Cracking the AP Biology Exam, 2006-2007 Edition

by PRINCETON REVIEW

• ISBN13: 9780375765254
• ISBN10: 0375765255
• Format: Trade Paper
• Copyright: 2006-01-10
• Publisher: Princeton Review

Summary

The Princeton Review realizes that scoring high on the AP Biology Exam is very different from earning straight A's in school. We don't try to teach you everything there is to know about biology--only the strategies and information you'll need to get your highest score. In Cracking the AP Biology Exam, we'll teach you how to Use our preparation strategies and test-taking techniques to raise your score Focus only on the biology topics that are likely to be covered on the test Memorize complicated biology concepts using simple techniques Test your knowledge with review questions for each topic covered This book includes 2 full-length practice AP Biology tests. All of our practice questions are just like those you'll see on the actual exam, and we explain how to answer every question.

Table of Contents

Introduction	p. 1
What Is the AP Biology Exam?	p. 1
The Princeton Review Approach	p. 2
Using the Princeton Review Approach to Crack the System	p. 8
The Chemistry of Life	p. 19
Elements	p. 19
The Essential Elements of Life	p. 19
Subatomic Particles	p. 20
Compounds	p. 20
Water: The Versatile Molecule	p. 21
The Acid Test	p. 23
Organic Molecules	p. 24
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Proteins
Polypeptides
Lipids
Phospholipids
Nucleic Acids
The Heterotroph Hypothesis	p. 33
Chapter 2 Quiz	p. 34
Cells and Organelles	p. 37
Living Things	p. 37
What Are the Different Types of Cells?	p. 37
Organelles
Plasma Membrane
The Nucleus
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Golgi Bodies
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
Centrioles
Vacuoles
Peroxisomes
Cytoskeleton
Plant Cells Versus Animal Cells	p. 41
Transport: The Traffic Across Membranes	p. 42
Diffusion
Facilitated Transport
Active Transport
Endocytosis
Bulk Flow
Dialysis
Exocytosis
Cell Junctions	p. 45
Chapter 3 Quiz	p. 46
Cellular Metabolism	p. 49
Bioenergetics	p. 49
Enzymes	p. 50
Exergonic Reactions	p. 50
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)	p. 54
Aerobic Respiration	p. 55
Glycolysis
Formation of Acetyl CoA
The Krebs Cycle
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Chemiosmosis	p. 60
Anaerobic Respiration	p. 61
Chapter 4 Quiz	p. 62
Photosynthesis	p. 65
The Anatomy of a Leaf	p. 66
A Closer Look at Photosynthesis	p. 67
The Light Reaction
The Light-Independent Reaction
Chapter 5 Quiz	p. 73
Molecular Genetics	p. 75
DNA: The Blueprint of Life	p. 75
The Molecular Structure of DNA	p. 76
DNA Replication	p. 78
RNA	p. 80
Protein Synthesis	p. 80
Transcription
RNA Processing
Translation
Mutations	p. 84
Recombinant DNA	p. 85
Chapter 6 Quiz	p. 87
Cell Reproduction	p. 89
Cell Division	p. 89
The Cell Cycle	p. 89
Interphase: The Growing Phase
Mitosis: The Dance of the Chromosomes	p. 91
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Interphase
Haploids Versus Diploids	p. 94
An Overview of Meiosis	p. 95
Meiosis I
Meiosis II
Gametogenesis
Mutations
Chapter 7 Quiz	p. 101
Heredity	p. 103
Gregor Mendel: The Father of Genetics	p. 103
Mendelian Genetics	p. 104
The Law of Dominance
Monohybrid Cross
The Law of Segregation
The Law of Independent Assortment
Beyond Mendelian Genetics	p. 109
Sex-Linked Traits	p. 110
Chapter 8 Quiz	p. 112
Classification	p. 115
Taxonomy	p. 115
How Classification Works	p. 116
Kingdom Archaebacteria	p. 117
Kingdom Eubacteria	p. 117
Kingdom Protista	p. 120
Kingdom Fungi	p. 121
Kingdom Plantae	p. 121
Kingdom Animalia	p. 122
Viruses	p. 124
Chapter 9 Quiz	p. 126
Plants	p. 129
Plant Classification	p. 130
Bryophytes Versus Tracheophytes
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
Life Cycle of Plants	p. 133
Plant Growth	p. 134
Special Structures in Plants	p. 135
Roots
Leaves
Flowering Plants
Double Fertilization
Vegetative Propagation
Tropical Tropisms	p. 138
Chapter 10 Quiz	p. 140
Animal Structure and Function	p. 143
The Digestive System	p. 144
The Human Digestive System
The Mouth
The Stomach
The Small Intestine
The Pancreas
The Large Intestine
The Respiratory System	p. 149
The Human Respiratory System
Transport of Oxygen
Transport of Carbon Dioxide
Mechanics of Breathing
The Circulatory System	p. 151
The Human Circulatory System
Systemic Circulation
The Pulmonary System
Heart Cycle
The Lymphatic System
The Immune System	p. 158
Types of Immune Cells
AIDS
The Excretory System	p. 159
The Human Excretory System
How Urine Is Made
Hormones of the Kidney
Skin
The Nervous System	p. 163
Neurons
Parts of the Nervous System
Parts of the Brain
The Musculoskeletal System	p. 170
The Human Skeletal System
Bones
Muscles
Organization of Skeletal Muscles
Muscle Contraction
The Endocrine System	p. 174
The Pituitary Gland
The Pancreas
The Adrenal Glands
The Thyroid
The Parathyroids
The Sex Hormones
How Hormones Work
The Reproductive System	p. 179
The Menstrual Cycle
The Male Reproductive System
Embryonic Development	p. 183
Blastula
Gastrula
Neurula
What About Chicken Embryos?
Development of an Embryo
Chapter 11 Quiz	p. 186
Evolution	p. 191
Natural Selection	p. 191
Lamarck and the Long Necks
Genetic Variability	p. 193
Causes of Evolution	p. 194
Types of Selection
Species	p. 195
Population Genetics	p. 196
Hardy-Weinberg Equations
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
Chapter 12 Quiz	p. 198
Animal Behavior and Ecology	p. 201
Behavior	p. 201
Instincts	p. 202
Learning
Internal Clocks
How Animals Communicate
Social Behavior
Ecology	p. 205
Biosphere
Major Biomes
Ecosystem
Community
Niche
Symbiotic Relationships
Population Ecology	p. 210
Ecological Succession
Human Impact on the Environment	p. 213
Chapter 13 Quiz	p. 214
The Free-Response Questions	p. 217
The Essays	p. 217
Grading Checklist	p. 222
Sample Essays	p. 223
How to Use Our Practice Essays	p. 225
Sample Essay Questions	p. 225
Laboratory	p. 227
Diffusion and Osmosis	p. 228
Enzyme Catalysis	p. 228
Mitosis and Meiosis	p. 229
Plant Pigments and Photosynthesis	p. 230
Cell Respiration	p. 231
Molecular Biology	p. 231
Genetics of Drosophila	p. 232
Population Genetics and Evolution	p. 233
Transpiration	p. 233
Physiology and the Circulatory System	p. 233
Habitat Selection	p. 234
Dissolved Oxygen and Aquatic Primary Productivity	p. 234
Answers and Explanations to the Chapter Quizzes	p. 235
The Princeton Review AP Biology Practice Test 1	p. 247
Answers and Explanations to Practice Test 1	p. 269
The Princeton Review AP Biology Practice Test 2	p. 285
Answers and Explanations to Practice Test 2	p. 307
Index	p. 319
About the Author	p. 327
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