Construction Project Administration

by Fisk, Edward R.; Reynolds, Wayne

• ISBN13: 9780130993052
• ISBN10: 0130993050
• Edition: 8th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

For courses in Construction Management, Construction Contract Administration, and Construction Inspection. Drawing on the author's extensive experience in construction engineering, administration, and education, this text/reference addresses each of the principal contract administration duties in logical order from the hands-on viewpoint of a resident engineer on a construction project. It specifically addresses the responsibility and authority of the Resident Project Representative, unlike other texts which focus on the project manager. The text takes a project team approach for improved job efficiency, outlining a construction team operation in which the administrator delegates to the greatest possible extent all those contract administration functions that can be more effectively done in the field.

Table of Contents

The Project Delivery System	1	(35)
Project Participants	1	(1)
Construction Administration	2	(5)
Control of Quality in Construction	7	(1)
Organizational Structure of a Construction Project	8	(7)
Professional Construction Management	15	(2)
Design-Build Contracts	17	(4)
Definitions of Individual Construction Responsibilities	21	(5)
Defining Scope of Work in a CM Contract	26	(2)
Responsibility for Coordination of the Trades	28	(1)
The Partnering Concept	29	(4)
Contracting for Public Works Projects	33	(2)
Problems	35	(1)
Responsibility and Authority	36	(16)
The Resident Project Representative and Inspectors as Members of the Construction Team	36	(1)
Lines of Authority on Construction Projects	36	(3)
Why Have an Inspector?	39	(2)
Authority and Responsibility of the Resident Project Representative	41	(10)
Problems	51	(1)
Resident Project Representative Office Responsibilities	52	(25)
Setting up a Field Office	52	(2)
Familiarization with Construction Documents	54	(1)
Equipping the Field Office	55	(2)
Establishment of Communications	57	(4)
Handling Job-Related Information	61	(2)
Staffing Responsibilities	63	(3)
Derivation of the Field Cost Indexes (FCIs)	66	(1)
Selection of Trailer-Type Field Offices	67	(2)
Construction Safety	69	(2)
Development of an Inspection Plan	71	(1)
Other Job Responsibilities	72	(3)
RFIs (Requests for Information)	75	(1)
Problems	76	(1)
Documentation: Records and Reports	77	(46)
Project Documentation as Evidence in Claims	78	(1)
Files and Records	79	(9)
Construction Progress Record	88	(1)
Electronic Record Keeping	88	(1)
Construction Reports	89	(3)
Construction Diary	92	(3)
Who Should Maintain Diaries and Daily Reports?	95	(1)
Documentation of Intermittent Inspection	95	(1)
Special Feedback Reports	95	(6)
Documentation of Dangerous Safety Hazard Warnings	101	(2)
Miscellaneous Records	103	(1)
Labor Standards Review Records	104	(2)
Job Conferences	106	(1)
Contractor Submittals	106	(1)
Construction Photographs	107	(7)
Photographic Equipment and Materials	114	(7)
Digital Cameras for Construction	121	(1)
Problems	122	(1)
Electronic Project Administration	123	(23)
Using Computers for Project Administration	124	(15)
Web-Enabled Project Management Applications	139	(5)
Problems	144	(2)
Specifications and Drawings	146	(32)
What Is a Specification?	146	(1)
Conflicts Due to Drawings and Specifications	147	(3)
Unenforceable Phrases	150	(1)
Content and Component Parts of a Specification	151	(4)
What Do the Specifications Mean to the Inspector?	155	(1)
CSI Specifications Format---Its Meaning and Importance	156	(6)
Heavy Construction Engineering Specification Format	162	(1)
State Highway Department Formats	163	(6)
Other Nonstandard Construction Specifications Formats in Use	169	(1)
Project Specifications (Project Manual) versus Special Provisions Concept	170	(2)
Inspector Training and Knowledge of Specifications	172	(3)
Allowances and Tolerances in Specifications	175	(1)
Problems	176	(2)
Using the Specifications in Contract Administration	178	(34)
General Conditions of the Construction Contract	178	(2)
International Construction Contracts	180	(4)
Differing Site Conditions	184	(4)
Materials and Equipment	188	(1)
The Contractor and Subcontractors	188	(1)
Shop Drawings and Samples	189	(3)
Disapproving or Stopping the Work	192	(2)
Supplementary General Conditions	194	(1)
Technical Provisions of the Specifications	194	(3)
Addenda to the Specifications	197	(2)
Standard Specifications	199	(1)
Master Specifications (Guide Specifications)	200	(1)
Special Material and Product Standards	201	(6)
Building Codes, Regulations, Ordinances, and Permits	207	(2)
Types of Drawings Comprising the Construction Contract	209	(1)
Order of Precedence of the Contract Documents	210	(1)
Problems	211	(1)
Construction Laws and Labor Relations	212	(18)
Compliance with Laws and Regulations	212	(2)
Public versus Private Contracts	214	(1)
Traffic Requirements during Construction	215	(1)
Code Enforcement Agency Requirements	216	(1)
Work within or Adjacent to Navigable Waterways	217	(2)
Fair Subcontracting Laws	219	(1)
The Hazardous Waste Problem	219	(1)
Federal Labor Laws	220	(5)
Labor Relations	225	(2)
Prejob Labor Agreements	227	(2)
Problems	229	(1)
Construction Safety	230	(17)
OSHA and Construction Safety	231	(2)
General Responsibility for Construction Safety	233	(1)
Owner Participation in the Safety Program	233	(1)
Typical Federal, State, and Utility Company Approach	234	(1)
Safety Responsibility under Construction Management and Turnkey Contracts	235	(3)
Effect of Including Contractor's Safety Obligations in the Specifications	238	(2)
Applicability of State and Federal OSHA Provisions to a Project	240	(1)
Special Applications	240	(1)
Procedural Guidelines	241	(2)
Shoring and Bracing	243	(2)
The Competent Person	245	(1)
Safety Requirements in Construction Contracts	245	(1)
Problems	246	(1)
Meetings and Negotiations	247	(21)
Types of Meetings in Construction	247	(2)
Meeting Resources	249	(1)
Handling Yourself at a Meeting	250	(3)
Preconstruction Conference	253	(6)
Principles of Negotiation	259	(3)
Techniques of Negotiation	262	(4)
Problems	266	(2)
Risk Allocation and Liability Sharing	268	(18)
Risk Management	270	(1)
Identification and Nature of Construction Risks	271	(1)
Contractual Allocation of Risk	272	(2)
Who Should Accept What Risks?	274	(1)
Types of Risks and Allocation of Those Risks	274	(7)
Minimizing Risks and Mitigating Losses	281	(4)
Problems	285	(1)
Preconstruction Operations	286	(47)
Description of Approach	286	(1)
Constructability Analysis	287	(1)
Advertise and Award Phase	288	(2)
Issuance of Bidding Documents	290	(3)
Prequalification of Bidders	293	(1)
Bonds	293	(3)
Liability Forms of Insurance	296	(1)
Property Forms of Insurance	297	(5)
Opening, Acceptance, and Documentation of Bids	302	(4)
Development of a Quality Control or Assurance Program	306	(2)
Inspection and Testing Manual	308	(2)
Field Office Organization of the Owner or the Field Representative	310	(7)
The Preconstruction Conference	317	(6)
Study Plans and Specifications	323	(1)
Key Dates	323	(1)
Listing of Emergency Information	323	(2)
Agency Permits	325	(1)
Starting a Project	325	(6)
Problems	331	(2)
Planning for Construction	333	(25)
Construction Schedules as Related to Building Costs	337	(1)
Scheduling Methods	337	(3)
Bar Charts	340	(2)
S-Curve Scheduling or Velocity Diagrams	342	(2)
Line-of-Balance Charts	344	(2)
Network Diagrams	346	(3)
Specifying CPM for a Project	349	(1)
Computerized Progress Payments	349	(5)
Selection of PC Scheduling Software	354	(3)
Problems	357	(1)
CPM Scheduling For Construction	358	(32)
CPM: What It Is and What It Does	359	(1)
Basic Procedure in Setting Up a CPM Schedule	360	(1)
Project Planning	361	(1)
Fundamentals of CPM	362	(7)
Who Owns Float?	369	(2)
Precedence Diagraming versus i-j Diagraming	371	(2)
Comparison of Precedence and Arrow Diagraming	373	(1)
Precedence Formats	373	(2)
Reading a Manual CPM Network Schedule	375	(4)
Reading a Computerized CPM Network Schedule	379	(10)
Problems	389	(1)
Construction Operations	390	(17)
Authority and Responsibility of All Parties	391	(4)
Temporary Facilities Provided by the Contractor	395	(1)
Time of Inspection and Tests	396	(1)
Contractor Submittals	397	(1)
Opening a Project	398	(1)
Job Philosophy	399	(2)
Administrative Activities	401	(1)
Suspension or Termination of the Work	402	(2)
Construction Services Cost Monitoring	404	(2)
Problems	406	(1)
Value Engineering	407	(13)
Definition	412	(1)
The Role of the Resident Project Representative	413	(1)
Fundamentals of Value Engineering	413	(2)
Areas of Opportunity for Value Engineering	415	(3)
Field Responsibility in Value Engineering	418	(1)
Problems	419	(1)
Measurement and Payment	420	(54)
Contracts for Construction	420	(3)
Construction Progress Payments	423	(1)
Approval of Payment Requests	423	(3)
Basis for Payment Amounts	426	(5)
Evaluation of Contractor's Payment Requests	431	(2)
Force Account	433	(4)
Payment for Extra Work and Change Orders	437	(6)
Payment for Mobilization Costs	443	(6)
Partial Payments to the Contractor	449	(3)
Retainage	452	(4)
Liquidated Damages during Construction	456	(1)
Standard Contract Provisions for Measurement and Payment	456	(1)
Interpreting the Contractor's Bid	457	(7)
Measurement for Payment	464	(3)
Measurement Guidelines for Determination of Unit-Price Pay Quantities	467	(3)
Final Payment to the Contractor	470	(3)
Problems	473	(1)
Construction Materials and Workmanship	474	(25)
Materials and Methods of Construction	475	(1)
Requests for Substitutions of Materials	476	(4)
Access to the Work by Quality Assurance Personnel	480	(1)
Inspection of Materials Delivered to the Site	481	(2)
Rejection of Faulty Material	483	(2)
Construction Equipment and Methods	485	(2)
Quality Level and Quality Assurance	487	(1)
Quality Assurance Provisions	488	(8)
Ownership of Materials	496	(1)
Delivery and Storage of Materials	497	(1)
Handling of Materials	497	(1)
Problems	497	(2)
Changes and Extra Work	499	(22)
Contract Modifications	499	(1)
Changes in the Work	500	(6)
Types of Changes	506	(4)
Elements of a Change Order	510	(2)
Evaluating the Need	512	(1)
Considerations for Evaluation	512	(1)
Change Orders for Differing Site Conditions	513	(3)
Starting the Change Order Process	516	(3)
Cost of Delays Caused by Change Orders	519	(1)
Problems	520	(1)
Claims and Disputes	521	(56)
Five Principles of Contract Administration	521	(2)
Construction Problems	523	(1)
Protests	523	(4)
Claims	527	(2)
Claims and Disputes	529	(3)
Differences between the Parties	532	(4)
Home Office Overhead	536	(8)
Scheduling Changes	544	(1)
Constructive Changes	545	(1)
Other Causes of Claims and Disputes	546	(10)
Resolving Differences	556	(2)
Preparations for Claims Defense	558	(5)
The Use of Project Records in Litigation	563	(1)
Order of Precedence of Contract Documents	564	(2)
Obligations of the Contractor	566	(1)
Alternative Methods for Dispute Resolution	567	(1)
Arbitration or Litigation?	567	(3)
The Mediation Process	570	(2)
Settlement of Disputes by Arbitration	572	(4)
Preliminary Notice of Potential Claim	576	(1)
Problems	576	(1)
Project Closeout	577	(38)
Acceptance of the Work	577	(1)
Guarantee Period	578	(1)
Contract Time	579	(2)
Liquidated Damages for Delay	581	(4)
Cleanup	585	(1)
The Punch List	585	(6)
Preparations for Closeout	591	(7)
Completion versus Substantial Completion	598	(4)
Substantial Completion versus Beneficial Occupancy or Use	602	(2)
Beneficial Use/Partial Utilization	604	(4)
Liens and Stop Orders	608	(3)
Final Payment and Waiver of Liens	611	(1)
Stop Notice Release Bond	611	(2)
Post Completion	613	(1)
Problems	613	(2)
Bibliography	615	(6)
Index	621	(14)
Forms Index	635

Excerpts

The principal objective of this book is to provide those of us who are active in the construction industry with a single source of information that will help address the responsibilities and risks that we are likely to encounter. The book not only introduces students, design professionals, project managers, and owners to the special problems of construction, but also serves as a ready reference to experienced contract administrators and construction engineers as well. The first edition was addressed to students of construction management, on-site representatives, engineers, and inspectors to provide them with a ready source of information in preparing for the responsibilities they could expect to confront on modern construction projects. However, during the many seminars held by the author throughout the United States, Guam, Canada, Jamaica, and Mexico, and in the courses he teaches for the University of California, Berkeley, Institute of Transportation Studies; University of Washington, Seattle, Engineering Professional Programs; and the American Society of Civil Engineers, it became evident that the project managers, contract administrators, and other management personnel who worked with or exercised control over the on-site project representatives had special problems that also needed to be addressed if the project team concept was to be realized. Thus, the concept for the second edition was born: to bring together the office and field personnel and present them with a workable system for operating as an effective construction team. The third edition continued the concept of developing the project team approach, with the added consideration of claims avoidance methods to reduce claims losses. Each member of the project team needed to become intimately familiar with the principles of construction project administration. It was toward this end that the author strove to meet the particular needs of the project team in today's changing construction environment. A considerable amount of new material was added, and some of the chapters were reorganized for a more logical flow of information. Later editions provided the updating necessary to remain current with state-of-the-art techniques in construction and to add new material, including references to AIA, EJCDC, and FIDIC documents, so that the book can literally become a single source for most construction-phase activities. As a part of the continuing effort to stay abreast of the state of the art of the construction industry, and in recognition of the federal declaration to make the metric system (SI) the basic system of measurement in the United States and that federal agencies be required to use it exclusively, the fifth edition was updated to emphasize its-use and included supplementary information to assist civil and construction engineers in utilizing metric (SI) civil engineering units in construction. In addition, all of the original material was reviewed and updated, the subject of partnering was addressed, and the index was made more user friendly. The author is grateful to the many contributions made through the years since this book was first published. Contributors to previous editions included Julius (Jim) Calhoun, Esq., Asst. General Counsel for Montgomery-Watson in Pasadena, CA (ret.); Gary L. McFarland, PE, and Charles H. Lawrance, PE, President and Vice-President, respectively, of Lawrance, Fisk, & McFarland, Inc., of Santa Barbara, CA; Wendell Rigby, PE, former Senior Civil Engineer of the City of Thousand Oaks, CA; Harold Good, CPPO, Procurement Manager of the City of Palm Springs, CA; Albert Rodriguez, CPCU, ARM, President, Rodriguez Consulting Group, Inc., Jacksonville, FL; Robert Rubin, Esq., PE, of Postner & Rubin, Attorneys at Law, New York, NY; Joseph Litvin, Esq., PE, Attorney at Law, Dayton, OH; Arthur Schwartz, Esq., General Counsel for the National Society of Professional Engineers, Alexandria, VA; Robert Sm