In a stimulating and novel approach, this book explains why metaphors are persuasive, suggesting that they are ideologically effective because they are cognitively plausible and evoke an emotional response. "Critical Metaphor Analysis" is then developed in a series of corpus-based studies in which analysis of collocations provides insight into the cognitive motivation and expressive connotation of metaphor. By unifying traditional and cognitive semantic with pragmatic approaches, the reader becomes aware of the importance of metaphor in persuasive language.

Jonathan Charteris-Black is a Senior Lecturer in Applied Linguistics at the University of Surrey.

List of figures

ix

List of tables

x

Preface

xii

Acknowledgements

xiv

Style conventions

xv

Introduction

1

(4)

Part I Metaphor Background and Theory

5

(40)

1 Metaphor and Thought

7

(18)

1.1 Metaphor, ideology and thought

7

(3)

1.2 Metaphor and pragmatics

10

(3)

1.3 Cognitive semantics and conceptual metaphor

13

(4)

1.4 Conventional and creative metaphor

17

(2)

1.5 Defining metaphor

19

(3)

1.6 Metaphor and theory construction

22

(1)

1.7 Summary

23

(2)

2 Critical Approaches to Metaphor

25

(20)

2.1 Introduction

25

(3)

2.2 Critical Discourse Analysis

28

(2)

2.3 Corpus linguistics

30

(4)

2.4 A critical approach to researching metaphors

34

(7)

2.4.1 Metaphor identification

35

(2)

2.4.2 Metaphor interpretation

37

(2)

2.4.3 Metaphor explanation

39

(2)

2.5 Summary

41

(4)

Part II Metaphor in Political Discourse

45

(66)

3 The Metaphors of New Labour

47

(18)

3.1 Introduction

47

(1)

3.2 Metaphor and Europe

48

(4)

3.3 Metaphor in New Labour manifestos

52

(6)

3.3.1 Introduction

52

(2)

3.3.2 Analysis of the 1997 New Labour manifesto

54

(4)

3.4 Metaphor in New Labour speeches

58

(5)

3.5 Summary

63

(2)

4 Metaphor in British Party Political Manifestos

65

(22)

4.1 Introduction

65

(2)

4.2 Researching political manifestos

67

(1)

4.3 Metaphor in Labour and Conservative manifestos

68

(11)

4.3.1 Overview

68

(1)

4.3.2 Conflict metaphors

69

(1)

4.3.3 Building metaphors

70

(4)

4.3.4 Journey metaphors

74

(3)

4.3.5 Plant metaphors

77

(2)

4.3.6 Religious metaphors

79

(1)

4.4 Diachronic metaphor shifts

79

(5)

4.5 Summary

84

(3)

5 Metaphor in American Presidential Speeches

87

(24)

5.1 Introduction

87

(1)

5.2 Researching American political discourse

88

(1)

5.3 Metaphor in the US Inaugural Corpus

89

(2)

5.4 Conflict metaphors

91

(2)

5.5 Journey metaphors

93

(2)

5.6 Building metaphors

95

(5)

5.7 Light and fire metaphors

100

(2)

5.8 Physical environment metaphors

102

(1)

5.9 Religious metaphors

103

(2)

5.10 Body part metaphors

105

(1)

5.11 Comparison of British Manifesto and US Inaugural Corpora

105

(4)

5.12 Summary

109

(2)

Part III Metaphor in Press Reporting

111

(60)

6 Metaphor in Sports Reporting

113

(22)

6.1 Introduction

113

(1)

6.2 Sports metaphors in war reporting

114

(2)

6.3 Researching sports metaphors in the British press

116

(5)

6.4 Qualitative analysis of metaphors of conflict in press sports reporting

121

(11)

6.4.1 Metaphors of war

122

(4)

6.4.2 Analysis of metaphors of survival in press sports reporting

126

(6)

6.5 Summary

132

(3)

7 Metaphor in Financial Reporting

135

(36)

7.1 Introduction

135

(1)

7.2 The evolution of biological and mechanistic metaphor in economics

136

(2)

7.3 Researching financial reporting

138

(2)

7.4 Overview of findings

140

(27)

7.4.1 The economy is human

140

(2)

7.4.1.1 Market trading is physical conflict

142

(4)

7.4.1.2 Market trading is a state of mental health

146

(3)

7.4.1.3 The state of market trading is a state of physical health

149

(2)

7.4.2 Economic problems are natural disasters

151

(1)

7.4.2.1 Downward market changes are disasters

152

(2)

7.4.2.2 A very bad market is a nuclear disaster

154

(1)

7.4.2.3 A bad market is an earthquake

155

(1)

7.4.2.4 The behaviour of the market is the behaviour of gas

156

(2)

7.4.3 Market changes are physical movements

158

(1)

7.4.3.1 Market changes are ways of moving on the ground

159

(3)

7.4.3.2 Market changes are ways of moving in the water or nautical conditions

162

(3)

7.4.3.3 Market changes are ways of moving in air

165

(2)

7.5 Summary

167

(4)

Part IV Metaphor in Religious Discourse

171

(70)

8 Metaphor in the Bible

173

(29)

8.1 Introduction: metaphor and religion

173

(4)

8.2 Researching metaphor in the Bible

177

(4)

8.3 Biblical metaphors

181

(19)

8.3.1 Overview

181

(1)

8.3.2 Animal metaphors in the Old and New Testaments

182

(3)

8.3.3 Light metaphors in the Old and New Testaments

185

(5)

8.3.4 Plant metaphors in the Old and New Testaments

190

(5)

8.3.4.1 Evaluation of plant metaphors

195

(4)

8.3.5 Food and drink metaphors in the Old and New Testaments

199

(1)

8.4 Summary

200

(2)

9 Metaphor in the Old Testament

202

(16)

9.1 Introduction

202

(1)

9.2 Building metaphors in the Old Testament

202

(2)

9.3 Journey metaphors in the Old Testament

204

(3)

9.4 Conflict metaphors in the Old Testament

207

(2)

9.5 Weather metaphors in the Old Testament

209

(5)

9.6 Fire metaphors in the Old Testament

214

(3)

9.7 Summary

217

(1)

10 Metaphor in the Koran

218

(23)

10.1 Introduction: socio-cultural context of the Koran

218

(2)

10.2 Researching metaphor in the Koran

220

(1)

10.3 Overview of findings

220

(2)

10.4 Productive sources of metaphor in the Koran

222

(12)

10.4.1 Journey metaphors in the Koran

224

(4)

10.4.2 Weather metaphors in the Koran

228

(2)

10.4.3 Light and fire metaphors in the Koran

230

(3)

10.4.4 Plant metaphors in the Koran

233

(1)

10.5 Unproductive metaphor source domains in the Koran

234

(4)

10.5.1 Food and drink metaphors in the Koran

235

(2)

10.5.2 Animal metaphors in the Koran

237

(1)

10.6 Summary

238

(3)

Part V A Discourse Theory of Metaphor

241

(13)

11 Critical Metaphor Analysis

243

(11)

11.1 Introduction

243

(1)

11.2 Cognitive semantics and Critical Metaphor Analysis

243

(6)

11.3 Metaphor and subliminal meaning

249

(2)

11.4 Critical Metaphor Analysis and personal empowerment

251

(3)

Bibliography

254

(5)

Index

259

(3)

Index of Conceptual Metaphors and Conceptual Keys

262

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