Corpus-Based Language Studies: An Advanced Resource Book

by Mcenery; Anthony

• ISBN13: 9780415286237
• ISBN10: 0415286239
• Format: Nonspecific Binding
• Copyright: 2006-01-13
• Publisher: Routledge

Summary

Routledge Applied Linguisticsis a series of comprehensive resource books, providing students and researchers with the support they need for advanced study in the core areas of English language and Applied Linguistics. Each book in the series guides readers through three main sections, enabling them to explore and develop major themes within the discipline. Section A, Introduction, establishes the key terms and concepts and extends readers' techniques of analysis through practical application. Section B, Extension, brings together influential articles, sets them in context, and discusses their contribution to the field. Section C, Exploration, builds on knowledge gained in the first two sections, setting thoughtful tasks around further illustrative material. This enables readers to engage more actively with the subject matter and encourages them to develop their own responses. Throughout the book, topics are revisited, extended, interwoven and deconstructed, with the reader'sunderstandingstrengthened by tasks and follow-up questions.

Author Biography

Tony McEnery is Professor of English Language and Linguistics and Head of the Department of Linguistics and English Language, Lancaster University, UK Richard Xiao is a researcher at the Department of Linguistics and English Language, Lancaster University, UK Yukio Tono is Professor at the Department of Languages and Cultures, Melkai University, Japan

Table of Contents

Series editors' preface	xv
Preface	xvii
Acknowledgements	xix
SECTION A: INTRODUCTION	1	(122)
Unit A1 Corpus linguistics: the basics	3	(10)
A1.1 Introduction	3	(1)
A1.2 Corpus linguistics: past and present	3	(1)
A1.3 What is a corpus?	4	(1)
A1.4 Why use computers to study language?	5	(1)
A1.5 The corpus-based approach vs. the intuition-based approach	6	(1)
A1.6 Corpus linguistics: a methodology or a theory?	7	(1)
A1.7 Corpus-based vs. corpus-driven approaches	8	(3)
Summary	11	(1)
Looking ahead	12	(1)
Unit A2 Representativeness, balance and sampling	13	(9)
A2.1 Introduction	13	(1)
A2.2 What does representativeness mean in corpus linguistics?	13	(2)
A2.3 The representativeness of general and specialized corpora	15	(1)
A2.4 Balance	16	(3)
A2.5 Sampling	19	(2)
Summary	21	(1)
Looking ahead	21	(1)
Unit A3 Corpus mark-up	22	(7)
A3.1 Introduction	22	(1)
A3.2 The rationale for corpus mark-up	22	(1)
A3.3 Corpus mark-up schemes	23	(4)
A3.4 Character encoding	27	(1)
Summary	28	(1)
Looking ahead	28	(1)
Unit A4 Corpus annotation	29	(17)
A4.1 Introduction	29	(1)
A4.2 Corpus annotation = added value	30	(3)
A4.3 How is corpus annotation achieved?	33	(1)
A4.4 Types of corpus annotation	33	(11)
A4.5 Embedded vs. standalone annotation	44	(1)
Summary	44	(1)
Looking ahead	45	(1)
Unit A5 Multilingual corpora	46	(6)
A5.1 Introduction	46	(1)
A5.2 Multilingual corpora: terminological issues	47	(3)
A5.3 Corpus alignment	50	(1)
Summary	51	(1)
Looking ahead	51	(1)
Unit A6 Making statistical claims	52	(7)
A6.1 Introduction	52	(1)
A6.2 Raw frequency and normalized frequency	52	(1)
A6.3 Descriptive and inferential statistics	53	(1)
A6.4 Tests of statistical significance	53	(3)
A6.5 Tests for significant collocations	56	(1)
Summary	57	(1)
Looking ahead	57	(2)
Unit A7 Using available corpora	59	(12)
A7.1 Introduction	59	(1)
A7.2 General corpora	59	(1)
A7.3 Specialized corpora	60	(1)
A7.4 Written corpora	61	(1)
A7.5 Spoken corpora	62	(2)
A7.6 Synchronic corpora	64	(1)
A7.7 Diachronic corpora	65	(1)
A7.8 Learner corpora	65	(2)
A7.9 Monitor corpora	67	(2)
Summary	69	(1)
Looking ahead	70	(1)
Unit A8 Going solo: DIY corpora	71	(6)
A8.1 Introduction	71	(1)
A8.2 Corpus size	71	(2)
A8.3 Balance and representativeness	73	(1)
A8.4 Data capture	73	(1)
A8.5 Corpus mark-up	74	(1)
A8.6 Corpus annotation	75	(1)
A8.7 Character encoding	76	(1)
Summary	76	(1)
Looking ahead	76	(1)
Unit A9 Copyright	77	(3)
A9.1 Introduction	77	(1)
A9.2 Coping with copyright: warning and advice	77	(1)
Summary	78	(1)
Looking ahead	79	(1)
Unit A10 Corpora and applied linguistics	80	(43)
A10.1 Introduction	80	(1)
A10.2 Lexicographic and lexical studies	80	(5)
A10.3 Grammatical studies	85	(2)
A10.4 Register variation and genre analysis	87	(3)
A10.5 Dialect distinction and language variety	90	(1)
A10.6 Contrastive and translation studies	91	(5)
A10.7 Diachronic study and language change	96	(1)
A10.8 Language learning and teaching	97	(6)
A10.9 Semantics	103	(1)
A10.10 Pragmatics	104	(4)
A10.11 Sociolinguistis	108	(3)
A10.12 Discourse analysis	111	(2)
A10.13 Stylistics and literary studies	113	(3)
A10.14 Forensic linguistics	116	(4)
A10.15 What corpora cannot tell us	120	(1)
Summary	121	(1)
Looking ahead	122	(1)
SECTION B: EXTENSION	123	(82)
Unit B1 Corpus representativeness and balance	125	(6)
B1.1 Introduction	125	(1)
B1.2 Biber (1993)	125	(3)
B1.3 Atkins, Clear and Ostler (1992)	128	(2)
Summary	130	(1)
Looking ahead	130	(1)
Unit B2 Objections to corpora: an ongoing debate	131	(14)
B2.1 Introduction	131	(1)
B2.2 Widdowson (2000)	131	(4)
B2.3 Stubbs (2001b)	135	(5)
B2.4 Widdowson (1991) vs. Sinclair (1991 b): a summary	140	(4)
Summary	144	(1)
Unit B3 Lexical and grammatical studies	145	(15)
B3.1 Introduction	145	(1)
B3.2 Krishnamurthy (2000)	145	(3)
B3.3 Partington (2004)	148	(4)
B3.4 Carter and McCarthy (1999)	152	(3)
B3.5 Kreyer (2003)	155	(4)
Summary	159	(1)
Looking ahead	159	(1)
Unit B4 Language variation studies	160	(18)
B4.1 Introduction	160	(1)
B4.2 Biber (1995a)	160	(5)
B4.3 Hyland (1999)	165	(4)
B4.4 Lehmann (2002)	169	(5)
B4.5 Kachru (2003)	174	(3)
Summary	177	(1)
Looking ahead	177	(1)
Unit B5 Contrastive and diachronic studies	178	(17)
B5.1 Introduction	178	(1)
B5.2 Altenberg and Granger (2002)	178	(3)
B5.3 McEnery, Xiao and Mo (2003)	181	(4)
B5.4 Kilpio (1997)	185	(5)
B5.5 Mair, Hundt, Leech and Smith (2002)	190	(4)
Summary	194	(1)
Looking ahead	194	(1)
Unit B6 Language teaching and learning	195	(10)
B6.1 Introduction	195	(1)
B6.2 Gavioli and Aston (2001)	195	(3)
B6.3 Thurston and Candlin (1998)	198	(3)
B6.4 Conrad (1999)	201	(1)
Summary	202	(1)
Looking ahead	203	(2)
SECTION C: EXPLORATION	205	(139)
Unit C1 Collocation and pedagogical lexicography Case study 1	208	(19)
C1.1 Introduction	208	(2)
C1.2 Collocation information	210	(10)
C1.3 Using corpus data for improving a dictionary entry	220	(5)
Summary	225	(1)
Further study	225	(2)
Unit C2 HELP or HELP to: what do corpora have to say? Case study 2	227	(20)
C2.1 Introduction	227	(1)
C2.2 Concordancing	228	(7)
C2.3 Language variety	235	(4)
C2.4 Language change	239	(1)
C2.5 An intervening NP	240	(1)
C2.6 The infinite marker preceding HELP	241	(4)
C2.7 The passive construction	245	(1)
Summary	246	(1)
Further study	246	(1)
Unit C3 L2 acquisition of grammatical morphemes Case study 3	247	(17)
C3.1 Introduction	247	(2)
C3.2 Morpheme studies: a short review	249	(1)
C3.3 The Longman Learners' Corpus	250	(1)
C3.4 Problem-oriented corpus annotation	251	(9)
C3.5 Discussion	260	(3)
Summary	263	(1)
Further study	263	(1)
Unit C4 Swearing in modern British English Case study 4	264	(23)
C4.1 Introduction	264	(1)
C4.2 Spoken vs. written register	265	(4)
C4.3 Variations within spoken English	269	(10)
C4.4 Variations within written English	279	(6)
Summary	285	(1)
Further study	286	(1)
Unit C5 Conversation and speech in American English Case study 5	287	(34)
C5.1 Introduction	287	(1)
C5.2 Salient linguistic features	288	(5)
C5.3 Basic statistical data from the corpus	293	(10)
C5.4 The dimension scores of three genres	303	(5)
C5.5 The keyword approach to genre analysis	308	(11)
Summary	319	(1)
Further study	320	(1)
Unit C6 Domains, text types, aspect marking and English-Chinese translation Case study 6	321	(23)
C6.1 Introduction	321	(2)
C6.2 The corpus data	323	(1)
C6.3 Translation of aspect marking	324	(12)
C6.4 Translation and aspect marking	336	(2)
C6.5 Domain and aspect marking	338	(2)
C6.6 Text type and aspect marking	340	(1)
Summary	341	(2)
Further study	343	(1)
Glossary	344	(8)
Bibliography	352	(27)
Appendix of useful Internet links	379	(2)
Index	381