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Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Overview and History of Compilation
1.2 What Compilers Do
1.2.1 Distinguishing Compilers by the Machine Code Generated
1.2.2 Target Code Formats
1.3 Interpreters
1.4 Syntax and Semantics of Programming Languages
1.4.1 Static Semantics
1.4.2 Run-time Semantics
1.5 Organization of a Compiler
1.5.1 The Scanner
1.5.2 The Parser
1.5.3 The Type Checker (Semantic Analysis)
1.5.4 The Optimizer
1.5.5 The Code Generator
1.5.6 Compiler Writing Tools
1.6 Compiler Design and Programming Language Design
1.7 Architectural Influences of Computer Design
1.8 Compiler Variants
1.8.1 Debugging (Development) Compilers
1.8.2 Optimizing Compilers
1.8.3 Retargetable Compilers
1.9 Program Development Environment
Chapter 2 A Simple Compiler
2.1 An Informal Definition of the ac Language
2.2 Formal Definition of ac
2.2.1 Syntax Specification
2.2.2 Token Specification
2.3 Phases of a Simple Compiler
2.4 Scanning
2.5 Parsing
2.5.1 Predicting a Parsing Procedure
2.5.2 Implementing the Production
2.6 Abstract Syntax Trees
2.7 Semantic Analysis
2.7.1 Symbol Tables
2.7.2 Type Checking
2.8 Code Generation
Chapter 3 Scanning–Theory and Practice
3.1 Overview of a Scanner
3.2 Regular Expressions
3.3 Examples
3.4 Finite Automata and Scanners
3.4.1 Deterministic Finite Automata
3.5 The Lex Scanner Generator
3.5.1 Defining Tokens in Lex
3.5.2 The Character Class
3.5.3 Using Regular Expressions to Define Tokens
3.5.4 Character Processing Using Lex
3.6 Other Scanner Generators
3.7 Practical Considerations of Building Scanners
3.7.1 Processing Identifiers and Literals
3.7.2 Using Compiler Directives and Listing Source Lines
3.7.3 Terminating the Scanner
3.7.4 Multicharacter Lookahead
3.7.5 Performance Considerations
3.7.6 Lexical Error Recovery
3.8 Regular Expressions and Finite Automata
3.8.1 Transforming a Regular Expression into an NFA
3.8.2 Creating the DFA
3.8.3 Optimizing Finite Automata
3.9 Summary
Chapter 4 Grammars and Parsing
4.1 Context-Free Grammars: Concepts and Notation
4.1.1 Leftmost Derivations
4.1.2 Rightmost Derivations
4.1.3 Parse Trees
4.1.4 Other Types of Grammars
4.2 Properties of CFGs
4.2.1 Reduced Grammars
4.2.2 Ambiguity
4.2.3 Faulty Language Definition
4.3 Transforming Extended Grammars
4.4 Parsers and Recognizers
4.5 Grammar Analysis Algorithms
4.5.1 Grammar Representation
4.5.2 Deriving the Empty String
4.5.3 First Sets
4.5.4 Follow Sets
Chapter 5 Top-Down Parsing
5.1 Overview
5.2 LL(k) Grammars
5.3 Recursive-Descent LL(1) parsers
5.4 Table-Driven LL(1) Parsers
5.5 Obtaining LL(1) Grammars
5.5.1 Common Prefixes
5.5.2 Left-Recursion
5.6 A Non-LL(1) Language
5.7 Properties of LL(1) Parsers
5.8 Parse-Table Representation
5.8.1 Compaction
5.8.2 Compression
5.9 Syntactic Error Recovery and Repair
5.9.1 Error Recover
5.9.2 Error Repair
5.9.3 Error Detection in LL(1) Parsers
5.9.4 Error Recovery in LL(1) Parsers
Chapter 6 Bottom-Up Parsing
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Shift-Reduce Parsers
6.2.1 LR Parsers and Rightmost Derivations
6.2.2 LR Parsing as Knitting
6.2.3 LR Parsing Engine
6.2.4 The LR Parse Table
6.2.5 LR(k) Parsing
6.3 LR(0) Table Construction
6.4 Conflict Diagnosis
6.4.1 Ambiguous Grammars
6.4.2 Grammars that are not LR(k)
6.5 Conflict Resolution for LR(0) Tables
6.5.1 SLR(k) Table Construction
6.5.2 LALR(k) Table Construction
6.6 LR(k) Table Construction
Chapter 7 Syntax-Directed Translation
7.1 Overview
7.1.1 Semantic Actions and Values
7.1.2 Synthesized and Inherited Attributes
7.2 Bottom-Up Syntax-Directed Translation
7.2.1 Example
7.2.2 Rule Cloning
7.2.3 Forcing Semantic Actions
7.2.4 Aggressive Grammar Restructuring
7.3 Top-Down Syntax-Directed Translation
7.4 Abstract Syntax Trees
7.4.1 Concrete and Abstract Trees
7.4.2 An Efficient AST Data Structure
7.4.3 Infrastructure for Creating ASTs
7.5 AST Design and Construction
7.5.1 Design
7.5.2 Construction
7.6 AST Structures for Left and Right Values
7.7 Design Patterns for ASTs
7.7.1 Node Class Hierarchy
7.7.2 Visitor Pattern
7.7.3 Reflective Visitor Pattern
Chapter 8 Symbol Tables and Declaration Processing
8.1 Constructing a Symbol Table
8.1.1 Static Scoping
8.1.2 A Symbol Table Interface
8.2 Block-Structured Languages and Scope Management
8.2.1 Handling Scopes
8.2.2 One Symbol Table or Many?
8.3 Basic Implementation Techniques
8.3.1 Entering and Finding Names
8.3.2 The Name Space
8.3.3 An Efficient Symbol Table Implementation
8.4 Advanced Features
8.4.1 Records and Typenames
8.4.2 Overloading and Type Hierarchies
8.4.3 Implicit Declarations
8.4.4 Export and Import Directives
8.4.5 Altered Search Rules
8.5 Declaration Processing Fundamentals
8.5.1 Attributes in the Symbol Table
8.5.2 Type Descriptor Structures
8.5.3 Type Checking Using an Abstract Syntax Tree
8.6 Semantic Processing of Simple Declarations
8.6.1 Simple Variable Declarations
8.6.2 Handling Type Names
8.6.3 Name References
8.6.4 Type Declarations and References
8.6.5 Variable Declarations Revisited
8.6.6 Enumeration Types
8.7 Semantic Processing for Simple Names and Expressions: An Introduction to Type Checking
8.7.1 Handling Simple Identifiers and and Literal Constants
8.7.2 Processing Expressions
8.8 Type Declarations
8.9 Static and Dynamic Allocation
8.9.1 Initialization of Variables
8.9.2 Constant Declarations
8.10 Classes and Structures
8.10.1 Variant Records and Unions
8.11 Arrays
8.11.1 Static One-Dimensional Arrays
8.11.2 Multidimensional Arrays
8.12 Implementing Other Types
8.13 Key Idea Summary
Chapter 9 Expressions and Type Checking
9.1 Semantic Analysis for Control Structures
9.1.1 If Statements
9.1.2 While, Do and Repeat Loops
9.1.3 For Loops
9.1.4 Break, Continue, Return and Goto Statements
9.1.5 Switch and Case Statements
9.1.6 Exception Handling
9.2 Semantic Analysis of Calls
Chapter 10 Intermediate Representations
10.1 Overview
10.1.1 Examples
10.1.2 The Middle End
10.2 Java Virtual Machine
10.2.1 Introduction and Design Principles
10.2.2 Contents of a Class File
10.2.3 JVM Instructions
10.3 Static Single Assignment Form
10.3.1 Renaming and --functions
10.4 GCC ILs
Chapter 11 Code Generation for a Virtual Machine
11.1 Visitors for Code Generation
11.2 Class and Method Declarations
11.2.1 Class Declarations
11.2.2 Method Declarations
11.3 The MethodBodyVisitor
11.3.1 Constants
11.3.2 References to Local Storage
11.3.3 Static References
11.3.4 Expressions
11.3.5 Assignment
11.3.6 Method Calls
11.3.7 Field References
11.3.8 Conditional Execution
11.3.9 Loops
11.4 The LHSVisitor
11.4.1 Local References
11.4.2 Static References
11.4.3 Field References
Chapter 12 Runtime Support
12.1 Static Allocation
12.2 Stack Allocation
12.2.1 Accessing Frames at Run-Time
12.2.2 Handling Classes and Objects
12.2.3 Handling Multiple Scopes
12.2.4 Block-Level Allocation
12.2.5 More About Frames
12.3 Heap Management
12.3.1 Allocation Mechanisms
12.3.2 Deallocation Mechanisms
12.3.3 Automatic Garbage Collection
Chapter 13 Target Code Generation
13.1 Translating Bytecodes
13.1.1 Allocating memory addresses
13.1.2 Allocating Arrays and Objects
13.1.3 Method Calls
13.1.4 Example
13.2 Translating Expression Trees
13.3 Register Allocation and Temporary Management
13.3.1 On the Fly Register Allocation
13.3.2 Register Allocation Using Graph Coloring
13.3.3 Priority Based Register Allocation
13.3.4 Interprocedural Register Allocation
13.4 Code Scheduling
13.4.1 Improving Code Scheduling
13.4.2 Global and Dynamic Code Scheduling
13.5 Automatic Instruction Selection
13.5.1 Instruction Selection Using BURS
13.5.2 Instruction Selection Using Twig
13.5.3 Other Approaches
13.6 Peephole Optimization
13.6.1 Levels of Peephole Optimization
13.6.2 Automatic Generation of Peephole Optimizers
Chapter 14 Program Optimization 505
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Why Optimize?
14.1.2 Organization
14.2 Data Flow Analysis
14.2.1 Introduction and Examples
14.2.2 Formal Specification
14.2.3 Evaluation WARNING this subsection is incomplete
14.2.4 Application of Data Flow Frameworks
14.3 Advanced Optimizations
14.3.1 SSA Form
14.3.2 SSA-based Transformations
14.3.3 Loop Transformations
Abbreviations
Index
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