4)
E. WIRETAPPING, BUGGING, AND POLICE SURVEILLANCE	954	(31)
[Boyd v. United States]	954	(2)
[Silverman v. United States]	956	(3)
[United States v. White]	959	(3)
INSIDE THE COURT: Letter from Chief Justice Taft on Olmstead v. United States, Holmes, Prohibition, and the Supreme Court	961	(1)
Olmstead v. United States	962	(3)
Katz v. United States	965	(4)
California v. Ciraolo	969	(4)
Minnesota v. Carter	973	(5)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW: Other Important Rulings on Governmental Wiretapping and Electronic Surveillance	977	(1)
Kyllo v. United States	978	(7)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW: The USA PATRIOT Act of 2001, Wiretaps, and the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court	983	(2)
F. THE EXCLUSIONARY RULE	985	(33)
[Weeks v. United States]	986	(1)
[Wolf v. Colorado]	986	(1)
[Elkins v. United States]	987	(1)
[Stone v. Powell]	988	(2)
Mapp v. Ohio	990	(8)
INSIDE THE COURT: Letter from Justice Stewart to Justice Clark on Mapp v. Ohio	992	(6)
Nix v. Williams	998	(5)
United States v. Leon and Massachusetts v. Sheppard	1003	(12)
Arizona v. Evans	1015	(3)
CHAPTER 8 The Fifth Amendment Guarantee against Self-Accusation	1018	(73)
CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY: The Accusatorial and Inquisitorial Systems Compared in the Medieval Period	1021	(6)
A. COERCED CONFESSIONS AND POLICE INTERROGATIONS	1027	(56)
[Escobedo v. Illinois]	1028	(3)
[Edwards v. Arizona]	1031	(1)
[Minnick v. Mississippi]	1031	(2)
[Chapman v. California]	1033	(4)
INSIDE THE COURT: Chief Justice Earl Warren, Miranda v. Arizona, and the Attack on the Court	1035	(2)
Miranda v. Arizona	1037	(11)
In re Gault	1048	(3)
Rhode Island v. Innis	1051	(4)
Duckworth v. Eagan	1055	(5)
Arizona v. Fulminante	1060	(4)
Dickerson v. United States	1064	(6)
Missouri v. Seibert	1070	(4)
United States v. Patane	1074	(10)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW: Other Court Rulings on Coerced Confessions and Limiting Miranda	1077	(4)
IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE: The Right to Remain Silent and the Exclusion of Incriminating Statements in England, France, Germany, and Italy	1081	(2)
B. GRANTS OF IMMUNITY	1083	(1)
C. REAL VERSUS TESTIMONIAL EVIDENCE	1084	(2)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW: Rulings on Real versus Testimonial Evidence	1085	(1)
D. REQUIRED RECORDS, PRIVATE PAPERS, AND CUSTODIAL POSSESSION	1086	(5)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW: Rulings on Required Records and Private Papers	1089	(2)
CHAPTER 9 The Right to Counsel and Other Procedural Guarantees	1091	(58)
A. THE RIGHT TO COUNSEL	1091	(15)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW: Rulings Extending the Right to Counsel throughout the Criminal Justice System	1094	(2)
Powell v. Alabama	1096	(3)
Gideon v. Wainwright	1099	(4)
Argersinger v. Hamlin	1103	(3)
B. PLEA BARGAINING AND THE RIGHT TO EFFECTIVE COUNSEL	1106	(9)
[Strickland v. Washington]	1107	(5)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW: Rulings on Plea Bargaining and Effective Counsel	1109	(3)
Bordenkircher v. Hayes	1112	(3)
C. INDICTMENT BY A GRAND JURY	1115	(2)
Hurtado v. California (reprise)	1117	(1)
D. THE RIGHT TO AN IMPARTIAL JURY TRIAL	1117	(18)
Duncan v. Louisiana (reprise)	1123	(1)
Batson v. Kentucky	1123	(3)
A.L. Lockhart v. McCree	1126	(5)
Williams v. Florida	1131	(2)
Burch v. Louisiana	1133	(2)
E. A SPEEDY AND PUBLIC TRIAL	1135	(1)
F. THE RIGHT TO BE INFORMED OF CHARGES AND TO CONFRONT ACCUSERS	1136	(3)
G. THE GUARANTEE AGAINST DOUBLE JEOPARDY	1139	(4)
Palko v. Connecticut (reprise)	1139	(4)
H. THE GUARANTEE AGAINST EXCESSIVE BAIL AND FINES	1143	(2)
I. INDIGENTS AND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM	1145	(4)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW: Other Rulings on Indigents and the Judicial System	1146	(3)
CHAPTER 10 Cruel and Unusual Punishment	1149	(73)
A. NONCAPITAL PUNISHMENT	1152	(9)
[Robinson v. California]	1152	(1)
[Hudson v. McMillian]	1153	(3)
Ewing v. California	1156	(5)
B. CAPITAL PUNISHMENT	1161	(61)
CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY: The Imposition and Execution of Capital Punishment	1165	(2)
IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE: Capital Punishment around the World	1167	(1)
INSIDE THE COURT: Justice Arthur Goldberg's Role in the Controversy over Capital Punishment and Opinion in Rudolph v. Alabama	1168	(4)
Furman v Georgia, Jackson v. Georgia, and Branch v. Texas	1172	(11)
Lockett v. Ohio	1183	(6)
McCleskey v. Kemp	1189	(11)
INSIDE THE COURT: Justice Scalia's Unpublished Memorandum on McCleskey v. Kemp, indicating that statistics show racial prejudice in death penalty sentencing	1190	(10)
Payne v. Tennessee	1200	(4)
Morgan v. Illinois	1204	(2)
Atkins v. Virginia	1206	(20)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW: Other Post-Furman Rulings on Capital Punishment	1213	(5)
IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE: The South African Constitutional Court Declares Capital Punishment Unconstitutional	1218	(4)
CHAPTER 11 The Right of Privacy	1222	(103)
A. PRIVACY AND REPRODUCTIVE FREEDOM	1226	(59)
[Meyer v. Nebraska]	1226	(1)
[Skinner v. Oklahoma]	1226	(1)
[Eisenstadt v. Baird]	1227	(3)
[City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health]	1230	(4)
[Webster v. Reproductive Health Services]	1234	(2)
Buck v. Bell	1236	(1)
Griswold v. Connecticut (reprise)	1237	(5)
INSIDE THE COURT: The Oral Argument and Decision-Making Process in Roe v. Wade	1237	(5)
Roe v. Wade	1242	(9)
Maher v. Roe	1251	(7)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW: Other Post-Roe Rulings on Abortion	1255	(3)
Rust v. Sullivan (reprise)	1258	(2)
INSIDE THE COURT: Drafting the Opinion for the Court in Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey	1259	(1)
Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey	1260	(12)
Stenberg v. Carhart	1272	(13)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW: State Laws Regulating Abortion	1282	(3)
B. PRIVACY AND PERSONAL AUTONOMY	1285	(40)
[Moore v. City of East Cleveland]	1285	(2)
[Whalen v. Roe]	1287	(5)
INSIDE THE COURT: Vote Switching in Bowers v. Hardwick and Justice Powell's April 8, 1986, Memorandum	1290	(2)
Commonwealth of Kentucky v. Wasson (reprise)	1292	(1)
Lawrence v. Texas	1293	(12)
Cruzan by Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health	1305	(8)
Washington v. Glucksberg and Vacco v. Quill	1313	(12)
CHAPTER 12 The Equal Protection of the Laws	1325	(256)
[Yick Wo v. Hopkins]	1325	(1)
[United States v. Carolene Products, Co.]	1326	(6)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW: The Supreme Court's Evolving Equal Protection Standards and Tests	1330	(2)
[City of Cleburne, Texas v. Cleburne Living Center]	1332	(4)
A. RACIAL DISCRIMINATION AND STATE ACTION	1336	(46)
[Strauder v. West Virginia]	1338	(10)
CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY: Loving v. Virginia and Bans on Interracial Marriage	1343	(3)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW: Other Rulings on State Action	1346	(2)
[Edmonson v. Leesville Concrete Co.]	1348	(1)
[Bob Jones University v. United States]	1348	(1)
[Runyon v. McCrary]	1349	(1)
[Patterson v. McLean Credit Union]	1350	(2)
Dred Scott v. Sandford	1352	(11)
The Civil Rights Cases	1363	(9)
Plessy v. Ferguson	1372	(5)
Shelley v. Kraemer	1377	(5)
CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY: A Chronology of the Civil Rights Movement and the Court	1379	(3)
B. RACIAL DISCRIMINATION IN EDUCATION	1382	(53)
[Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada]	1383	(1)
[Sweatt v. Painter]	1383	(1)
[McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents]	1383	(4)
[Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education]	1387	(3)
[Board of Education of Oklahoma City Public Schools v. Dowell]	1390	(5)
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (Brown I)	1395	(11)
INSIDE THE COURT: William H. Rehnquist's Memorandum to Justice Robert Jackson on Brown v. Board of Education	1400	(1)
INSIDE THE COURT: Justice Robert H. Jackson's Unpublished Memorandum on Brown v. Board of Education	1401	(5)
Bolling v. Sharpe	1406	(1)
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (Brown II)	1407	(3)
Cooper v. Aaron	1410	(6)
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of Education	1416	(5)
Milliken v. Bradley	1421	(4)
Freeman v. Pitts	1425	(3)
United States v. Fordice	1428	(7)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW: Other Rulings on School Desegregation	1432	(3)
C. AFFIRMATIVE ACTION AND REVERSE DISCRIMINATION	1435	(62)
[DeFunis v. Odegaard]	1436	(6)
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke	1442	(14)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW: Other Rulings on Affirmative Action and Reverse Discrimination	1452	(4)
City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson	1456	(12)
Northeastern Florida Chapter of the Associated General Contractors of America v. City of Jacksonville, Florida	1468	(3)
Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña	1471	(12)
Gratz V. Bollinger	1483	(5)
Grutter v. Bollinger	1488	(9)
D. NONRACIAL CLASSIFICATIONS AND THE EQUAL PROTECTION OF THE LAWS	1497	(84)
(1) Gender-Based Discrimination	1497	(36)
[Muller v. Oregon]	1498	(7)
CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY: The Equal Rights Amendment	1500	(1)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW: Other Rulings Striking Down Gender-Based Distinctions under the Constitution	1501	(2)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW: Other Rulings Upholding Gender-Based Distinctions under the Constitution	1503	(2)
Frontiero v. Richardson	1505	(4)
Craig v. Boren	1509	(4)
Michael M. v. Superior Court of Sonoma County	1513	(4)
United States v. Virginia	1517	(16)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW: Rulings Dealing with Gender Discrimination and Statutory Interpretation	1529	(4)
(2) Discrimination against Gays and Lesbians	1533	(14)
Romer v. Evans	1534	(11)
Lawrence v. Texas (reprise)	1545	(2)
IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE: Canadian Courts Forbid Discrimination against Homosexuals and Same-Sex Marriages	1545	(2)
(3) Wealth, Poverty, and Illegitimacy	1547	(17)
Shapiro v. Thompson	1549	(4)
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez	1553	(11)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW: Rulings on Residency Requirements, the Right to Interstate Travel, and Indigency	1560	(2)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW: Other Rulings Dealing with Illegitimate Children	1562	(2)
(4) Alienage and Age	1564	(10)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW: Rulings on the Classification of Aliens	1565	(2)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW: Recent Rulings on Age Discrimination	1567	(2)
Plyler v. Doe	1569	(5)
(5) Mental Illness and Retardation	1574	(7)
Heller v. Doe	1576	(5)
RESEARCHING LEGAL MATERIALS	1581	(2)
THE HOW, WHY, AND WHAT TO BRIEFING AND CITING COURT CASES	1583	(4)
MEMBERS OF THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES	1587	(4)
BIOGRAPHIES OF CURRENT JUSTICES	1591	(6)
GLOSSARY	1597	(8)
GENERAL INDEX	1605	(14)
INDEX OF CASES	1619