Counseling Children

by Thompson, Charles L.; Henderson, Donna A.

• ISBN13: 9780495007753
• ISBN10: 0495007757
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-06-23
• Publisher: Brooks Cole

Summary

Unparalleled in its translation of theory into practice, COUNSELING CHILDREN covers the most practical and up-to-date methods for developing effective approaches to counseling children. The authors provide a comprehensive yet easy-to-read text that includes useful strategies and case studies from actual counseling sessions to present a realistic look at the field. COUNSELING CHILDREN presents a development approach to counseling that considers age and stage differences in counseling children, adolescents, and adults.

Table of Contents

Preface	xxii
Author Biographies	xxv
PART 1 INTRODUCTION TO COUNSELING CHILDREN	1	(72)
Introduction to a Child's World	2	(31)
Indicators of Well-Being	4	(1)
What Causes Our Children's Problems?	4	(1)
A Changing World	5	(3)
The American Home	6	(1)
Societal Crises	7	(1)
Changing Values	7	(1)
Summary of Children's Difficulties	8	(1)
The Personal World of The Child	8	(3)
Child Development	11	(1)
A Child's Cognitive World	11	(4)
The Child's World of Social Development	15	(7)
Resilience	19	(3)
What Is Counseling?	22	(2)
How Does Counseling Differ from Psychotherapy?	23	(1)
What Is an Appropriate Working Definition of Counseling?	23	(1)
What Counseling Can Do	24	(5)
What Specific Types of Assistance Can Be Expected from the Counseling Session?	24	(3)
Who Are the Mental Health Professionals?	27	(2)
Summary	29	(4)
Introduction to a Child's World Video	29	(1)
Websites for Understanding a Child's World	29	(1)
References	30	(3)
The Counseling Process	33	(40)
Which Approaches to Counseling Are Effective?	33	(3)
Classifying Counseling Theories	36	(3)
Preparing for the Interview	39	(1)
What Are Some Things to Consider during the First Interview?	40	(5)
Children's Resistance to Counseling	40	(2)
Steps to Overcoming Children's Resistance	42	(2)
First Interview Goals and Observations	44	(1)
A General Model for Counseling	45	(3)
Step 1: Defining the Problem through Active Listening	45	(1)
Step 2: Clarifying the Child's Expectations	46	(1)
Step 3: Exploring What Has Been Done to Solve the Problem	46	(1)
Step 4: Exploring What New Things Could Be Done to Solve the Problem	47	(1)
Step 5: Obtaining a Commitment to Try One of the Problem-Solving Ideas	47	(1)
Step 6: Closing the Counseling Interview	47	(1)
Questions Counselors Ask	48	(21)
What Does the Counselor Need to Know about Counseling Records?	48	(1)
How Much Self-Disclosure Is Appropriate for the Counselor?	48	(2)
What Types of Questions Should the Counselor Use?	50	(2)
How Can Silences Be Used in Counseling?	52	(1)
Should Counselors Give Advice?	52	(2)
Should Counselors Give Information?	54	(1)
How Does the Counselor Keep the Client on Task during the Counseling Session?	54	(1)
What Limits Should Be Set in Counseling?	54	(1)
What about the Issue of Confidentiality?	55	(1)
Is This Child Telling Me the Truth?	56	(1)
What Can Be Done When the Interview Process Becomes Blocked?	56	(1)
When Should Counseling Be Terminated?	57	(1)
How Can Counseling Be Evaluated?	58	(1)
Goal Attainment Score Calculation: Level at Intake	59	(2)
Goal Attainment Score Calculation: Level at Follow-up	61	(2)
How Do Professional Counselors Work with Managed Health Care?	63	(4)
Step One: Problem Identification	67	(1)
Step Two: Problem Definition	67	(1)
Step Three: Goal Development	67	(1)
Step Four: Measurable Objectives	67	(1)
Step Five: Creating Interventions	68	(1)
Step Six: Diagnosing	68	(1)
Summary	69	(4)
The Counseling Process Video	69	(1)
Websites for the Counseling Process	69	(1)
References	70	(3)
PART 2 COUNSELING THEORIES AND TECHNIQUES	73	(340)
Psychoanalytic Counseling	74	(35)
The Nature of People	76	(2)
Theory of Counseling	78	(8)
Structural Concepts	79	(1)
Id	79	(1)
Ego	79	(1)
Superego	80	(1)
Dynamic Concepts	81	(1)
Instinct	81	(1)
Cathexis	81	(1)
Anticathexis	81	(1)
Anxiety	81	(1)
Developmental Concepts	81	(1)
Defense Mechanisms	81	(3)
Psychosexual Stages and Erikson's Stages	84	(2)
Psychoanalytic Counseling and Development of Self-Esteem	86	(4)
Object Relations Theory	87	(3)
Counseling Methods	90	(14)
Catharsis	91	(1)
Free Association	92	(1)
Interpretation	92	(1)
Interpretation of Dreams	92	(2)
Parapraxia	94	(1)
Humor	94	(1)
Analysis of Transference	94	(1)
Analysis of Resistance	94	(1)
Analysis of Incomplete Sentences	95	(1)
Bibliocounseling	95	(1)
Storytelling	96	(1)
Psychoanalytic Play Therapy and the Expressive Arts	97	(2)
Case Studies	99	(5)
Cross-Cultural Applications of Psychoanalytic Counseling	104	(1)
Psychoanalytic Counseling, Accountability, and Managed Health Care	105	(1)
Summary	105	(4)
Websites for Psychoanalytic Counseling	106	(1)
References	106	(3)
Reality Therapy: Counseling with Choice Theory	109	(24)
The Nature of People	110	(5)
Choice Theory and the Nature of People	111	(4)
Theory of Counseling	115	(1)
Counseling Method	116	(4)
Reality Therapy Process	120	(3)
Case Study	123	(3)
The Ten Step Reality Therapy Consultation Model	126	(3)
Cross-Cultural Applications of Reality Therapy	129	(1)
Reality Therapy, Accountability, and Managed Health Care	130	(1)
Summary	130	(3)
Introduction to Reality Therapy	131	(1)
Websites for Reality Therapy	131	(1)
References	131	(2)
Brief Counseling: Solution-Focused and Paradoxical Counseling Strategies	133	(26)
Background	133	(1)
Solution-Focused Brief Counseling	134	(16)
The Nature of People	134	(1)
Theory of Counseling	135	(2)
Counseling Method	137	(1)
Orientation Statement	137	(1)
Statement of the Problem	138	(1)
Setting Counseling Goals	138	(1)
The Skeleton Key Question/Statement for Goal Setting	139	(1)
Working with Unproductive Client Goals	139	(1)
Using the Miracle Question to Formulate Goals	140	(2)
Case Study	142	(4)
Reviewing the Steps in Solution-Focused Brief Counseling	146	(1)
Orientation to the Solution-Focused Brief Counseling Process	146	(1)
Setting Goals for Counseling	146	(1)
Active Listening	146	(1)
Working with Negative Goals	147	(1)
Working with Positive Goals	147	(1)
The Miracle Question	147	(1)
Relationship Questions	147	(1)
Exceptions to the Problem Situation	148	(1)
Positive Blame	148	(1)
Scaling Progress toward Goal	148	(1)
Ten Percent Improvements	148	(1)
Flagging the Mine Field	148	(1)
Closing the Session	148	(1)
Writing the Note	149	(1)
Ericksonian Play Therapy	150	(1)
Paradoxical Counseling Strategies	150	(3)
The Nature of People	150	(1)
Theory of Counseling	150	(1)
Counseling Method	151	(1)
Case Examples	152	(1)
Cross-Cultural Applications of Brief Counseling	153	(1)
Brief Counseling: Accountability and Managed Health Care	154	(1)
Summary	155	(4)
Introduction to Brief Counseling Video	156	(1)
Websites for Brief Counseling	156	(1)
References	156	(3)
Person-Centered Counseling	159	(24)
The Nature of People	161	(1)
Theory of Counseling	161	(3)
Counseling Method	164	(8)
Case Study	170	(2)
Person-Centered Counseling and the Development of Self-Esteem	172	(3)
Integrating Self-Esteem-Building Activities with the Child's Life	173	(2)
Child-Centered Play Therapy	175	(1)
Cross-Cultural Applications of Person-Centered Counseling	176	(2)
Person-Centered Counseling, Accountability, and Managed Health Care	178	(1)
Summary	178	(5)
Introduction to Person-Centered Counseling Video	180	(1)
Websites for Person-Centered Counseling	180	(1)
References	181	(2)
Gestalt Therapy	183	(24)
The Nature of People	185	(2)
Theory of Counseling	187	(1)
Counseling Method	188	(12)
Gestalt Techniques	189	(1)
``I'' Language	189	(1)
Substituting Won't for Can't	190	(1)
Substituting What and How for Why	190	(1)
No Gossiping	190	(1)
Changing Questions into Statements	190	(1)
Taking Responsibility	190	(1)
Incomplete Sentences	190	(1)
Bipolarities	191	(2)
My Greatest Weakness	193	(1)
Resent, Demand, and Appreciate: The Integration of Opposing Thoughts, Feelings, and Beliefs	193	(1)
Fantasy Games for Creating Awareness	194	(1)
Dreamwork	195	(1)
Gestalt Play Therapy	196	(1)
Confidence Courses for Play Therapy	197	(1)
Case Study	197	(3)
Cross-Cultural Applications of Gestalt Therapy	200	(1)
Gestalt Therapy, Accountability, and Managed Health Care	201	(2)
Summary	203	(4)
Introduction to Gestalt Therapy Video	204	(1)
Websites for Gestalt Therapy	204	(1)
References	204	(3)
Rational-Emotive-Behavioral Therapy and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy	207	(31)
The Nature of People	208	(2)
Theory of Counseling	210	(4)
Counseling Method	214	(6)
Rational-Emotive-Behavioral Education	219	(1)
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy	220	(6)
Case Study	223	(3)
Applications of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy	226	(4)
Aggression	226	(1)
Anxiety	227	(1)
Depression	227	(1)
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder	228	(1)
Obesity	228	(1)
Children of Alcoholics	229	(1)
Cognitive-Behavioral Play Therapy	229	(1)
Cross-Cultural Applications of Rational-Emotive-Behavioral Therapy and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy	230	(1)
Rational-Emotive-Behavioral Therapy, Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Accountability, and Managed Health Care	231	(1)
Summary	232	(6)
Websites for Rational-Emotive-Behavioral Therapy and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy	234	(1)
References	234	(4)
Behavioral Counseling	238	(31)
The Nature of People	239	(1)
Theory of Counseling	240	(4)
Behavior Analysis	241	(1)
Why People Behave as They Do	241	(1)
Steps in Behavior Analysis	242	(1)
Principles of Behavior	242	(2)
Schedules of Reinforcement	244	(1)
Fixed Interval Schedule	244	(1)
Variable Interval Schedule	244	(1)
Fixed Ratio Schedule	244	(1)
Variable Ratio Schedule	244	(1)
Counseling Goals	244	(1)
Counseling Methods	245	(9)
Contingency Contracts	245	(1)
Example 1	246	(1)
Example 2	247	(1)
Self-management	248	(1)
Shaping	249	(1)
Behavioral Momentum	249	(1)
Biofeedback	250	(1)
Modeling	250	(1)
Token Economies	251	(1)
Behavior-Practice Groups	251	(1)
Role-playing	252	(1)
Role-playing to Define a Problem	252	(1)
Role Reversal	252	(1)
Role-playing Used as Behavior Rehearsal	253	(1)
Counseling Homework Assignments	253	(1)
Assertiveness Training	254	(1)
Classical Conditioning Methods	254	(9)
Ivan Pavlov (1849--1936)	254	(1)
Systematic Desensitization	255	(3)
Flooding	258	(1)
Hypnosis	259	(1)
Counterconditioning	259	(1)
Aversive Conditioning	259	(1)
Case Study	260	(3)
Applications of Behavioral Counseling	263	(2)
Response Cost	264	(1)
Eating Disorders	264	(1)
Multimodal Approaches	264	(1)
Cross-Cultural Applications of Behavioral Counseling	265	(1)
Behavioral Counseling, Accountability, and Managed Health Care	266	(1)
Summary	266	(3)
Introduction to Behavioral Counseling	267	(1)
Websites for Behavioral Counseling	267	(1)
References	267	(2)
Transactional Analysis	269	(30)
The Nature of People and Theory of Counseling	270	(13)
Structural Analysis	271	(1)
Parent	271	(1)
Adult	272	(1)
Child	272	(1)
Transactional Analysis	273	(2)
Script Analysis	275	(1)
Game Analysis	276	(1)
Life Positions	277	(1)
Games Clients Play	278	(2)
The Pursuit of Strokes	280	(1)
Structuring Time	281	(2)
Rackets	283	(1)
Counseling Method	283	(12)
Case Studies	293	(2)
Cross-Cultural Applications of Transactional Analysis	295	(1)
Transactional Analysis, Accountability, and Managed Health Care	296	(1)
Summary	297	(2)
Websites for Transactional Analysis	297	(1)
References	297	(2)
Individual Psychology	299	(36)
The Nature of People	301	(8)
The Need for Success	302	(1)
Goals of Behavior	302	(1)
Lifestyle	303	(1)
Social Interest	303	(2)
The Family Constellation	305	(1)
Only Children	305	(1)
Firstborn Children	305	(1)
Second-Born Children	306	(1)
Middle Children	306	(1)
Youngest Children	306	(1)
The Family Atmosphere	307	(2)
Theory of Counseling	309	(5)
Goals of Misbehavior	311	(1)
Attention	311	(1)
Power	312	(1)
Revenge	312	(1)
Inadequacy or Withdrawal	312	(2)
Counseling Method	314	(13)
Early Recollections	317	(1)
Understanding	318	(1)
Confrontation	318	(1)
Stages	319	(1)
Interventions for the Four Goals of Misbehavior	319	(2)
Sequence of the ``Could It Be . . .?'' Questions	321	(1)
Encouragement	322	(1)
Praise	323	(1)
Bribery	323	(1)
Natural and Logical Consequences	323	(1)
Natural Consequences	323	(1)
Logical Consequences	324	(1)
Case Study	324	(3)
Adlerian Play Therapy	327	(1)
Adlerian Family Counseling	328	(2)
Cross-Cultural Applications of Individual Psychology	330	(2)
Individual Psychology, Accountability, and Managed Health Care	332	(3)
Introduction to Individual Psychology	333	(1)
Websites for Individual Psychology	333	(1)
References	333	(2)
Family Counseling	335	(50)
How Does Family Counseling Differ from Individual Counseling?	335	(1)
What Defines a Family?	336	(1)
How Does General Systems Theory Relate to Families?	337	(1)
Systems Approach to Family Therapy	337	(9)
Murray Bowen (1913--1990)	337	(1)
The Spousal Relationship	338	(1)
Differentiation of Self	339	(1)
Detriangulation of Self from the Family Emotional System	340	(1)
Nuclear Family Emotional Process	340	(1)
Family Projection Process	340	(1)
Multigenerational Transmission Process	341	(1)
Sibling Position	341	(1)
Emotional Cutoff	341	(1)
Emotional Process in Society	341	(4)
Emotional Systems of the Family	345	(1)
Modeling Differentiation	345	(1)
Structural Family Therapy	346	(5)
Salvador Minuchin's Contributions to Structural Family Therapy	347	(4)
Strategic Family Therapy	351	(6)
Paradoxical Interventions	351	(1)
Contributions of Milton Erickson, Jay Haley, and Cloe Madanes to Strategic Family Therapy	352	(5)
The Communications Approach to Family Therapy	357	(18)
John Gottman's Behavioral Interview Method	357	(2)
Virginia Satir's Conjoint Family Therapy	359	(1)
The Nature of People	360	(2)
Theory of Counseling	362	(5)
Counseling Method	367	(1)
An Example of Satir's Method	368	(1)
The Importance of Including Children	368	(2)
Three Keys to Satir's System	370	(1)
Satir's Technique	370	(1)
Simulated Family Game	371	(1)
Systems Games	371	(1)
Communication Games	372	(1)
The Counselor's Role	372	(1)
Case Studies	373	(2)
Play Therapy with Families	375	(3)
Dynamic Family Play Therapy	376	(1)
Filial Therapy	376	(1)
Strategic Family Play Therapy	377	(1)
Theraplay	378	(1)
Cross-Cultural Applications of Family Counseling	378	(1)
Family Counseling, Accountability, and Managed Health Care	379	(1)
Summary	380	(5)
Introduction to Family Counseling	381	(1)
Websites for Family Counseling	381	(1)
References	381	(4)
Personality Types	385	(28)
The Nature of People	386	(1)
Theory of Counseling	387	(19)
Psyche	387	(1)
Psychic Energy	387	(1)
Consciousness	388	(1)
The Personal Unconscious	388	(1)
The Ego	388	(1)
The Ego Gatekeeper	389	(2)
Complexes	391	(1)
Individuation	391	(1)
Dreams	391	(1)
Progression and Regression	392	(1)
The Collective Unconscious	392	(1)
Archetypes	392	(1)
The Self	392	(1)
The Anima and Animus	393	(1)
The Shadow	393	(1)
The Persona	393	(1)
Word Association	394	(1)
Psychological Types	394	(3)
Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI®)	397	(5)
The Type Table™	402	(1)
Dominance	402	(1)
Temperament	402	(1)
Preferences in Learning	403	(1)
Psychological Diversity in Children	404	(1)
Usefulness in Counseling	405	(1)
Theory of Type Development	406	(1)
Counseling Method	406	(5)
Case Study	407	(4)
Cross-Cultural Applications of Jung	411	(1)
Summary	411	(2)
Websites for Jungian Counseling	411	(1)
References	412	(1)
PART 3 COUNSELING WITH CHILDREN: SPECIAL TOPICS	413	(216)
Play Therapy	414	(43)
Defining Play Therapy	414	(1)
Advantages of Play Therapy	415	(2)
Empirical Support for Play Therapy	417	(2)
Cross-Cultural Applications of Play Therapy	419	(1)
Play Therapy Approaches	420	(7)
Applications of Play Therapy	420	(1)
Group Play Therapy	420	(2)
Prescriptive Play Therapy	422	(1)
Play Therapy with Families	423	(1)
Filial Therapy	423	(2)
Parent-Child Interaction Therapy	425	(2)
Play Therapy with Specific Child Populations and Problems	427	(5)
Children Experiencing Adjustment Difficulties in School	427	(2)
Children Witnessing Domestic Violence	429	(1)
Children Facing Persistent Illness and Children in the Hospital	429	(1)
Autistic Children	430	(1)
Children Experiencing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder	431	(1)
Play Therapy in Combination with Other Interventions	432	(1)
Considerations in Play Therapy	433	(1)
Therapist	433	(1)
Appropriate Clients	434	(1)
Play Stages	435	(1)
Play Therapy and Managed Health Care	436	(1)
Play Therapy Media and Strategies	436	(9)
Basic Skills of Play Therapy	438	(1)
Art	439	(1)
Puppets	440	(1)
Sand	441	(2)
Case Study	443	(2)
Summary	445	(12)
Introduction to Play Therapy	446	(1)
Websites for Play Therapy	446	(1)
References	446	(11)
Cultural Factors in Counseling Children	457	(30)
Competence	459	(1)
Multicultural Counseling Competencies	459	(9)
Awareness	460	(1)
Knowledge	461	(3)
Ethnic Identity Development	464	(1)
Acculturation	465	(1)
Skills	466	(2)
Children	468	(12)
African American Children	470	(3)
American Indian and Alaskan Native Children	473	(2)
Asian American Children	475	(2)
Latino Children	477	(2)
Multiracial Children	479	(1)
Summary	480	(7)
Websites for Cultural Factors in Counseling Children	480	(1)
References	480	(7)
Consultation and Collaboration	487	(23)
Consultation	488	(11)
Models of Consultation	489	(1)
Mental Health Consultation	489	(1)
Process Consultation	489	(2)
Behavioral Consultation	491	(2)
Cross-Cultural Consultation	493	(1)
Consulting Process	494	(2)
Combinations	496	(1)
Consultation Interventions	497	(1)
Role Shift	497	(1)
Listing of Behaviors	497	(1)
Logical Consequences	498	(1)
Isolation Techniques	498	(1)
Collaboration	499	(7)
Teaming	502	(1)
Assessment as a Consulting and Counseling Intervention	502	(1)
The Interview	502	(2)
Case Histories	504	(1)
Behavioral Observations	504	(1)
Formal Psychological and Educational Tests	504	(1)
Intelligence Tests	504	(1)
Projective Techniques	505	(1)
Achievement Tests	505	(1)
Aptitude Tests	505	(1)
Other Tests	505	(1)
Summary	506	(4)
Websites for Consultation and Collaboration	507	(1)
References	507	(3)
Group Counseling with Children	510	(28)
Definition of Group	511	(1)
Types of Groups	511	(2)
Theoretically Oriented Group Counseling	513	(2)
Group Leadership Skills	515	(1)
Getting Started	516	(5)
Group Focus	516	(3)
Selecting Group Members	519	(1)
Forming a Group	519	(1)
Screening Interview	520	(1)
Size of Group	521	(1)
Group Setting	521	(1)
Group Stages	521	(2)
Group Counseling Process	523	(8)
The First Session	523	(1)
Guidelines for the Remaining Sessions	524	(1)
Implications for Different Ages	525	(2)
Evaluation of Groups	527	(1)
Group Counseling Example	528	(2)
Classroom Meetings	530	(1)
Group Crisis Intervention	531	(2)
Summary	533	(5)
Websites for Group Counseling with Children	534	(1)
References	534	(4)
Counseling Children with Special Concerns	538	(50)
Child Maltreatment	538	(10)
Physical Abuse and Neglect	541	(3)
Child Sexual Abuse	544	(1)
General Counseling Strategies for Working with Children Who Have Been Abused	545	(2)
Children's Memories of Abuse	547	(1)
Children in Chemically Dependent Families	548	(3)
Interventions for Children from Chemically Dependent Families	550	(1)
Death and Bereavement	551	(5)
Interventions for Children Who Are Grieving	553	(3)
Depression and Suicide	556	(6)
Interventions for Depression	557	(1)
Suicide	558	(2)
Interventions for Suicide	560	(1)
Postsuicide Interventions	561	(1)
Family Structures	562	(18)
Children of Divorce	562	(6)
Children in Stepfamilies	568	(2)
Children in Single-Parent Homes	570	(1)
Homeless Children	571	(2)
Children and Violence	573	(4)
Gangs	577	(3)
Summary	580	(8)
Websites for Counseling Children with Special Concerns	580	(1)
References	580	(8)
Counseling with Children with Special Needs	588	(21)
The Situation	588	(1)
History	589	(1)
Categories of Exceptionality	590	(3)
Methods for Counseling with Children Who Have Special Needs	593	(1)
Children with Behavioral-Emotional Disorders	593	(2)
The Child with a Learning Disability	595	(3)
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Attention Deficit Disorder	598	(2)
The Child with Mental Retardation	600	(2)
The Child with a Physical Disability	602	(1)
General Ideas	603	(1)
Counseling with Parents of Exceptional Children	604	(1)
Summary	605	(4)
Websites for Counseling with Exceptional Children	605	(1)
References	606	(3)
Legal and Ethical Considerations for Counselors	609	(20)
Ethical, Professional, and Legal Issues	609	(13)
Decision-Making Models	611	(1)
Counseling Minors	612	(1)
Competence	613	(1)
Informed Consent	614	(1)
Confidentiality	615	(3)
Confidentiality of Files	618	(2)
Breaching Confidentiality	620	(1)
Duty to Protect	621	(1)
Confidentiality in Groups	621	(1)
Child Abuse Reporting	622	(1)
An Ethical Decision-Making Process	622	(3)
Summary	625	(4)
Websites for Legal and Ethical Considerations for Counselors	625	(1)
References	625	(4)
Appendices	629	(66)
Name Index	695	(10)
Topical Index	705