The Constitutional And Legal Rights of Women

by Baer, Judith A.; Goldstein, Leslie Friedman

• ISBN13: 9781933220222
• ISBN10: 1933220228
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-02-28
• Publisher: Roxbury Pub Co

Table of Contents

Introduction: The Constitutional and Legal Rights of Women	1	(1)
Women and Law	2	(1)
Historical Overview	3	(2)
Structure and Process in American Law	5	(4)
Common Law, Statutes, and the Federal System	5	(1)
How the Supreme Court Operates	6	(1)
Jurisdiction	6	(1)
Structure and Workload of the Federal Courts	7	(1)
Supreme Court Proceedings	7	(2)
Scope of the Book	9	(2)
Women Seek Constitutional Equality	11	(47)
Women and U.S. Law Before the Fourteenth Amendment	11	(1)
The Privileges or Immunities Clause: The Slaughterhouse Cases (1873)	11	(3)
Access to the Bar: Myra Bradwell v. State of Illinois (1873)	14	(4)
Brief of Bradwell's Counsel for Myra Bradwell v. Illinois	15	(1)
Myra Bradwell v. State of Illinois	16	(2)
Women's Suffrage and the Fourteenth Amendment Debates	18	(5)
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, `This Is The Negro's Hour'	18	(1)
Minor v. Happersett (1875)	19	(4)
Women and Modern Citizenship, Part One: The Vote by Constitutional Amendment	23	(2)
Liberty of Contract: Lochner v. New York (1905)	25	(21)
Protection for Women as Wedge Into Liberty of Contract	32	(1)
Muller v. Oregon (1908)	32	(2)
Bunting v. Oregon (1917)	34	(1)
Adkins v. Children's Hospital (1923)	35	(8)
Protecting Women by Limiting Their Freedom: Radice v. New York (1924)	43	(1)
Capitulation on Minimum Wages for Women: West Coast Hotel v. Parrish (1937) and U.S. v. Darby (1941)	44	(2)
Equal Protection Clause	46	(12)
A Century of `Ordinary Scrutiny' of Sex-Based Classifications	50	(1)
Early-Twentieth-Century Cases	50	(1)
Goesaert v. Cleary (1948)	51	(2)
Hoyt v. Florida (1961)	53	(5)
Women Attain (?) Constitutional Equality	58	(81)
Almost Strict Scrutiny	58	(19)
Doctrinal and Political Setting	58	(2)
Reed v. Reed (1971)	60	(1)
Frontiero v. Richardson (1972)	61	(7)
Court Bides Its Time	68	(1)
Kahn v. Shevin (1974)	68	(1)
Schlesinger v. Ballard (1975)	69	(4)
Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld (1975)	73	(4)
Officially Intermediate Scrutiny: Craig v. Boren (1976)	77	(8)
Sex Discrimination Post-Craig	85	(10)
Statutory Rape: Michael M. v. Sonoma County (1981)	85	(10)
Women and Modern Citizenship, Part Two	95	(20)
Jury Service	95	(1)
Women Jurors Selected Under `Neutral' Laws	95	(1)
Hans Zeisel, `Dr. Spock and the Case of the Vanishing Women Jurors'	96	(1)
Systematic Exclusion From Juries: Taylor v. Louisiana (1975)	97	(7)
Case Note: Peremptory Jury Strikes of Women: J.E.B. v. Alabama (1994)	104	(1)
Serving in the Military	104	(1)
The Draft: Rostker v. Goldberg (1981)	104	(11)
Post-Rostker Military Reform	115	(1)
Interlude: Doctrinal Development on the Clinton Court	115	(1)
Conferring Citizenship: Female Versus Male Parents	116	(12)
Miller v. Albright (1998)	116	(1)
Tuan Anh Nguyen v. INS (2001)	117	(11)
When Is Discrimination Not Discrimination? Personnel Administrator v. Feeney (1979)	128	(6)
Rights in Conflict	134	(2)
First Amendment Freedoms Versus Equal Opportunity: Pittsburgh Press v. Human Relations Commission (1973), Hishon v. King & Spaulding (1984), and Roberts v. U.S. Jaycees (1984)	134	(2)
Equality for Women Versus States' Rights	136	(1)
Conclusion	136	(3)
Women and Employment	139	(102)
Equal Pay and Comparable Worth	140	(2)
Transition to Equal Pay: Corning Glass Works v. Brennan (1974)	140	(1)
Pensions: Los Angeles Department of Water and Power v. Manhart (1978) and Arizona Governing Committee v. Norris (1983)	141	(1)
Comparable Worth: Washington County v. Gunther (1981)	141	(1)
Title VII and Women's Labor Legislation	142	(5)
Weeks v. Southern Bell (1969)	142	(3)
Rosenfeld v. Southern Pacific (1971)	145	(2)
`Sex Plus' Discrimination	147	(3)
Phillips v. Martin-Marietta (1971)	147	(2)
Sex Plus Race in Employment Discrimination: Patterson v. McLean Credit Union (1989)	149	(1)
Sexual Harassment as Sex Discrimination	150	(17)
Supreme Court Guidelines: Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson (1986)	150	(1)
Lower-Court Innovation: Ellison v. Brady (1991)	151	(6)
Supreme Court Response: Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc. (1993)	157	(2)
Same-Sex Harassment: Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services (1998)	159	(3)
Jones v. Clinton (1998)	162	(1)
Employer Liability Revisited: Burlington Industries, Inc., v. Ellerth (1998) and Pennsylvania State Police v. Suders (2004)	163	(3)
Case Note: Penn State Police v. Suders (2004)	166	(1)
Gender Stereotyping and the Workplace: Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins (1989)	167	(8)
The Civil Rights Act of 1991	175	(2)
BFOQ and Disparate Impact: Dothard v. Rawlinson (1977)	177	(6)
The Worker as Mother	183	(39)
Mandatory Maternity Leave: Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur (1974)	183	(5)
Case Note: Turner v. Department of Employment	188	(1)
Protection of the Fetus Versus Opportunity for Women: UAW v. Johnson Controls, Inc. (1991)	189	(8)
Pregnancy and Benefits	197	(1)
Denial by State Employers: Geduldig v. Aiello (1974)	198	(3)
Denial by Private Employers: General Electric Co. v. Gilbert (1976)	201	(7)
Withdrawal of Seniority: Nashville Gas Co. v. Satty (1977)	208	(1)
The Pregnancy Discrimination Act: Newport News Shipbuilding v. EEOC (1983)	209	(1)
The PDA and Protective Laws for Pregnant Workers: California Federal Savings & Loan Association v. Guerra (1987)	210	(11)
Case Note: Wimberly v. Commission (1987)	221	(1)
The Family and Medical Leave Act: Nevada v. Hibbs (2003)	221	(1)
Affirmative Action: Johnson v. Transportation Agency (1987)	222	(15)
Conclusion	237	(4)
Gender and Family Law	241	(102)
Same-Sex Marriage: Kowalski Cases	241	(5)
Guardianship of Kowalski (1986)	241	(1)
Guardianship of Kowalski (1991)	242	(3)
Marj Schneider, `Home Among the Trees: A Visit With Karen Thompson, Sharon Kowalski, and Patty Bresser'	245	(1)
Legalizing Same-Sex Marriage	246	(15)
Massachusetts	246	(1)
Goodridge et al. v. Commissioner of Public Health (2003)	246	(13)
Opinions of the Justices to the [Mass.] Senate (2004)	259	(2)
California: Lockyer v. City and County of San Francisco et al. (2004)	261	(1)
Domestic Partnerships and Civil Unions	261	(3)
Baker v. State (1999)	261	(1)
Vermont Statutes Annotated, 2000, An Act Relating to Civil Unions	262	(2)
Legal History of Marriage	264	(8)
Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Perspectives	264	(1)
William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England	264	(1)
Charles Dickens, Oliver Twist	265	(1)
Remnants of Coverture: U.S. v. Yazell (1966)	265	(1)
Case Note: Funk, Dege, and Trammel	266	(1)
Sex Discrimination: Stanton v. Stanton (1975)	266	(3)
Revolutionizing Marriage	269	(1)
Orr v. Orr (1979)	269	(2)
Kirchberg v. Feenstra (1981)	271	(1)
The Traditional Family	272	(8)
The Wife as Husband's Property: Tinker v. Colwell (1904)	273	(1)
A Married Woman's Surname: Rago and Palermo Cases	274	(1)
Asymmetrical Reciprocity	274	(1)
McGuire v. McGuire (1953)	274	(3)
Borelli v. Brousseau (1993)	277	(3)
Divorce	280	(2)
Arizona Revised Statutes	281	(1)
Parents' Rights and Child Custody	282	(15)
Paternal Custody and Its Limits	282	(1)
James Kent, Commentaries on American Law	282	(1)
Joseph Story, Commentaries on Equity Jurisprudence	282	(1)
`Tender Years' Doctrine: Long v. Long (1955)	282	(3)
The Best Interests of the Child: Gender-Neutral? Salk v. Salk (1975)	285	(3)
Race and `Best Interest of the Child': Palmore v. Sidoti (1984)	288	(1)
The Primary Caregiver Standard	288	(1)
Unfaithful Spouses and Child Custody: Comparative Cases	288	(1)
Louis A. Bunim v. Ethel Bunim (1949)	288	(1)
Jacqueline Jarrett v. Walter Jarrett (1979)	289	(3)
David M. v. Margaret M. (1989)	292	(5)
The Future of Child Custody: Linda Tetreault v. Mark Tetreault (2002) and Culbertson v. Culbertson (2001)	297	(1)
Rights of Unmarried Fathers	297	(22)
Stanley v. Illinois (1972)	297	(6)
Follow-up to Stanley: Fiallo v. Bell (1977) and Quilloin v. Walcott (1978)	303	(1)
Caban v. Mohammed (1979)	304	(7)
Parham v. Hughes (1979)	311	(1)
Lehr v. Robertson (1983)	312	(5)
The `Baby Richard' Case	317	(2)
`Adulterous Fathers': Michael H. v. Gerald D. (1989)	319	(9)
Parents Versus Grandparents	328	(3)
Painter v. Bannister (1966)	329	(1)
Pamela Bottoms v. Sharon Bottoms (1995)	329	(1)
Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57 (2000)	330	(1)
Parents' Rights Versus Community Rights: Native Americans and Family Law	331	(10)
Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez (1978)	331	(6)
Mississippi Choctaw v. Holyfield (1989)	337	(4)
Conclusion	341	(2)
Women and Reproductive Freedom	343	(155)
Legal Context: Implied Constitutional Rights	343	(2)
Sterilization	345	(7)
Buck v. Bell (1927) Background	345	(1)
Stephen Jay Gould, `Carrie Buck's Daughter'	346	(1)
Buck v. Bell (1927)	347	(1)
Skinner v. Oklahoma (1942)	347	(4)
After Skinner: The Paradox of Sterilization Policy	351	(1)
Stump v. Sparkman (1978)	351	(1)
Sterilization Reform	351	(1)
Contraception and the Right to Privacy	352	(16)
Feminists and Contraception: A Mixed History	352	(1)
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)	352	(8)
Eisenstadt v. Baird (1972)	360	(7)
Case Note: Carey v. Pop. Services (1977)	367	(1)
Legalizing Abortion	368	(78)
Roe v. Wade (1973) and Doe v. Bolton (1973)	369	(13)
Post-Roe Restrictions on Abortion	382	(1)
Constitutional Framework	382	(1)
Planned Parenthood v. Danforth (1976)	382	(9)
Bellotti v. Baird (1976)	391	(1)
Refinements of the Framework: 1979--1989	392	(4)
Shifting Judicial Consensus, 1989--1991	396	(1)
Background: Restrictions on Abortion Funding, 1977--1980	396	(2)
Obituary for Roe v. Wade? Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989)	398	(4)
Six Votes Against Roe? Rust v. Sullivan (1991)	402	(2)
Reprieve for Roe v. Wade: Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992)	404	(27)
Abortion Restrictions After Casey: Stenberg v. Carhart (2000)	431	(15)
Securing Access to Abortion	446	(18)
Hill v. Colorado (2000)	448	(15)
Scheidler v. NOW (2003)	463	(1)
Pregnant Women's Privacy	464	(16)
Coerced Caesareans: In Re A.C. (1990)	464	(9)
Criminalizing Pregnant Behavior: Ferguson v. Charleston, S.C. (2001)	473	(7)
Reproductive Technology and the Law	480	(11)
Surrogate Mothers	480	(1)
The Baby M Case (1988)	480	(6)
Munoz v. Haro (1986)	486	(1)
Policy Issues on Surrogate Motherhood	487	(1)
Surrogacy Perspectives	487	(1)
Gestational Surrogacy: Johnson v. Calvert (1993)	487	(4)
Whose Property Are Frozen Embryos?	491	(2)
Davis v. Davis (1992)	491	(2)
A.Z. v. B.Z. (2000)	493	(1)
Posthumous Procreation: Woodward v. Commissioner of Social Security (2002)	493	(1)
Conclusion	493	(5)
Women and Education	498	(68)
Single-Sex Public Schools: Separate but Equal?	498	(8)
Alice de Rivera, `On De-Segregating Stuyvesant High'	500	(1)
Janice Bray et al. v. Joseph Lee et al. (1972)	500	(2)
Vorchheimer v. School District of Philadelphia (1976)	502	(4)
Higher Education	506	(27)
Edward H. Clarke, M.D., Sex and Education, or, a Fair Chance for the Girls	506	(1)
Lynn White, Jr., Educating Our Daughters: A Challenge for the Colleges	507	(1)
Heaton v. Bristol (1958) and Allred v. Heaton (1960)	508	(1)
Kirstein v. Rector . . . of the University of Virginia (1970)	508	(1)
Williams v. McNair (1970)	509	(1)
Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan (1982)	510	(7)
Women in the Military Academies: U.S. v. Virginia (1996)	517	(16)
Title IX and Educational Equality	533	(10)
Grove City College v. Bell (1984)	534	(1)
Title IX and College Sports: Cohen v. Brown University (1996)	535	(8)
Title IX and Sexual Harassment	543	(21)
Franklin v. Gwinnett County (1992)	543	(4)
Gebser v. Lago Vista (1998)	547	(7)
Stephen Schulhofer, Unwanted Sex	554	(1)
Davis v. Monroe County (1999)	554	(10)
Title IX and Retaliation	564	(1)
Conclusion	564	(2)
Women and Crime	566	(72)
Spouse Abuse	566	(26)
The Old Days: Three Cases	566	(1)
Joyner v. Joyner (1862)	566	(2)
State v. Rhodes (1868)	568	(1)
State v. Richard Oliver (1874)	569	(1)
From Wife Beating to Domestic Violence	570	(1)
Police Responsibility	570	(1)
Thurman v. Torrington (1984)	570	(3)
Navarro v. Block, (1995) Navarro I	573	(2)
Navarro v. Block (1998) Navarro II	575	(3)
Case Note: Castle Rock v. Gonzalez (2005)	578	(1)
The Victim Who Strikes Back: Wife Abuse and Husband Homicide	579	(1)
Lenore E. A. Walker, The Battered Woman Syndrome	579	(1)
Donald A. Downs, More Than Victims: Battered Women, the Syndrome Society, and the Law	579	(1)
State v. Kelly (1984)	580	(5)
State v. Stewart (1988)	585	(7)
Rape	592	(17)
Camille Paglia, Sex, Art, and American Culture	592	(1)
Susan Estrich, Real Rape	592	(1)
Reforms of the 1970s	593	(1)
Force and Consent: Goldberg v. State of Maryland (1978)	593	(4)
Resistance	597	(1)
State v. Rusk (1981)	597	(4)
In the Interest of M.T.S. (1992)	601	(6)
Reform Outside New Jersey	607	(1)
Stephen J. Schulhofer, Unwanted Sex: The Culture of Intimidation and the Failure of Law	607	(1)
Marital Rape	608	(1)
Lisa Eskow, `The Ultimate Weapon? Demythologizing Spousal Rape'	608	(1)
Kelly C. Connerton, `Comment: The Resurgence of the Marital Rape Exemption: The Victimization of Teens by Their Statutory Rapists'	609	(1)
Feminists Divide Over Pornography	609	(6)
Catharine A. MacKinnon, Only Words	609	(1)
Nadine Strossen, Defending Pornography	610	(1)
Obscenity Doctrine: American Booksellers' Association v. Hudnut (1985)	610	(4)
Hate Speech and the Future of Pornography Laws: R.A.V. v. St. Paul (1992)	614	(1)
The Violence Against Women Act: United States v. Morrison et al. and Brzonkala v. Morrison et al. (2000)	615	(16)
Prostitution	631	(5)
Unequal Enforcement---Does It Take Two to Tango?	631	(1)
In the Matter of [Dora] P. (1977)	631	(1)
Feminists Divide: Modern Remnant of Slavery Versus Just Another Job	632	(1)
Sexual Slavery: U.S. v. Footman (1999)	633	(3)
Conclusion	636	(2)
Conclusions	638	(3)
Case Index	641