Construction Safety and Health

by Goetsch, David L.

• ISBN13: 9780130932150
• ISBN10: 0130932159
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-04-30
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

The field of construction safety and health is undergoing significant changes in technology and regulations. This test teas written to fill the need for up-to-date information. Construction Safety and Health is an invaluable source of information for both the construction professional and those studying construction engineering, construction technology, and construction management. This practical and up-to-date text covers all sections of OSHA's 29 CFR 1926, OSHA's Construction Standard. Some key features include: bull; bull;Coverage of critical topics not found in 29 CFR 1926, such as cost of accidents, ethics and safety, bloodborne pathogens, and ISO 14000 bull;Safety Facts & Fines-real-world cases that shoes what can happen if contractors fail to observe safety requirements and practices bull;Key terms, review questions, and critics! thinking/discussion activities reinforce the important concepts learned in each chapter

Author Biography

David L. Goetsch is provost of the joint campus of the University of West Florida and Okaloosa-Walton Community College in Fort Walton Beach and professor of safety and quality. In addition, Dr. Goetsch is president of The Management Institute (TMI), a private consulting firm dedicated to the continual improvement of organizational performance, safety, and quality. He teaches construction safety and occupational safety in both the traditional and distance learning formats.

Table of Contents

Introduction: Safety Movement and the Construction Industry	1	(1)
Overview of the Construction Industry	2	(2)
Liability in the Construction Industry	4	(1)
Competent Person Requirement	5	(1)
Milestones in the Safety Movement	5	(3)
Role of Organized Labor	8	(1)
Role of Specific Health Problems	8	(2)
Development of Accident Prevention Programs	10	(1)
Development of Safety Organizations	11	(1)
Safety and Health Movement Today	12	(2)
Summary	14	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	15	(1)
Review Questions	15	(1)
Critical Thinking and Discussion Activities	15	(1)
Application Activities	16	(1)
Endnotes	16	(1)
Part 1 Theories and Concepts	17	(126)
Cost of Accidents: Why Safety is Important	18	(15)
Cost of Accidents	19	(1)
Accidental Deaths in the United States	20	(1)
Accidents Versus Other Causes of Death	21	(1)
Work Accident Costs and Rates	22	(1)
Time Lost Because of Work Injuries	23	(1)
Deaths in Work Accidents	23	(1)
Work Injuries by Type of Accident	23	(1)
Death Rates by Industry	24	(1)
Parts of the Body Injured on the Job	25	(1)
Chemical Burn Injuries	25	(1)
Heat Burn Injuries	26	(1)
Estimating the Cost of Accidents	27	(2)
Summary	29	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	30	(1)
Review Questions	30	(1)
Critical Thinking and Discussion Activities	30	(1)
Application Activities	31	(1)
Endnotes	31	(2)
Role of Construction Personnel in Safety and Health	33	(12)
Safety and Health Team in Construction	34	(1)
Contractors and Safety	34	(1)
Managers and Other Professionals and Safety	34	(1)
Supervisors and Safety	35	(2)
Employees and Safety	37	(1)
Safety and Health Professionals	38	(1)
Certification of Safety and Health Personnel	38	(4)
Summary	42	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	43	(1)
Review Questions	43	(1)
Critical Thinking and Discussion Activities	44	(1)
Application Activities	44	(1)
Endnotes	44	(1)
Accident Causation Theories	45	(20)
Domino Theory of Accident Causation	45	(4)
Human Factors Theory of Accident Causation	49	(2)
Accident/Incident Theory of Accident Causation	51	(3)
Epidemiological Theory of Accident Causation	54	(2)
Systems Theory of Accident Causation	56	(2)
Combination Theory of Accident Causation	58	(2)
Behavioral Theory of Accident Causation	60	(1)
Summary	61	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	62	(1)
Review Questions	62	(1)
Critical Thinking and Discussion Activities	63	(1)
Application Activities	63	(1)
Endnotes	63	(2)
Ethics and Safety	65	(15)
An Ethical Dilemma	66	(1)
Ethics Defines	66	(3)
Ethical Behavior in Organizations	69	(1)
Construction Professionals' Role in Ethics	69	(2)
Company's Role in Ethics	71	(1)
Handling Ethical Dilemmas	72	(1)
Questions to Ask When Making Decisions	73	(1)
Ethics and Whistle-Blowing	74	(3)
Summary	77	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	78	(1)
Review Questions	78	(1)
Critical Thinking and Discussion Activities	78	(1)
Application Activities	79	(1)
Endnotes	79	(1)
Workers' Compensation	80	(32)
Overview of Workers' Compensation	81	(2)
Historical Perspective	83	(2)
Workers' Compensation Legislation	85	(1)
Modern Workers' Compensation	86	(2)
Workers' Compensation Insurance	88	(2)
Resolution of Workers' Compensation Disputes	90	(1)
Injuries and Workers' Compensation	91	(5)
Monetary Benefits of Workers' Compensation	96	(1)
Medical Treatment and Rehabilitation	97	(1)
Medical Management of Workplace Injuries	98	(1)
Administration and Case Management	99	(2)
Cost Allocation	101	(1)
Problems with Workers' Compensation	101	(1)
Spotting Workers' Compensation Fraud or Abuse	102	(1)
Future of Workers' Compensation	103	(1)
Cost Reduction Strategies	104	(3)
Summary	107	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	108	(1)
Review Questions	109	(1)
Critical Thinking and Discussion Activities	109	(1)
Application Activities	110	(1)
Endnotes	110	(2)
OSHA Compliance	112	(31)
Rationale of the OSH Act	113	(1)
OSHA: Mission and Purpose	113	(1)
OSH Act Coverage	114	(1)
OSHA Standards	115	(4)
Record Keeping and Reporting	119	(1)
Keeping Employees Informed	120	(1)
Workplace Inspections	120	(1)
Citations and Penalties	121	(1)
Appeals Process	122	(1)
State-Level OSHA Programs	123	(2)
Services Available from OSHA	125	(2)
Employer Rights and Responsibilities	127	(2)
Employee Rights and Responsibilities	129	(1)
Keeping Up to Date on OSHA Standards	130	(1)
Problems with OSHA	131	(1)
Other Federal Agencies and Organizations	132	(3)
Standards and Codes	135	(1)
Laws and Liability	135	(2)
OSHA Construction Standards	137	(1)
Summary	138	(2)
Key Terms and Concepts	140	(1)
Review Questions	140	(1)
Critical Thinking and Discussion Activities	141	(1)
Application Activities	141	(1)
Endnotes	142	(1)
Part 2 OSHA's Construction Standard and Related Safety Practices	143	(230)
Subparts A through E and Related Safety Practices	144	(61)
Subpart A: General Requirements	145	(1)
Subpart B: General Interpretations	145	(1)
Subpart C: General Safety and Health Problems	146	(1)
Subpart D: Occupational Health and Environmental Controls	146	(1)
Medical Services and First Aid	147	(2)
Occupational Noise	149	(13)
Ionizing Radiation	162	(7)
Non-Ionizing Radiation	169	(2)
Airborne Toxic Substances	171	(3)
Hazard Communications	174	(1)
Hazardous Waste Operations	175	(3)
Lead in Construction	178	(2)
Subpart E: Personal Protective and Lifesaving Equipment	180	(1)
Head Protection	180	(2)
Eye and Face Protection	182	(4)
Hearing Protection Devices	186	(1)
Torso Protection	186	(1)
Hand and Arm Protection	187	(1)
Foot and Leg Protection	188	(2)
Fall Protection, Lifelines, and Safety Nets	190	(4)
Guidelines for Respirators	194	(2)
Protecting Workers from Heat Hazards	196	(4)
Summary	200	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	201	(1)
Review Questions	202	(1)
Critical Thinking and Discussion Activities	203	(1)
Application Activities	204	(1)
Endnotes	204	(1)
Subparts F through J and Related Safety Practices	205	(41)
Subpart F: Fire Protection and Prevention	206	(1)
Fire Protection and Prevention	206	(1)
Sources of Fire Hazards	207	(3)
Fire Safety Programs	210	(1)
Fire Protection Strategies	211	(1)
Fire Extinguishing Systems	211	(4)
Fire Prevention Strategies	215	(3)
Subpart G: Signs, Signals, and Barricades and Related Safety Practices	218	(1)
Signs and Signals	218	(2)
Barricades and Barriers	220	(2)
Subpart H: Material Handling, Storage, Use, and Disposal and Related Safety Practices	222	(1)
Handling and Storing Materials	222	(4)
Rigging of Materials	226	(2)
Disposal of Waste Materials	228	(1)
Subpart I: Hand and Power Tools and Related Safety Practices	229	(1)
Pneumatic Tools	229	(1)
Power-Actuated Guns	230	(2)
Power Tools (General)	232	(1)
Power Tools (Electrical)	233	(1)
Power Tools (Hydraulic)	233	(1)
Woodworking Tools	233	(1)
Subpart J: Welding and Cutting and Related Safety Practices	234	(1)
General Precautions	235	(2)
Specific Precautions: Gas Welding and Cutting	237	(1)
Specific Precautions: Arc Welding and Cutting	238	(2)
Specific Precautions: Fire Prevention	240	(1)
Specific Precautions: Ventilation	240	(1)
Summary	241	(2)
Key Terms and Concepts	243	(1)
Review Questions	243	(1)
Critical Thinking and Discussion Activities	244	(1)
Application Activities	244	(1)
Endnotes	245	(1)
Subparts K through O and Related Safety Practices	246	(52)
Subpart K: Electrical Requirements and Related Safety Practices	247	(1)
Overview of Electricity	248	(4)
Installation Safety Requirements	252	(4)
Safety-Related Work Practices	256	(1)
Safety-Related Maintenance and Environmental Considerations	257	(1)
Safety Requirements for Special Equipment	257	(1)
Subpart L: Scaffolding Requirements and Related Safety Practices	258	(1)
Rationale for Scaffolding Requirements	258	(2)
General Requirements for Scaffolding	260	(7)
Aerial Lifts	267	(3)
Training Requirements Related to Scaffolds	270	(1)
Subpart M: Fall Protection Requirements and Related Safety Practices	270	(2)
Requirements of the Standard	272	(2)
Fall Protection Systems	274	(3)
Protection from Falling Objects	277	(1)
Fall Protection Plan	278	(1)
Fall Protection Training	278	(2)
Subpart N: Cranes, Derricks, Hoists, Elevators, Conveyors, and Related Safety Practices	280	(1)
Cranes and Derricks	280	(5)
Hoists, Elevators, and Conveyors	285	(1)
Helicopters	286	(1)
Aerial Lifts	287	(2)
Subpart O: Motor Vehicles, Mechanized Equipment, Marine Operations, and Related Safety Practices	289	(1)
Motor Vehicles and Mechanized Equipment	289	(4)
Marine Operations and Equipment	293	(1)
Summary	293	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	294	(1)
Review Questions	294	(1)
Critical Thinking and Discussion Activities	295	(1)
Application Activities	296	(1)
Endnotes	297	(1)
Subparts P through U and Related Safety Practices	298	(47)
Subpart P: Excavations and Related Safety Practices	299	(1)
Excavations	299	(2)
Cave-Ins	301	(3)
Other Hazards	304	(2)
Subpart Q: Concrete and Masonry Construction and Related Safety Practices	306	(1)
Concrete Work	307	(3)
Cast-in-Place Concrete	310	(1)
Pre-Cast Concrete	311	(3)
Lift-Slab Concrete	314	(1)
Masonry Construction	314	(2)
Subpart R: Steel Erection and Related Safety Practices	316	(1)
Structural Steel Construction	316	(1)
Site Layout, Site-Specific Erection Plan, and Construction Sequence	317	(1)
Hoisting and Rigging	318	(3)
Structural Steel Erection	321	(1)
Column Anchorage	321	(2)
Beams and Columns	323	(1)
Open Web Steel Joists	323	(1)
Systems-Engineered Metal Buildings	324	(1)
Falling Object Protection	324	(2)
Fall Protection	326	(1)
Training	327	(1)
Subpart S: Tunnels, Shafts, Caissons, Cofferdams, and Compressed Air and Related Safety Practices	327	(1)
Underground Construction	327	(4)
Caissons	331	(1)
Cofferdams	331	(1)
Compressed Air	332	(1)
Subpart T: Demolition	333	(1)
Preparatory Operations	334	(1)
Other Requirements in Demolition Operations	334	(3)
Subpart U: Blasting and Use of Explosives and Related Safety Practices	337	(1)
Blasting: General Provisions	337	(1)
Other Requirements in Blasting Operations	338	(2)
Summary	340	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	341	(1)
Review Questions	341	(1)
Critical Thinking and Discussion Activities	342	(1)
Application Activities	343	(1)
Endnotes	343	(2)
Subparts V through Z and Related Safety Practices	345	(28)
Subpart V: Power Transmission, Distribution, and Related Safety Practices	346	(1)
General Requirements	346	(1)
Tools and Protective Equipment	347	(1)
Mechanical Equipment	348	(1)
Material Handling	348	(1)
Grounding for Protection of Employees	349	(1)
Overhead Lines	349	(1)
Underground Lines	349	(1)
Construction in Energized Substations	350	(1)
External Load Helicopters	350	(1)
Lineman's Body Belts, Safety Straps, and Lanyards	350	(1)
Subpart W: Rollover Protective Structures and Overhead Protection	351	(1)
Rollover Protective Structures, Overhead Protection, and Test Procedures and Criteria	352	(2)
Subpart X: Stairways and Ladders	354	(1)
Ladders and Training	355	(1)
Subpart Y: Commercial Diving Operations	356	(1)
Diving Requirements	357	(4)
Subpart Z: Toxic and Hazardous Substances	361	(1)
Asbestos	362	(4)
Model for Taking Appropriate Precautions with Chemicals	366	(2)
Summary	368	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	368	(1)
Review Questions	369	(1)
Critical Thinking and Discussion Activities	370	(1)
Application Activities	370	(1)
Endnotes	371	(2)
Part 3 Application on the Job	373	(92)
Construction Safety and Health: Program and Policies	374	(18)
Rationale for Written Safety and Health Plans	375	(1)
Components of the Plan	376	(10)
Communicating the Plan to Employees	386	(1)
Evaluating the Program	386	(3)
Summary	389	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	389	(1)
Review Questions	390	(1)
Critical Thinking and Discussion Activities	390	(1)
Application Activities	391	(1)
Endnotes	391	(1)
Job Safety and Hazard Analysis	392	(19)
Overview of Hazard Analysis	393	(1)
Preliminary Hazard Analysis	394	(2)
Detailed Hazard Analysis	396	(9)
Hazard Prevention and Reduction	405	(2)
Risk Assessment	407	(1)
Summary	408	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	409	(1)
Review Questions	409	(1)
Critical Thinking and Discussion Activities	409	(1)
Application Activities	410	(1)
Endnotes	410	(1)
Accident Investigation, Reporting, and Record Keeping	411	(20)
When to Investigate	412	(1)
What to Investigate	412	(2)
Who Should Investigate	414	(1)
Conducting the Investigation	414	(3)
Interviewing Witnesses	417	(3)
Reporting Accidents	420	(4)
Record Keeping	424	(4)
Summary	428	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	429	(1)
Review Questions	429	(1)
Critical Thinking and Discussion Activities	429	(1)
Application Activities	430	(1)
Endnotes	430	(1)
Emergency Response Plan	431	(17)
Rationale for Emergency Preparation	431	(1)
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act	431	(3)
Organization and Coordination	434	(1)
OSHA Standard and Employee Emergency Action Plans	434	(1)
Customizing Plans to Meet Local Needs	435	(3)
First Aid in Emergencies	438	(2)
Emergency Response	440	(1)
Computers and Emergency Response	440	(2)
Dealing with the Psychological Trauma of Emergencies	442	(2)
Summary	444	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	445	(1)
Review Questions	445	(1)
Critical Thinking and Discussion Activities	446	(1)
Application Activities	446	(1)
Endnotes	447	(1)
Total Safety Management	448	(17)
What is Total Quality Management (TQM)?	449	(1)
How Does TQM Relate to Safety?	450	(2)
Safety Management in a TQM Setting	452	(1)
What Is Total Safety Management (TSM)?	452	(2)
Translating TSM into Action	454	(1)
Fundamental Elements of TSM	455	(5)
Rationale for TSM	460	(1)
Implementing TSM: The Model	460	(2)
Summary	462	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	462	(1)
Review Questions	463	(1)
Critical Thinking and Discussion Activities	463	(1)
Application Activities	463	(1)
Endnotes	463	(2)
Part 4 Other Safety and Health Issues and Practices	465	(110)
Preventing Violence in the Workplace	466	(25)
Occupational Safety and Workplace Violence: The Relationship	467	(1)
Workplace Violence: Definitions	467	(1)
Size of the Problem	468	(1)
Legal Considerations	469	(3)
Contributing Social and Cultural Factors	472	(10)
Conflict Resolution and Workplace Violence	482	(4)
Guidelines for Supervisors	486	(1)
Emergency Preparedness Plan	487	(1)
Summary	487	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	488	(1)
Review Questions	488	(1)
Critical Thinking and Discussion Activities	489	(1)
Application Activities	489	(1)
Endnotes	489	(2)
Bloodborne Pathogens in the Workplace	491	(24)
Facts about HIV Infection and AIDS	492	(1)
Symptoms of AIDS	492	(2)
HIV in the Workplace	494	(2)
Legal Concerns	496	(3)
AIDS Education	499	(1)
Counseling Infected Employees	500	(2)
Easing Employee Fears about AIDS	502	(1)
Protecting Employees from AIDS	503	(1)
Safety Needles	504	(1)
Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus	504	(2)
OSHA Standard on Occupational Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens	506	(5)
Summary	511	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	512	(1)
Review Questions	512	(1)
Critical Thinking and Discussion Activities	513	(1)
Application Activities	513	(1)
Endnotes	513	(2)
Stress in the Workplace	515	(12)
Workplace Stress Defined	516	(1)
Sources of Workplace Stress	516	(2)
Human Reaction to Workplace Stress	518	(1)
Measurement of Workplace Stress	519	(1)
Shift Work, Stress, and Safety	520	(1)
Improving Safety by Reducing Workplace Stress	521	(1)
Stress and Safety Professionals	522	(1)
Stress and Workers' Compensation	523	(1)
Summary	523	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	524	(1)
Review Questions	525	(1)
Critical Thinking and Discussion Activities	525	(1)
Application Activities	525	(1)
Endnotes	526	(1)
Environmental Safety and ISO 14000	527	(29)
Safety, Health, and the Environment	528	(1)
Legislation and Regulation	529	(1)
OSHA/EPA Partnership	529	(2)
Types of Environments	531	(2)
Role of Construction Professionals	533	(1)
Environment Management Systems (EMS)	533	(5)
International Standards Organization (ISO)	538	(1)
ISO 14000	539	(1)
ISO 14000 Series of Standards	539	(1)
ISO 14001 Standard	540	(12)
Summary	552	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	553	(1)
Review Questions	553	(1)
Critical Thinking and Discussion Activities	554	(1)
Application Activities	554	(1)
Endnotes	554	(2)
Promoting Safety	556	(19)
Company Safety Policy	557	(1)
Safety Rules and Regulations	558	(1)
Employee Participation in Promoting Safety	559	(1)
Safety Training	559	(1)
Suggestion Programs	559	(2)
Visual Awareness	561	(1)
Safety Committees	562	(2)
Gaining a Personal Commitment	564	(1)
Employee and Management Participation	565	(1)
Incentives	566	(1)
Competition	567	(1)
Company-Sponsored Wellness Programs	567	(2)
Teamwork Approach to Promoting Safety	569	(3)
Summary	572	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	573	(1)
Review Questions	573	(1)
Critical Thinking and Discussion Activities	573	(1)
Application Activities	574	(1)
Endnotes	574	(1)
Glossary	575	(12)
Index	587

Excerpts

BACKGROUND The field of construction safety and health has undergone significant change over the past two decades. There are many reasons for this. Some of the more prominent ones include the following: technological changes that have introduced new hazards at construction sites; proliferation of health and safety legislation and corresponding regulations; increased pressure from regulatory agencies; realization that productivity is increased in a safe and healthy environment; rising healthcare and workers' compensation costs; a growing interest in ethics and corporate responsibility; increased pressure from labor organizations, workers, and the public in general; and an increasing number of incidents of workplace violence. All of these factors, when taken together, have made the job of the modern construction professional more challenging and important than ever. These factors have also created the need for an up-to-date book on construction safety and health that contains the latest information needed by people who are responsible for safety and health in one of the most dangerous industries--the construction industry. WHY WAS THIS BOOK WRITTEN AND FOR WHOM? This book was written to fulfill the need for an up-to-date practical teaching resource that focuses specifically on the needs of modern construction professionals and on the construction requirements set forth by OSHA and other regulatory agencies. The book is intended for use in universities, colleges, community colleges, technical schools, and corporate training settings where programs, courses, or seminars in construction safety and health are offered. Educators in disciplines such as construction engineering, construction technology, construction management, and the various construction-related trades (e.g., carpentry, HVAC, electricity, plumbing) will find this book both valuable and easy to use. The direct, straightforward presentation of material focuses on making the theories and principles of construction safety and health practical and useful in a real-world setting. Up-to-date research has been integrated throughout in a down-to-earth manner. ORGANIZATION OF THE BOOK The text contains 21 chapters, each focusing on a major area of concern for modern construction professionals. The chapters are presented in an order that is compatible with the typical organization of a college-level construction safety and health course. A standard chapter format is used throughout the book. Each chapter begins with a list of major topics covered therein and ends with a comprehensive summary. After the summary, each chapter contains review questions, key terms and concepts, critical thinking or discussion activities, application activities, and endnotes. Within each chapter are two or moreSafety Facts & Finesboxes, which are brief real-world cases that show what can happen when safety regulations and safety practices are ignored. Fictitious Names The author occasionally uses fictitious names of both companies and individuals in the Critical Thinking and Discussion Activities that appear at the end of each chapter. Such names are also used occasionally in figures within chapters. These fictitious companies and individuals are used to illustrate principles and concepts explained in the chapters in question. Although the situations described are all based on actual events, the names and the companies and individuals are fictitious. Any similarities to actual companies or individuals is purely coincidental.