Construction Management Fundamentals

by Schexnayder, Cliff J.; Mayo, Richard

• ISBN13: 9780072922004
• ISBN10: 0072922001
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-05-15
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math

Summary

This first edition of Construction Management Fundamentals is general in terms of individual construction process activities and comprehensive in terms of construction fundamentals (get work, do work, keep score). This is a comprehensive new text for the emerging Construction Fundamentals course taught to non-construction engineering and architecture majors taking only one or two construction courses. These students are not majoring in construction and have very little knowledge of the construction industry, construction processes, or how projects are executed.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvi
About the Authors	xix
Historical Perspective	1	(30)
Construction	1	(21)
Fortifications	3	(1)
Engineering Education in the United States	3	(2)
Canals	5	(3)
Railroads	8	(2)
Industrial Buildings	10	(1)
Highways	11	(3)
Airports	14	(2)
Evolution of the Skyscraper	16	(4)
Concrete Buildings	20	(1)
Energy and Building	21	(1)
Construction Industry	22	(9)
Artisans and Day Laborers	22	(1)
Master Builders	23	(1)
Contractors	24	(1)
Contractor Specialization	25	(1)
Summary	25	(1)
Key Terms	26	(1)
Review Questions	26	(1)
References	27	(1)
Website Resources	28	(3)
PART 1 Construction Management	31	(300)
Overview of the Construction Industry	32	(29)
Building Your Future	32	(3)
The Construction Industry	35	(2)
Organization of the Industry	37	(2)
Residential Construction	37	(1)
Commercial Construction	37	(1)
Industrial Construction	38	(1)
Heavy/Highway Construction	38	(1)
Project Players	39	(4)
Owners	39	(1)
General Contractors	40	(1)
Subcontractors or Speciality Contractors	40	(1)
Designers---Architects and Engineers	41	(1)
Construction Managers	41	(1)
Trades	41	(1)
Labor Unions	42	(1)
Insurance Companies	42	(1)
Banks	42	(1)
Suppliers	42	(1)
Permitting Agencies and Building Authorities	42	(1)
Public	43	(1)
Industry Organizations	43	(1)
American Concrete Institute	43	(1)
American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc.	43	(1)
American Society of Civil Engineers	43	(1)
Associated Builders and Contractors	43	(1)
Associated General Contractors of America, The	44	(1)
Construction Industry Institute	44	(1)
Construction Labor Force	44	(4)
Project Labor Agreements	44	(1)
Construction Crafts	45	(3)
Public and Private Works	48	(1)
Organization of the Construction Business	49	(1)
Project Delivery Systems	49	(8)
Design-Bid-Build	50	(1)
Negotiated Contracts	51	(1)
Design-Build	51	(2)
Job Order Contracts	53	(1)
Construction Management at Risk	54	(1)
Best Value Procurement	55	(1)
Incentive Contracts	56	(1)
Job Opportunities	57	(1)
Industry Statistics	58	(3)
Summary	58	(1)
Key Terms	59	(1)
Review Questions	59	(1)
References	59	(1)
Website Resources	60	(1)
Construction Management Functions	61	(34)
Project Planning and Design	61	(1)
Master Planning (Capital Budgeting)	62	(2)
Scope Definition	62	(2)
Planning Phase	64	(1)
Designer Selection	65	(1)
Design Phase	66	(1)
Bid Phase	67	(2)
Award Phase	69	(1)
Construction Phase	70	(5)
Construction Company Team Functions	71	(2)
Owner's Project Team	73	(1)
Managing Critical Activities	74	(1)
Partnering	75	(1)
Project Cost and Schedule Control	76	(11)
Cash Flow Analysis	78	(7)
Schedule Control	85	(1)
Materials Management	85	(2)
Construction-Related Design	87	(2)
Risk Management	89	(1)
Value Engineering	90	(5)
Summary	91	(1)
Key Terms	92	(1)
Review Questions	92	(1)
References	93	(1)
Website Resources	94	(1)
Scheduling Techniques for Construction Projects	95	(37)
Introduction	95	(2)
Historical Perspective	96	(1)
The Planning Process	96	(1)
Activities	97	(2)
Activity Duration	98	(1)
Bar Charts	99	(1)
Critical Path Method	100	(12)
Activity Logic Network	102	(3)
Schedule Calculations	105	(1)
Forward Pass	106	(1)
Backward Pass	107	(3)
Critical Path and Critical Activities	110	(2)
Precedence Logic Diagrams	112	(4)
Finish-to-Start	113	(1)
Start-to-Start	114	(1)
Finish-to-Finish	115	(1)
Start-to-Finish	116	(1)
Calendar Date Schedule	116	(1)
Scheduling Activities	116	(5)
Resources	118	(2)
Crashing	120	(1)
Velocity Diagram	121	(2)
Linear Scheduling	123	(1)
Identify Activities	123	(1)
Estimate Activity Production Rates	123	(1)
Develop Activity Sequence	124	(1)
Draft the Linear Schedule	124	(1)
Computer Support	124	(8)
Summary	126	(1)
Key Terms	126	(1)
Review Questions	127	(3)
References	130	(1)
Website Resources	131	(1)
Construction Cost Estimates	132	(30)
Introduction	132	(7)
Estimating Methodology	134	(1)
Work Breakdown Structure	135	(1)
Degree of Detail	136	(1)
Parametric Estimates	136	(2)
Accuracy and Completeness	138	(1)
Review	138	(1)
Basics for Preparation of Estimates	139	(7)
Review Contract Documents	139	(1)
Planning the Work	139	(1)
Quantities	140	(1)
Types of Costs	141	(1)
Production	141	(1)
Productivity and Price Resources	142	(1)
Development of Specific Tasks	142	(1)
Labor Unit Cost	142	(1)
Equipment Unit Cost	142	(1)
Material Unit Cost	143	(1)
Unit Cost Reference Data	143	(1)
Costs and Pricing	143	(1)
Supporting Documentation	143	(3)
Labor	146	(4)
Crews	146	(1)
Wage Rates	147	(1)
Overtime and Shift Differential	148	(1)
Taxes and Insurance	149	(1)
Fringe Benefits	150	(1)
Labor Productivity	150	(1)
Productivity Adjustment	151	(1)
Construction Equipment and Plant	151	(2)
Selection of Equipment	152	(1)
Equipment Production Rates	152	(1)
Mobilization and Demobilization	152	(1)
Equipment Ownership and Operating Cost	153	(1)
Plant Cost	153	(1)
Small Tools	153	(1)
Permanent Materials and Supplies	153	(3)
Sources of Pricing Data	153	(1)
Forward Pricing	154	(1)
Freight	154	(1)
Handling and Storage	155	(1)
Taxes	156	(1)
Subcontracted Work	156	(1)
Use of Quotations	156	(1)
Overhead Costs	156	(6)
Job Office Overhead	157	(1)
General and Administrative Overhead	157	(1)
Duration of Overhead Items	158	(1)
Distribution of Overhead	158	(1)
Summary	158	(1)
Key Terms	159	(1)
Review Questions	159	(1)
References	160	(1)
Website Resources	161	(1)
Estimating Heavy/Civil Projects	162	(42)
Introduction	162	(1)
Graphical Presentation of Earthwork	163	(3)
Cross Sections	165	(1)
Earthwork Quantities	166	(8)
End-Area Determination	166	(2)
Average End Area	168	(2)
Stripping	170	(1)
Net Volume	170	(1)
Earthwork Volume Sheet	171	(3)
Mass Diagram	174	(2)
Mass Diagram Properties	176	(1)
Using the Mass Diagram	176	(7)
Balance Lines	176	(2)
Average Grade	178	(1)
Haul Distances	179	(3)
Consolidated Average Hauls	182	(1)
Pricing Earthwork Operations	183	(6)
Spread Protection	183	(3)
Time to Complete a Task	186	(1)
Production Efficiency	187	(1)
Cost to Employ a Machine	187	(1)
Cost to Complete a Task	187	(1)
Reviewing the Estimate	188	(1)
Concrete Work	189	(1)
Concrete Estimates	190	(4)
Concrete Volume	191	(1)
Formwork	191	(2)
Ground Contact Area	193	(1)
Cure Area	193	(1)
Reinforcing Steel	194	(1)
Embedded Items	194	(1)
Pricing Concrete	194	(10)
Crew Productivity	195	(1)
Labor Cost	195	(2)
Concrete Estimate Summary	197	(1)
Risk	198	(1)
Summary	199	(1)
Key Terms	200	(1)
Review Questions	200	(2)
References	202	(1)
Website Resources	203	(1)
Estimating Building Projects	204	(56)
Introduction	204	(1)
Computer-Aided Design	205	(1)
Blueprint Reading	205	(9)
General Information	206	(1)
Floor Plans	207	(1)
Elevations and Sections	208	(1)
Special Construction Details	209	(1)
Footing and Foundation	209	(1)
Structural	210	(1)
Plumbing; Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning; and Electrical	211	(3)
Specifications	214	(2)
Organization of a CSI Technical Specification	214	(2)
Measurement	216	(3)
Perimeter	216	(2)
Relationship between Perimeters	218	(1)
Concrete Construction (CSI Division 3)	219	(7)
Formwork	220	(2)
Reinforcing	222	(2)
Curing	224	(1)
Pricing Concrete	225	(1)
Masonry Construction (CSI Division 4)	226	(7)
Position of the Brick	226	(1)
Bond	226	(2)
Joints	228	(1)
Factors that Impact Masonry Cost	228	(1)
Masonry Quantities	228	(4)
Pricing Masonry	232	(1)
Metals (CSI Division 5)	233	(4)
Steel Shapes and Nomenclature Information	233	(3)
Sequence of Take-Off	236	(1)
Pricing Steel	237	(1)
Wood (CSI Division 6)	237	(6)
Lumber	238	(1)
Framing Take-Off	239	(4)
Roofing Systems (CSI Division 7)	243	(1)
Doors and Windows (CSI Division 8)	244	(2)
Doors and Window Schedules	244	(2)
Pricing Door or Window Work	246	(1)
Finishes (CSI Division 9)	246	(4)
Finish Schedules	246	(1)
Finish Work Quantity Take-Off	246	(3)
Estimating Finishes	249	(1)
Mechanical (CSI Division 15)	250	(2)
Electrical (CSI Division 16)	252	(8)
Summary	252	(2)
Key Terms	254	(1)
Review Questions	254	(3)
References	257	(1)
Website Resources	258	(2)
Construction Contracts	260	(47)
Federal Laws	260	(5)
Davis-Bacon Act, 1931	260	(1)
Norris-LaGuardia Act, 1932	261	(1)
Copeland Act, 1934	262	(1)
Fair Labor Standards Act (Wage and Hour Law), 1935	262	(1)
National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act), 1935	262	(1)
Labor Management Relations Act (Taft-Hartley Act), 1947	263	(1)
Unfair Labor Practices	263	(1)
Executive Order 11246, 1965	264	(1)
Americans with Disabilities Act, 1990	264	(1)
Other Legislation	265	(1)
Description of a Contract	265	(1)
Semilegal Definition	266	(1)
Essential Contract Documents	266	(6)
Agreement	267	(1)
General Conditions	267	(2)
Supplementary Conditions	269	(1)
Specifications	270	(1)
Drawings	271	(1)
Addenda	271	(1)
Documents Included by Reference	272	(1)
Contractual Relationships	272	(3)
Designers	273	(1)
General Contractors	274	(1)
Subcontractors	274	(1)
Material Suppliers	274	(1)
Construction Managers	275	(1)
The Bid and Award Process	275	(6)
Bidding	276	(3)
Bid Depository	279	(1)
Award	280	(1)
Notice to Proceed	280	(1)
Standard Contract Documents	281	(1)
Government	281	(1)
American Institute of Architects	281	(1)
Construction Owners Association of America	282	(1)
Types of Construction Contracts	282	(2)
Lump Sum	282	(1)
Unit Price	282	(1)
Cost Plus	283	(1)
Innovations and Trends	283	(1)
Contracting Methods	284	(1)
Design-Build	284	(1)
Design-Build-Operate	284	(1)
Bonds (Guarantees)	285	(3)
Bid Bonds	285	(1)
Performance Bonds	286	(1)
Payment Bonds	287	(1)
Bonding Limits	288	(1)
Contractor Insurance	288	(4)
Worker's Compensation Insurance	288	(1)
Commercial General Liability Insurance	289	(1)
Builder's Risk	290	(1)
Equipment Insurance	290	(1)
Umbrella Insurance	290	(1)
Wrap-Up Insurance (Owner-Controlled Insurance Programs---OCIP)	290	(1)
Certificates of Insurance	290	(2)
Subrogation	292	(1)
Administering a Construction Contract	292	(15)
Preconstruction Conference	292	(1)
Subcontracts	293	(1)
Submittals	294	(1)
Request for Information	295	(2)
Pay Estimates	297	(1)
Change Orders	297	(1)
Claims	298	(1)
Dispute Resolution	299	(1)
Alternate Dispute Resolution	299	(2)
Liquidated Damages and Substantial Completion	301	(1)
Final Inspection	301	(1)
Summary	302	(1)
Key Terms	303	(1)
Review Questions	303	(2)
References	305	(1)
Website Resources	305	(2)
Construction Accounting	307	(24)
Introduction	307	(1)
Income Statement	308	(1)
Retained Earnings	308	(1)
Balance Sheet	309	(9)
Assets	309	(3)
Current Assets	312	(1)
Long-Term Assets	312	(1)
Liabilities	312	(1)
Owner's Equity	313	(1)
Liquidity and Working Capital	314	(3)
Current Ratio	317	(1)
Construction Contract Revenue Recognition	318	(3)
Cash Method of Revenue Recognition	318	(1)
Straight Accrual Method of Revenue Recognition	319	(1)
Completed-Contract Method of Revenue Recognition	319	(1)
Percentage-of-Completion Method of Revenue Recognition	319	(1)
Over/Under Billing	320	(1)
Contract Status Report	321	(1)
Financial Statement Analysis	322	(9)
Dollar and Percentage Change	323	(1)
Component Percentages	324	(1)
Ratios	324	(1)
Summary	325	(1)
Key Terms	326	(1)
Review Questions	326	(1)
References	327	(3)
Website Resources	330	(1)
PART 2 Construction Practice	331	(210)
Machine Power	332	(27)
Knowledge for Estimating	332	(2)
Payload	333	(1)
Machine Performance	334	(1)
Required Power	334	(9)
Rolling Resistance	334	(2)
Grade Resistance	336	(3)
Total Resistance	339	(4)
Available Power	343	(3)
Horsepower	343	(1)
Rimpull	344	(1)
Drawbar Pull	345	(1)
Usable Power	346	(2)
Coefficient of Traction	346	(2)
Altitude Effect on Usable Power	348	(1)
Performance Charts	348	(11)
Drawbar Pull Performance Charts	348	(1)
Rimpull Performance Charts	348	(3)
Retarder Performance Charts	351	(3)
Summary	354	(1)
Key Terms	355	(1)
Review Questions	355	(2)
References	357	(1)
Website Resources	357	(2)
Equipment Selection and Utilization	359	(44)
Hydraulic Excavators	359	(1)
Backhoe-Loaders	360	(2)
Production	362	(1)
Hoes	362	(1)
General Information	362	(1)
Basic Parts and Operation of a Hoe	363	(1)
Bucket Rating for Hydraulic Hoes	363	(2)
Selecting a Hoe	365	(1)
Rated Hoist Load	365	(1)
Hoe Production	366	(2)
Loaders	368	(1)
General Information	368	(1)
Types and Sizes	369	(1)
Operating Specifications	369	(1)
Loader Buckets/Attachments	369	(4)
Buckets	370	(2)
Fill Factors for Loaders	372	(1)
Operating Loads	372	(1)
Production Rates for Wheel Loaders	373	(3)
Production Rates for Track Loaders	376	(1)
Vac Excavators	377	(1)
Trench Safety	377	(2)
Cranes	379	(1)
Major Crane Types	379	(1)
Crawler Cranes	380	(1)
Telescoping-Boom Truck-Mounted Cranes	381	(1)
Lattice-Boom Truck-Mounted Cranes	382	(1)
Lifting Capacities of Cranes	383	(1)
Rated Loads for Lattice- and Telescopic-Boom Cranes	384	(3)
Rated Loads for Hydraulically Operated Cranes	387	(1)
Tower Cranes	387	(1)
Tower Crane Selection	388	(2)
Rated Loads for Tower Cranes	390	(1)
Other Construction Equipment	390	(1)
Dozers	391	(1)
Scrapers	391	(1)
Finishing Equipment	392	(1)
Trucks and Hauling Equipment	392	(2)
Compaction Equipment	394	(9)
Asphalt Pavers	396	(1)
Concrete Equipment	397	(1)
Summary	398	(1)
Key Terms	398	(1)
Review Questions	399	(1)
References	400	(1)
Excavator Website Resources	401	(1)
Crane and Lifting Website Resources	401	(2)
Equipment Costs	403	(29)
Introduction	403	(1)
Equipment Documentation	404	(1)
Ownership Cost	405	(1)
General Information	405	(1)
Purchase Expense	406	(1)
Salvage Value	406	(1)
Depreciation	406	(3)
Straight-Line Depreciation Method	407	(1)
Declining-Balance Depreciation Methods	408	(1)
Tax Code Depreciation Schedules	409	(1)
Major Repairs and Overhauls	409	(1)
Taxes	409	(1)
Insurance	409	(1)
Storage and Miscellaneous	410	(1)
Operating Cost	410	(1)
General Information	410	(1)
Fuel	410	(1)
Lubricants, Filters, and Grease	411	(1)
Repairs	412	(1)
Tires	413	(1)
Replacement of High-Wear Items	413	(1)
Cost for Bidding	414	(1)
General Information	414	(1)
Ownership Expenses	415	(3)
Depreciation---Consumption of the Asset	415	(2)
Major Repairs and Overhauls	417	(1)
Taxes, Insurance, and Storage	417	(1)
Operating Expenses	418	(4)
Fuel	418	(1)
Lubricants	419	(1)
Repairs	420	(1)
Tires	420	(2)
High-Wear Items	422	(1)
Buy, Rent, or Lease	422	(1)
General Information	422	(1)
Rental	422	(2)
Lease	424	(2)
Buy, Lease, or Rent Decision	426	(6)
Summary	427	(1)
Key Terms	428	(1)
Review Questions	428	(2)
References	430	(1)
Website Resources	430	(2)
Building Materials	432	(29)
Concrete	432	(9)
Reinforcing Steel	441	(3)
Structural Steel	444	(5)
Wood and Wood Products	449	(4)
Masonry	453	(8)
Summary	458	(1)
Key Terms	459	(1)
Review Questions	459	(1)
References	459	(1)
Website Resources	460	(1)
Building Construction Methods	461	(30)
Mobilization	461	(1)
Building Systems	462	(1)
Site Preparation	463	(1)
Foundation	463	(1)
Framing	464	(2)
Building Envelope	466	(3)
Interior Walls	469	(1)
Utilities	470	(3)
Environmental Control Systems	473	(1)
Interior Finish	473	(1)
Common Commercial Buildings	474	(6)
Multistory Buildings	480	(11)
Braced-Frame Buildings	482	(2)
Rigid-Frame Structures	484	(1)
Shear Wall Buildings	485	(1)
Framed-Tube Structures	485	(1)
Suspended Structures	486	(1)
Building Frame Selection	486	(2)
Summary	488	(1)
Key Terms	489	(1)
Review Questions	489	(1)
References	490	(1)
Website Resources	490	(1)
Quality and Productivity	491	(15)
Quality	491	(5)
Quality Assurance and Quality Control	493	(1)
Total Quality Management	494	(1)
Quality and Contractor Selection	495	(1)
Productivity	496	(10)
Owner Effect on Productivity	496	(1)
Jobsite Management's Effect on Productivity	497	(1)
Productivity Studies	498	(5)
Summary	503	(1)
Key Terms	503	(1)
Review Questions	503	(1)
References	504	(1)
Website Resources	505	(1)
Safety	506	(15)
Introduction	506	(1)
Technical Information	507	(2)
Managing Safety	509	(4)
Safety Programs	513	(1)
Contract Requirements	514	(1)
Safety Rules of Personal Conduct	515	(6)
Summary	517	(1)
Nine Best Safety Practices	518	(1)
Key Terms	518	(1)
Review Questions	519	(1)
References	519	(1)
Website Resources	520	(1)
Trends	521	(20)
Cost-Effective and Timely Construction	521	(2)
Innovative Contracting Methods	522	(1)
Technologies for Guiding and Monitoring	522	(1)
Smart Structures	523	(1)
Four-Dimensional Visualization	523	(1)
Total Electronic Integration	523	(1)
Innovative Contracting Methods	523	(1)
Design-Build Contracting for Projects of All Sizes	523	(1)
Public/Private Partnerships	524	(1)
Warranties	524	(1)
Use of Electronic Contracting	524	(1)
Performance-Related Specifications	524	(1)
Guiding and Monitoring Machines	524	(6)
Physical Scales	525	(1)
Inertial Navigation Systems	526	(1)
Global Positioning System	527	(1)
Active Beacon Systems	528	(1)
Ground-Based Radio Frequency Systems	529	(1)
Radio Frequency Identification	529	(1)
Smart Structures and Intelligent Buildings	530	(1)
Self-Healing Structures	531	(1)
Four-Dimensional Visualization	531	(1)
Total Electronic Integration	532	(1)
Emerging Technologies	533	(4)
Proactive Computing	533	(1)
Non-Monolith Documents	534	(1)
Artificial Life Schedule Optimization	534	(1)
Audit Agents	535	(1)
Holographic Storage	535	(1)
Nanotechnology	535	(1)
Exoskeleton Robots	536	(1)
Tacit Knowledge Extraction	536	(1)
Distance Learning	537	(4)
Summary	537	(1)
Key Terms	537	(1)
Review Questions	538	(1)
References	538	(1)
Website Resources	539	(2)
Appendix A Glossary	541	(8)
Appendix B Selected Unit Equivalents	549	(1)
Appendix C AIA Document A101-1997	550	(13)
Appendix D AIA Document A201-1997	563	(50)
Index	613