Contaminated Rivers

by Miller, Jerry R.; Miller, Suzanne M.

• ISBN13: 9781402052866
• ISBN10: 1402052863
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2007-07-04
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

The geomorphological, surficial and geochemical processes and conditions of rivers require a tailored set of strategies and programs to successfully clean up contaminated river reaches. The primary purpose of this book is not only to provide students and professionals with an introductory understanding of fluvial geomorphic principles but also to explain using a process oriented approach how these geomorphic principles can be integrated with geochemical data to cost-effectively characterize, assess and remediate contaminated river systems. Numerous case studies from North America and many other parts of the world are included.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xiii
Contaminated Rivers: An Overview	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Types of Contaminants	p. 3
Organic Contaminants	p. 3
Inorganic Contaminants	p. 8
National Assessments of River Health	p. 11
The National Water Quality Inventory	p. 12
The National Sediment Quality Survey	p. 14
The National Water-Quality Assessment Program	p. 17
Sources of Contamination	p. 18
The Dissolved Versus Particulate Load	p. 21
Site Characterization, Assessment, and Remediation	p. 23
The Geomorphological-Geochemical Approach	p. 27
Summary	p. 30
Suggested Readings	p. 31
Sediment-Trace Metal Interactions 24	p. 33
Introduction	p. 33
Physical Partitioning of Trace Metals in Sediment	p. 34
Chemical Partitioning of Trace Elements in Sediment	p. 39
Mechanistic Associations	p. 39
Chemically Reactive Substrates	p. 53
Elemental Speciation	p. 60
Chemical Remobilization	p. 63
Summary	p. 66
Suggested Readings	p. 67
Basin Processes	p. 69
Introduction	p. 69
Hillslope Hydrology	p. 70
Direct Runoff Generation	p. 70
Flood Hydrographs	p. 76
Contaminant Transport Pathways	p. 80
The Controlling Factors	p. 80
Transport via Hortonian Overland Flow	p. 84
Mapping Spatial Variations in Metal Sources	p. 85
Hillslope Erosion	p. 88
Basic Mechanics	p. 88
Measurement of Erosion Rates	p. 89
Prediction of Erosion Rates	p. 91
Summary	p. 101
Suggested Readings	p. 102
The Water Column - Concentration and Load	p. 103
Introduction	p. 103
Temporal Variations in Concentration	p. 104
Dissolved Constituents	p. 104
Particulate and Particulate-Borne Contaminant Concentrations	p. 113
Sediment and Contaminant Loads	p. 118
Load Estimation	p. 118
The Effective Transporting Discharge	p. 123
Summary	p. 125
Suggested Readings	p. 126
The Channel Bed - Contaminant Transport and Storage	p. 127
Introduction	p. 127
Sediment Transport	p. 128
Modes of Transport	p. 128
Channelized Flow	p. 129
Entrainment	p. 132
Processes of Contaminant Dispersal	p. 136
Hydraulic Sorting	p. 136
Dilution and Exchange with the Floodplain	p. 138
Sediment Storage and Exchange Mechanisms	p. 140
Geochemical Processes and Biological Uptake	p. 142
Downstream Patterns	p. 144
Impoundment Failures	p. 148
Deposition and Storage along a Reach	p. 151
Channel Patterns	p. 152
Trace Metal Partitioning Mechanisms	p. 162
Implications to Sampling	p. 168
Physical and Mathematical Manipulations	p. 170
Temporal Variations in Concentration	p. 173
Summary	p. 175
Suggested Readings	p. 176
Floodplains	p. 177
Introduction	p. 177
Floodplains: Definition	p. 178
The Formative Processes	p. 180
Floodplain Sediments	p. 185
Floodplain Deposits	p. 187
Trace Metal Storage and Distribution	p. 193
Grain Size Variations	p. 196
Residence Time and Deposit Age	p. 198
Sediment Mixing and Homogenization	p. 200
Post-Depositional Processes	p. 200
Overbank Sediments	p. 202
Depositional Rates and Patterns	p. 203
Geographical Patterns in Contaminant Concentrations	p. 209
Documenting Pollution Histories	p. 214
Sediment and Contaminant Source Determination	p. 219
Non-point Source Multivariate Fingerprinting Methods	p. 220
Isotopic Tracing Methods	p. 222
Physical Remobilization	p. 227
Bank Erosion Processes	p. 228
Summary	p. 232
Suggested Readings	p. 234
River Metamorphosis	p. 235
Introduction	p. 235
The Balanced Condition	p. 235
Thresholds, Complex Response, and Process Linkages	p. 241
Adjustments in Channel Gradient, Shape, and Pattern	p. 248
Effects of River Metamorphosis	p. 252
Terraces	p. 254
Definition and Formative Processes	p. 254
Trace Metal Distributions	p. 258
Quantifying Extent and Magnitude of Contamination	p. 262
Summary	p. 269
Suggested Readings	p. 270
Remediation and Remediation Standards	p. 271
Introduction	p. 271
Setting Remediation Standards	p. 273
Background Concentrations	p. 276
Health and Risk Based Standards	p. 282
Prioritizing Cleanup	p. 285
Summary	p. 287
Suggested Readings	p. 288
Ex Situ Remediation and Channel Restoration	p. 289
Introduction	p. 289
Ex Situ Remediation Techniques	p. 291
Excavation	p. 292
Dredging	p. 294
Ex Situ Treatments	p. 302
Dewatering and Particle Separation	p. 303
Soil Washing	p. 305
Other Treatment Alternatives	p. 308
River Restoration and Rehabilitation	p. 310
Goals and Objectives	p. 310
Channel Reconstruction	p. 313
In-stream Structures, Bank Protection, and Habitat Formation	p. 317
Summary	p. 324
Suggested Readings	p. 325
In Situ Remediation	p. 327
Introduction	p. 327
In Situ Extraction	p. 328
Soil Flushing	p. 328
Electrokinetic Separation	p. 330
Phytoremediation	p. 334
In Situ Containment	p. 338
In Situ (Subaqueous) Capping	p. 338
Soil and Sediment Capping	p. 341
In Situ Solidification and Stabilization	p. 342
Phytostabilization and Immobilization	p. 343
Monitored Natural Recovery	p. 346
Summary	p. 350
Suggested Readings	p. 350
Dating Techniques	p. 351
Introduction	p. 351
Short-Lived Radionuclides (Pb-210 and Cs-137)	p. 352
Radiocarbon (C-14)	p. 357
Luminescence Techniques (TL, IRSL, and OSL)	p. 358
Marker Beds (Tephra, Trace Metals)	p. 359
Dendrochronology	p. 361
Unit Conversions and Elemental Data	p. 365
References	p. 359
Glossary	p. 399
Credits	p. 495
Index	p. 413
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