Cortical Mechanisms of Vision

by Edited by Michael Jenkin , Laurence Harris

• ISBN13: 9780521889612
• ISBN10: 0521889618
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2009-08-10
• Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Summary

The advent of sensors capable of localizing portions of the brain involved in specific computations has provided significant insights into normal visual information processing and specific neurological conditions. Aided by devices such as fMRI, researchers are now able to construct highly detailed models of how the brain processes specific patterns of visual information. This book brings together some of the strongest thinkers in this field, to explore cortical visual information processing and its underlying mechanisms. It is an excellent resource for vision researchers with both biological and computational backgrounds, and is an essential guide for graduate students just starting out in the field.

Author Biography

Michael Jenkin is Professor of Computer Science and Engineering at York University, Ontario, Canada. His research interests include perception and guidance for autonomous robotic systems, and the development and analysis of virtual reality systems. In 2005 he was the recipient of the CIPPS/ACTIRF award for research excellence and service to the Canadian computer and Robot Vision research community. Laurence Harris is a Chair of the Department of Psychology, and a member of the Center for Vision Research at York University in Toronto. He received his Ph.D. from Cambridge University and was a lecture in physiology at the University of Wales Until moving to Canada in 1990. He is interested in how information coming through different senses is combined to determine orientation and self-motion perception, and to localize events in space and time, how these pereceptions may be alerted in unusual environments such as the microgravity of space or by clinical conditions such as Parkinson's syndrome.

Table of Contents

List of contributors	p. xi
Cortical mechanisms of vision	p. 1
References	p. 4
Dorsal stream	p. 7
The lateral intraparietal area: a priority map in posterior parietal cortex	p. 9
Introduction	p. 9
Attention	p. 10
Why look at LIP?	p. 11
LIP and covert attention	p. 13
LIP and overt attention	p. 17
Active top-down suppression in LIP	p. 22
LIP as a priority map: a unifying role
References	p. 28
Left-to-right reversal of hemispatial neglect symptoms following adaptation to reversing prisms	p. 35
Introduction	p. 35
Materials and methods	p. 38
Apparatus and procedure	p. 41
Data analyses	p. 44
Results	p. 44
Discussion	p. 46
References	p. 48
Sensorimotor aspects of reach deficits in optic ataxia	p. 53
Introduction	p. 53
Classical deficits described in optic ataxia	p. 57
Maintaining spatial constancy	p. 61
Sensorimotor integration	p. 66
Feedback and online movement control	p. 69
Clinical implications	p. 73
Conclusions	p. 74
References	p. 75
When what you see isn't where you get: cortical mechanisms of vision for complex action	p. 81
The neural control of reaching under increasingly arbitrary conditions: an introduction	p. 81
Visuomotor compatibility and visually guided movements	p. 83
A (very) brief history of research on nonstandard visuomotor mapping: behavioral and neurophysiological studies	p. 84
Cortical mechanisms of visually guided reaching under increasingly dissociated conditions: the basic network	p. 88
The effects of sex on skilled movement performance. We mean being male or female	p. 91
The effect of healthy aging on dissociated reaching tasks	p. 95
The effect of dementia on the performance of dissociated reaching tasks	p. 100
Cortical mechanisms for increasingly complex reaching movements: nonhuman primate studies	p. 107
Conclusion	p. 110
References	p. 111
Neural mechanisms of self-movement: perception for navigation and spatial orientation	p. 119
Introduction	p. 120
Methods	p. 120
Results	p. 122
Discussion	p. 141
References	p. 144
Ventral stream	p. 147
Differential development of the human ventral stream	p. 149
Behavioral investigations of the development of perception	p. 150
Developmental neuroimaging is critical for revealing the neural changes underlying the development of perception	p. 152
fMRI measurements of the development of the human ventral stream	p. 153
Methodological issues in developmental neuroimaging	p. 153
No changes in the anatomical size of the fusiform and parahippocampal gyrus	p. 154
BOLD-related confounds across age groups	p. 154
Face, place and object-selective cortex in children and adults	p. 155
Differential development of the human ventral stream	p. 158
Expansion of selectivity into adjacent cortex	p. 159
No developmental changes in the size of the LOC or the STS face-selective region after age seven	p. 159
Correlation between differential cortical development and recognition memory performance	p. 161
Implications of the differential development of visual cortex	p. 163
Conclusions	p. 164
References	p. 165
Clarifying the functional neuroanatomy of face perception by single case neuroimaging studies of acquired prosopagnosia	p. 171
Introduction	p. 172
Neuroimaging studies of face perception in the healthy brain	p. 172
Understanding how the human brain processes faces by combining lesion studies and functional neuroimaging	p. 175
Conclusions and future directions	p. 197
References	p. 199
An integrative approach towards understanding the psychological and neural basis of congenital prosopagnosia	p. 209
Background	p. 209
Behavioral profile of congenital prosopagnosia	p. 212
Neural profile of congenital prosopagnosia	p. 215
Structural profile of cognitive prosopagnosia	p. 222
Concluding remarks	p. 228
References	p. 229
Object ontology in temporal lobe ensembles	p. 237
About ontologies	p. 237
The temporal lobe in primates	p. 238
Object ontologies in the temporal lobe	p. 239
An instantiation of an object ontology: individuals	p. 241
An empirical test of featural versus functional representation of individuals in the temporal lobe	p. 242
Conclusions	p. 248
References	p. 249
Frontal cortex	p. 255
How the prefrontal cortex is thought to be involved in response suppression	p. 257
Functions of the prefrontal cortex	p. 257
Examining response suppression using the anti-saccade task	p. 258
Top-down and bottom-up visual attention	p. 260
Preparatory set	p. 260
Internally driven preparatory signals represent rule-dependentactivity	p. 263
Visual burst	p. 264
Clinical populations	p. 265
Neural prosthetics and beyond	p. 266
Concluding remarks	p. 267
References	p. 267
Prefrontal cortex and the neurophysiology of visual knowledge: perception, action, attention, memory, strategies and goals	p. 273
Introduction	p. 273
Perception versus action	p. 275
Attention versus memory	p. 280
Strategies versus mappings	p. 284
Previous versus future goals	p. 291
Prefrontal cortex: polymath or monomaniac	p. 292
Epluribus unum	p. 293
References	p. 295
Saccade target selection in unconstrained visual search	p. 299
Introduction	p. 299
Automatic responses during visual search	p. 301
Visual processing during visual search	p. 304
Attentional processing during visual search	p. 310
Saccade processing during visual search	p. 312
Conclusion	p. 314
References	p. 315
Oculomotor control of spatial attention	p. 321
Introduction	p. 321
Spatial attention	p. 322
Control of spatial attention	p. 322
Frontal eye fields (FEF)	p. 324
Anatomy of the frontal eye fields	p. 324
Single unit activity	p. 327
Lesion studies	p. 327
Oculomotor map	p. 328
Stimulation	p. 329
Rationale	p. 332
Attention task	p. 334
Distractor effect	p. 335
Microstimulation task	p. 336
Effects of microstimulation: inside the motor field	p. 341
Effects of microstimulation: outside the motor field	p. 341
Timing	p. 341
Pathways	p. 342
Methodology for future studies of spatial attention	p. 343
Conclusions	p. 343
References	p. 344
Neural mechanisms of attentional selection in visual search: evidence from electromagnetic recordings	p. 351
Neural mechanisms of feature selection in visual search	p. 352
Solving ambiguities of location coding in visual search	p. 357
Recurrent processing and the center-surround profile of the spotlight of attention	p. 362
Conclusion	p. 365
References	p. 366
Attention and consciousness	p. 373
Two visual systems: separate pathways for perception and action in the human cerebral cortex	p. 375
The origins of vision	p. 375
Two visual systems	p. 377
Different metrics and frames of reference for perception and action	p. 379
Perception, action and illusions	p. 380
Interactions between the two streams	p. 391
Conclusion	p. 392
References	p. 393
Requirements for conscious visual processing	p. 399
Introduction	p. 399
Cortical networks for conscious vision	p. 401
Neural decisions and generalized rivalry	p. 405
Significance of feedback	p. 411
The homunculus and the Cartesian Theater	p. 412
Discussion	p. 412
References	p. 414
Author index	p. 419
Subject index	p. 441
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