Convergence in Broadcast and Communications Media

by Watkinson; John

• ISBN13: 9780240515090
• ISBN10: 0240515099
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-04-10
• Publisher: Routledge

Summary

Convergence in Broadcast and Communications Media offers concise and accurate information for engineers and technicians tackling products and systems combining audio, video, data processing and communications. Without adequate fundamental knowledge of the core technologies, products could be flawed or even fail. John Watkinson has provided a definitive professional guide, designed as a standard point of reference for engineers, whether you are from an audio, video, computer or communications background. without assuming any background and starting from first principles, the four core technologies of image reproduction, sound reproduction, data processing and communications are described. Covering everything from digital fundamentals to conversion methods, sound and image technologies, compression techniques, digital coding principles, storage devices and the latest communications systems, the book shows how these technologies operate together and the necessary conversions that take place between them. Acronyms and buzzwords are introduced only after their purpose has been described in plain English - as the book serves to give a reliable grasp of the fundamentals. The criteria involved in determining image and sound quality are based on a thorough treatment of the human senses, a unique description of how motion portrayal works in managing systems. John Watkinson is an international consultant in audio video and data recording. He is a Fellow of the AES, a member of the British Computer Society and a chartered information systems practitioner. He presents lectures, seminars, conference papers and training courses worldwide and writes for many industry magazines. His other books for Focal Press are widely acknowledged as standard reference works and industry 'bibles'. John is author of MPEG2, The Art of Digital Video and the Art of Digital Audio, An Introduction to Digital Video, An Introduction to Digital Audio, The Art of Sound Reproduction, Television Fundamentals, Co-author of The Digital Interface Handbook and Contributor to The Loudspeaker and Headphone Handbook.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Introduction to convergent systems	1	(36)
What this book is about	1	(2)
Why binary?	3	(6)
Conversion	9	(6)
Integrated circuits	15	(1)
Storage technology	15	(1)
Noise and probability	16	(3)
Time compression and expansion	19	(1)
Error correction and concealment	20	(10)
Channel coding	30	(1)
Compression, JPEG and MPEG	31	(2)
Convergence and commercial television	33	(2)
Electronic cinema	35	(2)
References	36	(1)
Digital processing principles	37	(55)
Introduction	37	(1)
Logic elements	38	(2)
Storage elements	40	(2)
Binary coding	42	(11)
Gain control	53	(1)
Floating-point coding	54	(2)
Modulo-n arithmetic	56	(1)
The Galois field	57	(3)
The phase-locked loop	60	(1)
Timebase correction	61	(6)
Programmers	67	(2)
The computer	69	(3)
The processor	72	(2)
Interrupts	74	(2)
Programmable timers	76	(1)
Memory management	76	(2)
The human interface	78	(3)
DSP	81	(5)
Multiplexing principles	86	(1)
Packets	87	(1)
Statistical multiplexing	87	(1)
Networks	88	(4)
Filters and transforms	92	(43)
Introduction	92	(3)
Transforms	95	(2)
Convolution	97	(1)
FIR and IIR filters	97	(3)
FIR filters	100	(7)
Sampling-rate conversion	107	(10)
Transforms and duality	117	(3)
The Fourier transform	120	(8)
The discrete cosine transform (DCT)	128	(4)
The wavelet transform	132	(3)
References	134	(1)
Sampling	135	(37)
Introduction	135	(2)
Sampling	137	(2)
Reconstruction	139	(4)
Aperture effect	143	(4)
Sampling clock jitter	147	(1)
Quantizing	148	(4)
Quantizing error	152	(4)
Introduction to dither	156	(3)
Requantizing and digital dither	159	(2)
Dither techniques	161	(4)
Rectangular pdf dither	161	(2)
Triangular pdf dither	163	(1)
Gaussian pdf dither	164	(1)
Basic digital-to-analog conversion	165	(2)
Basic analog-to-digital conversion	167	(5)
References	170	(2)
Sound	172	(101)
Introduction	172	(2)
The deciBel	174	(6)
Audio level metering	180	(2)
The ear	182	(4)
Level and loudness	186	(1)
Frequency discrimination	187	(5)
Music and the ear	192	(5)
The physics of sound	197	(6)
How sound is radiated	203	(4)
Acoustics	207	(12)
Directionality in hearing	219	(7)
Microphone principles	226	(10)
Microphone mechanisms	236	(6)
Stereo and surround sound	242	(8)
Stereo and surround microphones	250	(3)
M--S stereo	253	(2)
Digitizing audio	255	(1)
Audio convertors	256	(3)
Oversampling in audio	259	(7)
Noise shaping	266	(7)
References	271	(2)
Light	273	(46)
Introduction	273	(1)
What is light?	274	(1)
Sources of light	275	(3)
Optical principles	278	(3)
Photometric units	281	(2)
MTF, contrast and sharpness	283	(2)
The human visual system	285	(2)
The eye	287	(6)
Gamma	293	(4)
Motion portrayal and dynamic resolution	297	(3)
Background strobing and frame rate	300	(1)
Colour	300	(2)
Colour vision	302	(3)
Colorimetry	305	(2)
The CIE chromaticity diagram	307	(6)
Whites	313	(1)
Colour matching functions	314	(2)
Choice of primaries	316	(3)
References	318	(1)
Image portrayal	319	(76)
Introduction	319	(1)
Film	320	(4)
Spatial sampling	324	(4)
Spatial aperture effect	328	(1)
Spatial oversampling	329	(2)
Temporal aperture effects	331	(1)
Analog video	332	(2)
Synchronizing	334	(4)
Bandwith and definition	338	(2)
Interlace	340	(5)
Colour television	345	(6)
Constant luminance	351	(2)
Analog colour television signals	353	(3)
Digital colour signals	356	(8)
Digital colour space	364	(2)
Telecine	366	(3)
Conversion between television and computer formats	369	(6)
The importance of motion compensation	375	(2)
Motion-estimation techniques	377	(1)
Motion-compensated picture rate conversion	378	(6)
Motion-compensated telecine system	384	(2)
Camera shake compensation	386	(3)
Motion-compensated de-interlacing	389	(1)
Aspect ratios	390	(5)
References	394	(1)
Presentation	395	(42)
Display principles	395	(1)
The monochrome CRT	396	(5)
The colour CRT	401	(2)
The projection CRT	403	(1)
Plasma displays	404	(1)
Scanning lasers	405	(1)
Micromirror projectors	405	(1)
Temporal effects	406	(2)
Display processors	408	(1)
Optical filtering	409	(1)
Loudspeaker principles	410	(5)
Loudspeaker mechanisms	415	(4)
Directivity	419	(2)
The moving-coil speaker	421	(7)
Low-frequency reproduction	428	(3)
Crossover networks	431	(1)
Enclosures	432	(1)
Active loudspeakers	433	(1)
Loudspeaker criteria for stereo and surround sound	434	(3)
References	435	(2)
Compression	437	(92)
Introduction to compression	437	(8)
Compression standards	445	(3)
Profiles, levels and layers	448	(3)
Spatial and temporal redundancy in MPEG	451	(6)
I and P coding	457	(1)
Bidirectional coding	458	(3)
Coding applications	461	(1)
Spatial compression	462	(4)
Scanning and run-length/variable-length coding	466	(4)
A bidirectional coder	470	(4)
Slices	474	(1)
Handling interlaced pictures	474	(6)
An MPEG-2 coder	480	(1)
The elementary stream	481	(1)
An MPEG-2 decoder	482	(2)
Coding artifacts	484	(3)
Processing MPEG-2 and concatenation	487	(6)
Audio compression	493	(1)
Sound quality measurement	494	(2)
Audio compression tools	496	(5)
Sub-band coding	501	(5)
Compression formats	506	(1)
MPEG Audio compression	506	(3)
MPEG Layer I	509	(5)
MPEG Layer II	514	(2)
MPEG Layer III	516	(3)
MPEG-2 AAC	519	(6)
Dolby AC-3	525	(4)
References	527	(2)
Digital coding principles	529	(70)
Introduction	529	(1)
Types of transmission channel	530	(2)
Transmission lines	532	(3)
Types of recording medium	535	(1)
Magnetic recording	535	(6)
Azimuth recording and rotary heads	541	(1)
Optical and magneto-optical disks	542	(2)
Equalization and data separation	544	(2)
Slicing and jitter rejection	546	(5)
Channel coding	551	(2)
Simple codes	553	(3)
Group codes	556	(2)
Randomizing and encryption	558	(3)
Partial response	561	(4)
Synchronizing	565	(2)
Basic error correction	567	(2)
Concealment by interpolation	569	(1)
Parity	570	(3)
Block and convolutional codes	573	(2)
Cyclic codes	575	(6)
Introduction to the Reed-Solomon codes	581	(8)
Correction by erasure	589	(2)
Interleaving	591	(3)
Product codes	594	(5)
Appendix 10.1 Calculation of Reed-Solomon generator polynomials	596	(1)
References	597	(2)
Storage devices	599	(55)
Introduction	599	(1)
Disk storage	600	(2)
Magnetic disks	602	(4)
Accessing the blocks	606	(2)
Servo-surface disks	608	(2)
Winchester technology	610	(2)
The disk controller	612	(5)
Defect handling	617	(1)
RAID arrays	617	(1)
Disk servers	618	(1)
Optical disk principles	619	(3)
Focus and tracking systems	622	(7)
Structure of a DVD players	629	(4)
Digital video tape	633	(1)
The rotary head tape transport	634	(3)
Digital video cassettes	637	(3)
DVTR block diagram	640	(4)
Picture in shuttle	644	(1)
DV and DVCPRO	644	(10)
Communication systems	654	(69)
Introduction	654	(4)
Production-related interfaces	658	(1)
SDI	659	(1)
SDTI	660	(2)
ASI	662	(1)
AES/EBU	662	(6)
Telephone-based systems	668	(7)
Digital television broadcasting	675	(3)
MPEG packets and time stamps	678	(2)
Program clock reference	680	(2)
Program Specific Information (PSI)	682	(1)
Transport stream multiplexing	683	(2)
Remultiplexing	685	(1)
Broadcast modulation techniques	686	(6)
OFDM	692	(4)
Error correction in digital television broadcasting	696	(1)
DVB	697	(2)
The DVB receiver	699	(1)
ATSC	700	(6)
Networks	706	(2)
Network arbitration	708	(5)
FireWire	713	(2)
Broadband networks and ATM	715	(3)
ATM AALs	718	(5)
References	721	(2)
Index	723