Creative Impulse An Introduction to the Arts

by Sporre, Dennis J.

• ISBN13: 9780136034933
• ISBN10: 0136034934
• Edition: 8th
• Format: Paperback w/CD
• Copyright: 2008-02-01
• Publisher: Pearson Prentice Hall

Summary

This volume presents an overview of the arts in the Western tradition; within the contexts of the philosophy, religion, aesthetic theory, economics, and politics surrounding them. It is an historical introduction to the humanities yielding a basic familiarity with major styles and their implications, as well as a sense of the historical development of individual arts media.Chapters present and discuss a formal analysis of works of art in the following periods: the Ancient World, the Aegean and Archaic Greece, Greek Classicism and Hellenism, the Roman Period, Judaism and Early Christianity, Byzantium and Islam, the Early Middle Ages, the High Middle Ages, Early Renaissance, High Renaissance, the High, Renaissance and Reformation, the Baroque Age, the Enlightenment, the Romantic Age, Realism, Impressionism, Modernism, and Postmodernism.For art history enthusiasts and those interested in a familiarity with major styles and their implications, as well as a sense of the historical development.

Table of Contents

Sporre, Creative Impulse	p. 8
Preface	p. 11
Introduction Understanding the Arts	p. 13
Getting Started	p. 14
Two-Dimensional Art	p. 14
Media	p. 14
Composition	p. 15
Techniques: Linear Perspective	p. 16
Sculpture	p. 17
Dimensionality	p. 17
Texture	p. 17
Techniques: Lost-Wax Casting	p. 17
Architecture	p. 18
Music	p. 19
Genres	p. 19
Melody and Form	p. 19
Techniques: Musical Notation	p. 19
Theatre	p. 20
Genres	p. 20
Plot, Character, and Visual Elements	p. 20
Literature	p. 20
Genres	p. 20
Point of View, Character, and Plot	p. 21
Theme and Language	p. 21
Cinema	p. 21
Dance	p. 22
Genres	p. 22
Line, Form, and Repetition	p. 22
Features	p. 22
Glossary and Dating	p. 22
Pronunciation	p. 23
Profiles	p. 23
Technology	p. 23
Masterwork	p. 23
A Dynamic World	p. 23
Maps and Timelines	p. 24
Chapter Opener	p. 24
Chapter Review	p. 24
Cybersources and Examples	p. 24
Putting The Arts In Context	p. 24
The Arts and Ways of Knowing	p. 24
What Concerns Art?	p. 25
Creativity	p. 25
Aesthetic Communication	p. 25
Symbols	p. 26
Fine and Applied Art	p. 26
The Functions of Art	p. 26
Entertainment	p. 26
Political and Social Commentary	p. 26
Therapy	p. 27
Artifact	p. 27
Evaluating Works of Art	p. 27
Approaches to Criticism	p. 28
Making Judgments	p. 29
The Ancient World	p. 31
Contexts And Concepts	p. 32
Contexts	p. 32
The Stone Age	p. 32
Mesopotamia	p. 33
Ancient Egypt	p. 34
Concepts	p. 34
Individuality and Symbols	p. 34
Civilization	p. 35
Religion	p. 35
Technology: The Invention of the Wheel	p. 35
Literacy	p. 36
Law	p. 37
The Arts Of The Ancient World	p. 38
Painting	p. 38
Sculpture	p. 39
Masterwork: The Human Form 1: The Tell Asmar Statues	p. 40
A Dynamic World: Ancient China	p. 41
Profile: Akhenaton and Nefertiti	p. 45
Architecture	p. 46
Music	p. 47
Dance	p. 48
Literature	p. 48
The Aegean and Archaic Greece	p. 53
Contexts And Concepts	p. 54
Contexts	p. 54
Minoans	p. 54
Mycenaeans	p. 56
Technology: The Olive Press	p. 58
The Dark Centuries	p. 58
The Hellenes	p. 58
Concepts	p. 59
The Polis	p. 59
The Olympian Gods	p. 60
"Love of Wisdom"	p. 61
The Arts Of The Aegean And Archaic Greece	p. 61
Painting	p. 61
Geometric Style	p. 61
Archaic Style	p. 62
Red- and Black-Figure Pottery	p. 62
Sculpture	p. 63
A Dynamic World: Native America	p. 63
Architecture	p. 66
Music	p. 67
Dance	p. 68
Literature	p. 68
Masterwork: Heroes 1: Homer, The Iliad	p. 69
Profile: Sappho	p. 70
Greek Classicism and Hellenism	p. 75
Contexts And Concepts	p. 76
Contexts	p. 76
The Persian War	p. 76
The "Golden Age"of Pericles	p. 77
The Peloponnesian Wars	p. 78
The Hellenistic Age	p. 79
Technology: Hero's Steam Turbine	p. 80
Concepts	p. 81
Historia	p. 81
Sophistry	p. 81
Stoicism and Epicureanism	p. 82
Cynicism and Skepticism	p. 82
Mystery Cults	p. 82
Ethics	p. 83
Aesthetics	p. 83
Classicism and Hellenism	p. 85
The Arts Of The Classical And Hellenistic Ages	p. 85
Painting	p. 85
Sculpture	p. 86
Classical Style	p. 86
A Dynamic World: The Nok Style of Africa	p. 87
Masterwork: The Human Form 2: Myron, Discus Thrower	p. 88
Late Classical Style	p. 90
Hellenistic Style	p. 92
Architecture	p. 93
Theatre	p. 98
Tragedy	p. 98
Profile: Aeschylus	p. 99
Masterwork: Heroes 2: Sophocles, Oedipus the King	p. 101
Comedy	p. 102
Theatre Layout and Form	p. 103
Music	p. 104
Dance	p. 105
Literature	p. 105
The Roman Period	p. 111
Contexts And Concepts	p. 112
Contexts	p. 112
The Etruscans	p. 112
The Roman Republic	p. 112
The Roman Empire	p. 114
Concepts	p. 117
Roman Law	p. 117
Stoicism	p. 117
Neo-Platonism	p. 118
Divinities and Mystery Cults	p. 118
Classicism	p. 119
Utilitarianism and Pragmatism	p. 120
The Arts Of The Roman Period	p. 120
Painting	p. 120
A Dynamic World: Chinese Painting	p. 123
Sculpture	p. 124
Architecture	p. 126
Technology: Cement	p. 129
Masterwork: The Dome 1: The Pantheon	p. 130
Theatre	p. 132
Comedy	p. 132
Blood Sport	p. 133
Music	p. 133
Dance	p. 134
Literature	p. 134
Profile: Vergil	p. 135
Judaism and Early Christianity	p. 141
Contexts And Concepts	p. 142
Contexts	p. 142
Hebrews, Israelites, and Jews	p. 142
Profile: Solomon	p. 146
The Late Roman Empire	p. 146
Technology: Matches	p. 147
Concepts	p. 148
Judaism	p. 148
Christianity	p. 149
The Arts Of Judaism And Early Christianity	p. 155
Painting	p. 155
Judaism	p. 155
Christianity	p. 155
Sculpture	p. 156
Late Roman	p. 156
Early Christian	p. 157
A Dynamic World: Shinto Sculpture in Japan	p. 157
Architecture	p. 159
Jerusalem	p. 159
Masterwork: Buildings as Symbols 1: The Temple of Jerusalem	p. 160
The Roman Empire	p. 162
Music and Dance	p. 165
Literature	p. 165
The Hebrew Bible	p. 166
Apocalyptic Literature	p. 169
The New Testament	p. 169
Byzantium and Islam	p. 175
Contexts And Concepts	p. 176
Contexts	p. 176
Byzantium	p. 176
Muhammad and the Rise of Islam	p. 179
Profile: Muhammad	p. 180
Concepts	p. 182
Orthodoxy	p. 182
Islam	p. 182
Intellectualism	p. 183
Icons	p. 184
Byzantine Cultural Influence	p. 184
The Arts Of Byzantium And Islam	p. 185
Painting, Mosaics, and Manuscript Illumination	p. 185
Byzantium	p. 185
Islam	p. 188
Sculpture	p. 189
Architecture	p. 192
Byzantium	p. 192
Technology: Spanning Space with Triangles and Pots	p. 192
Masterwork: The Dome 2: Hagia Sophia	p. 194
Profile: Anthemius of Tralles	p. 195
Islam	p. 197
A Dynamic World: Chinese Theatre	p. 200
Theatre, Music, and Dance	p. 201
Byzantium	p. 201
Islam	p. 201
Literature	p. 202
Byzantium	p. 202
Islam	p. 203
The Early Middle Ages
The Monastic and Feudal Romanesque Period	p. 209
Contexts And Concepts	p. 210
Contexts	p. 210
The Middle Ages	p. 210
The Medieval Church	p. 211
Profile: Pope Gregory I, the Great	p. 211
Charlemagne's Empire	p. 212
Concepts	p. 213
Monasticism	p. 213
Mysticism	p. 214
Asceticism and Sufism	p. 215
Feudalism	p. 215
Technology: The Viking Ships	p. 217
The Carolingian Renaissance	p. 218
The Arts Of The Early Middle Ages	p. 218
Painting	p. 218
A Dynamic World: Igbo-Ukwu	p. 220
Sculpture	p. 221
Masterwork: Organizing the Image 1: The Bronze Doors of Hildesheim Cathedral	p. 222
Architecture	p. 226
Theatre	p. 229
Music	p. 229
Sacred Music	p. 229
Secular Music	p. 230
Profile: Hildegard of Bingen	p. 230
Dance	p. 231
Literature	p. 231
Legends	p. 231
Poets and Scholars	p. 232
The High Middle Ages
The Gothic Age	p. 237
Contexts And Concepts	p. 238
Contexts	p. 238
The Social Order	p. 238
The Hundred Years' War	p. 240
Technology: A Better Horse Collar	p. 240
The Plague	p. 241
The Great Schism	p. 241
Profile: Joan of Arc	p. 242
The Crusades	p. 243
Concepts	p. 245
Chivalry	p. 245
Secularism	p. 245
Aristotelianism	p. 246
Industrialization	p. 246
The Arts Of The High Middle Ages	p. 248
Painting	p. 248
Sculpture	p. 253
Architecture	p. 256
Masterwork: Buildings as Symbols 2: Chartres Cathedral	p. 258
Theatre	p. 262
A Dynamic World: Noh Theatre of Japan	p. 263
Music	p. 265
Dance	p. 266
Literature	p. 267
Religion	p. 267
Profile: Geoffrey Chaucer	p. 268
Profile: St Francis of Assisi	p. 272
Secularism	p. 272
The Early Renaissance	p. 277
Contexts And Concepts	p. 278
Contexts	p. 278
The Renaissance	p. 278
The World Discovered	p. 279
Technology: Flywheels and Connecting Rods	p. 280
The Papal States	p. 280
Italian City-States	p. 280
The Quattrocento in Florence	p. 282
Concepts	p. 283
Humanism	p. 283
Individualism	p. 284
Scientific Naturalism	p. 284
Capitalism	p. 284
The Arts Of The Early Renaissance	p. 285
Painting	p. 285
The Masaccian Heritage	p. 285
Lyricism	p. 289
A Dynamic World: Chinese Painting and Music	p. 291
Sculpture	p. 292
Architecture	p. 295
Masterwork: The Dome 3: Florence Cathedral	p. 296
Theatre	p. 298
Music	p. 299
Dance	p. 299
Literature	p. 300
Profile: Niccolò Machiavelli	p. 301
The High Renaissance and Mannerism	p. 305
Contexts And Concepts	p. 306
Contexts	p. 306
The Expanding World	p. 306
The Papal States	p. 307
Spain's Golden Century	p. 308
Technology: Leonardo: Turning the Screw	p. 310
The Ottoman Turks	p. 311
Concepts	p. 311
Classicism	p. 311
The High Renaissance	p. 312
Mannerism	p. 312
The Arts Of The High Renaissance And Mannerism	p. 313
Painting	p. 313
The High Renaissance in Rome	p. 313
Profile: Michelangelo	p. 316
The High Renaissance in Venice	p. 320
Mannerism	p. 322
A Dynamic World: Painting in India	p. 322
Sculpture	p. 324
Masterwork: The Human Form 3: Michelangelo, David	p. 325
Architecture	p. 326
Theatre	p. 330
Music	p. 333
Sacred Choral Music	p. 333
Secular Choral Music	p. 334
Instrumental Music	p. 335
Literature	p. 335
Renaissance and Reformation in Northern Europe	p. 341
Contexts And Concepts	p. 342
Contexts	p. 342
The Reformation	p. 342
Reformers	p. 342
Profile: Martin Luther	p. 344
Science	p. 347
Technology: Naval Artillery	p. 348
Concepts	p. 348
Christian Humanism	p. 348
Utopianism	p. 349
The Arts Of The Renaissance And Reformation In The North	p. 349
Painting	p. 349
Flanders	p. 349
The Netherlands	p. 351
Germany	p. 353
A Dynamic World: Ming Dynasty Porcelain	p. 357
France	p. 357
England	p. 358
Architecture	p. 358
Theatre	p. 358
Masterwork: Heroes 3: Shakespeare, Hamlet	p. 360
Music	p. 361
Flanders	p. 361
Germany	p. 363
France	p. 363
England	p. 363
Dance	p. 365
Literature	p. 366
The Baroque Age	p. 371
Contexts And Concepts	p. 372
Contexts	p. 372
The Catholic and Counter-Reformation	p. 372
The Wars of Religion	p. 374
The Scientific Revolution	p. 374
Technology: Standardized Measurement	p. 375
Concepts	p. 377
Academicism	p. 377
Scientific Rationalism	p. 377
Social Contract	p. 377
Absolutism	p. 378
The Arts Of The Baroque Age	p. 379
Painting	p. 379
Italy	p. 380
Spain	p. 381
Flanders	p. 382
France	p. 383
The Netherlands (Holland)	p. 384
Sculpture	p. 387
Architecture	p. 390
A Dynamic World: The Taj Mahal	p. 390
Profile: Sir Christopher Wren	p. 394
Masterwork: The Dome 4: St Paul's Cathedral	p. 394
Theatre	p. 396
Music	p. 398
Instrumental Music	p. 398
Profile: Johann Sebastian Bach	p. 399
Vocal Music	p. 400
Opera	p. 401
Dance	p. 403
Literature	p. 404
Spain	p. 404
England	p. 404
The Enlightenment	p. 409
Contexts And Concepts	p. 410
Contexts	p. 410
The Enlightenment	p. 410
Technology	p. 412
Technology: James Watt and the Steam Engine	p. 412
Economics and Politics	p. 413
Profile: Maria Theresa	p. 414
Concepts	p. 415
Rationalism	p. 415
Aesthetics	p. 415
Humanitarianism	p. 415
Profile: Voltaire	p. 417
Classicism	p. 418
Feminism	p. 418
The Arts Of The Enlightenment	p. 419
Painting	p. 419
Rococo Style	p. 419
The English School	p. 420
Genre	p. 423
Neoclassicism	p. 423
Masterwork: Organizing the Image 2: David, The Oath of the Horatii	p. 424
Sculpture	p. 425
Architecture	p. 427
Theatre	p. 430
Britain	p. 430
America	p. 430
France	p. 431
A Dynamic World: Japanese Kabuki Theatre	p. 431
Music	p. 432
Pre-Classical Style	p. 432
Expressive Style	p. 432
Classical Style	p. 433
Dance	p. 437
Literature	p. 438
Rococo	p. 438
Neoclassicism	p. 441
Humanitarianism	p. 442
Feminism	p. 442
Genre	p. 443
Pre-Romantic	p. 443
The Romantic Age	p. 447
Contexts And Concepts	p. 448
Contexts	p. 448
Technology	p. 448
Technology: Exact Tolerance	p. 449
Social Changes	p. 449
The Victorian Age	p. 451
Concepts	p. 451
Marxism	p. 451
Evolution	p. 451
Idealism	p. 452
Positivism and Materialism	p. 452
Internationalism	p. 452
Patronage	p. 453
Romanticism	p. 453
The Arts Of The Romantic Age	p. 454
Painting	p. 454
Masterwork: Organizing the Image 3: Géricault, The Raft of the "Medusa"	p. 455
A Dynamic World: Japanese Painting	p. 457
Profile: Rosa Bonheur	p. 459
Architecture	p. 460
Theatre	p. 460
Popularism and Historicism	p. 462
Melodrama	p. 463
Music	p. 463
Lieder	p. 463
Piano Works	p. 464
Program Music	p. 465
Symphonies	p. 466
Trends	p. 466
Choral Music	p. 466
Profile: Johannes Brahms	p. 467
Opera	p. 468
Dance	p. 469
Literature	p. 471
Romanticism in Europe	p. 471
American Renaissance	p. 475
Realism, Impressionism, and Beyond	p. 481
Contexts And Concepts	p. 482
Contexts	p. 482
European Migration	p. 482
Workers and Socialism	p. 483
The German Reich	p. 484
A Scientific Explosion	p. 484
Technology: Coca-Cola	p. 485
Nietzschean Philosophy	p. 486
Freudian Psychology	p. 487
Concepts	p. 487
Aestheticism	p. 487
Functionalism	p. 488
The Arts: Realism, Impressionism, And Beyond	p. 488
Painting and Sculpture	p. 488
Realism	p. 488
Masterwork: Organizing the Image 4: Manet, Déjeuner sur l:herbe	p. 490
Pre-Raphaelites	p. 491
Impressionism	p. 492
A Dynamic World: Japanese Painting	p. 496
Post-Impressionism	p. 497
Cubism	p. 500
Mechanism and Futurism	p. 502
Expressionism	p. 502
Fauvism	p. 503
Architecture	p. 504
Profile: Louis Sullivan	p. 506
Theatre	p. 507
Realism and Naturalism	p. 507
Symbolism	p. 508
Aestheticism	p. 508
Expressionism	p. 508
Music	p. 509
Impressionism	p. 509
Naturalism	p. 509
Nontraditionalism	p. 510
Profile: Igor Stravinsky	p. 511
Dance	p. 512
Ethnic Foundations	p. 512
Ballet	p. 512
Modern Dance	p. 514
Literature	p. 514
Realism	p. 514
Pre-Raphaelites	p. 515
Naturalism	p. 515
Impressionism	p. 516
Symbolism	p. 517
Futurism	p. 517
Expressionism	p. 517
Cubism	p. 518
Cinema	p. 518
Modernism	p. 523
Contexts And Concepts	p. 524
Contexts	p. 524
The Modern World in Conflict	p. 524
Between the Wars	p. 527
World War II	p. 529
Science and War	p. 531
Technology: Computers	p. 532
Concepts	p. 532
Pragmatism	p. 532
Existentialism	p. 533
Abstraction	p. 533
Modernism	p. 534
The Arts In The Modern World	p. 534
Painting and Sculpture	p. 534
Abstraction	p. 535
Dada	p. 535
Surrealism	p. 536
American Painting	p. 537
Profile: Georgia O:Keeffe	p. 537
The Harlem Renaissance	p. 539
Central American Painting	p. 540
African and Primitive Influences	p. 540
A Dynamic World: African Masks	p. 540
Photography	p. 542
Architecture	p. 543
Masterwork: Buildings as Symbols 3: Wright, Kaufmann House	p. 544
Theatre	p. 547
Epic Theatre	p. 547
Absurdism	p. 547
Music	p. 548
Modern Traditionalism	p. 548
Departures	p. 548
Jazz	p. 550
Dance	p. 550
Modern Dance	p. 550
Literature	p. 551
Modernism	p. 551
The Chicago Renaissance	p. 554
The Harlem Renaissance	p. 555
Cinema	p. 555
Europe	p. 555
The Rise of the Studio	p. 556
New Genres	p. 556
Social Commentary	p. 556
From Modernism to Postmodernism and Beyond	p. 559
Contexts And Concepts	p. 560
Contexts	p. 560
Decolonization	p. 560
The Cold War	p. 561
European Unification	p. 562
Science and Liberty	p. 562
Technology: Robots	p. 562
Concepts	p. 563
Postmodernism	p. 563
Pluralism	p. 563
The Arts From Modernism To Postmodernism And Beyond	p. 564
Painting and Sculpture	p. 565
Postwar Modernism	p. 565
Masterwork: Organizing the Image 5: Frankenthaler, Buddha	p. 566
Profile: Pablo Picasso	p. 567
Postmodernism	p. 577
Pluralism	p. 585
Architecture	p. 586
Postwar Modernism	p. 586
Postmodernism	p. 589
Pluralism	p. 593
Theatre	p. 593
Postwar Modernism	p. 593
Postmodernism	p. 594
Pluralism	p. 596
Music	p. 598
Postwar Modernism	p. 599
Postmodernism	p. 601
Profile: Richard Danielpour	p. 602
Pluralism	p. 603
Dance	p. 605
Modern	p. 605
Ballet	p. 606
Postmodern	p. 606
Pluralism	p. 606
Literature	p. 607
Postmodernism	p. 607
Pluralism	p. 608
Cinema	p. 611
International Film and the Demise of the Studio	p. 611
Pluralism	p. 612
Glossary	p. 614
Further Reading	p. 622
Notes	p. 624
Literary Acknowledgments	p. 625
Picture Credits	p. 626
Index	p. 627
MAPS
Sites of prehistoric importance in Europe	p. 33
The ancient Near and Middle East, showing peoples	p. 34
The Aegean	p. 55
Ancient Greece	p. 77
The Roman Republic, 264-31 B.C.E.	p. 114
The Roman Empire to 280 C.E.	p. 115
Lands of the Bible, showing trade routes	p. 143
The Roman Empire in the fourth century C.E.	p. 148
The spread of Christianity	p. 150
The empire of Justinian I, showing peoples	p. 177
The Byzantine Empire, 1340-1403	p. 179
The Byzantine and Islamic empires, 814	p. 181
Growth of the empire of Charlemagne, 768-814, and its division, 843	p. 212
The Crusades	p. 244
Renaissance Italy	p. 281
European trade in the fifteenth century	p. 285
World exploration, 1487-1610	p. 307
Religious divisions in sixteenth-century Europe	p. 343
Map of Europe from the Atlas sive cosmo graphicae published by Gerard Mercator, Duisburg, 1585	p. 347
Scientific thinkers and philosophes of the Enlightenment	p. 416
The industrialization of Europe in the nineteenth century	p. 450
European emigration in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries	p. 483
Europe on the eve of World War I	p. 526
World War II in Europe	p. 530
World War II in the Pacific	p. 531
Collapse of the Soviet bloc, 1989-93	p. 561
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.

Excerpts

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The text remains an historical introduction to the humanities from which the reader will gain a basic familiarity with major styles and their implications as well as a sense of the historical development of individual arts disciplines. The major focus of the text is still the arts and their interrelationships. Another emphasis fundamental to the book also remains: an emphasis, by example, on the formal analysis of works of art, which supplements discussion of them. By including several such analyses, I aim for students to infer how to see, hear, read, and put into words what makes a particular work of art tick, so to speak. Developing confidence in relating and responding to works of art, both verbally and viscerally, allows students to carry their interest in the arts beyond the confines of the classroom and the timeframe of the course into the rest of their lives. That lifelong relationship with the arts forms the purpose of introductory humanities courses. When encountering an artwork for the first time we often lack access to biographical or contextual materials. We have only the artwork and the ability to confront it, either with or without confidence. Thus, the analyses, which examine how art works in terms of line, form, color, melody, plot, and so on, provide a means by which people can approach, respond to, and share artworks in an on-the-spot manner; the way we encounter works of art in real life. Several important changes have been made in this edition. More than sixty new illustrations and maps and a number of new literature extracts have been added. With illustrations of works such as Christo and Jeanne-Claude¿s The Gates, ¿new¿-media artist Simon Penny¿s interactive ¿Big Father,¿ the Burj Dubai, and movie stills from Shrek 2 and Ocean¿s 11 (all in Chapter 17), students can experience and feel compatible with the arts of their own time. The Music for the Humanities CD has been fully integrated into the text, and each selection now has an accompanying discussion. Granting the reader easy access to the music described by the text, a CD icon now appears in the book whenever a selection is mentioned. The ¿Masterwork¿ features have been linked thematically to enhance connectivity among periods and chapters. For instance, the theme ¿Heroes¿ links discussion of Homer¿s Iliad with Sophocles¿ Oedipus the King and Shakespeare¿s Hamlet; ¿The Human Form¿ links the Tell Asmar statues with Myron¿s Discobolus and Michelangelo¿s David; ¿The Dome¿ links the Pantheon with Hagia Sophia, Florence¿s Duomo, and London¿s St Paul¿s Cathedral. Each Masterwork relates to several Masterworks in other chapters. As a result, the reader¿s consideration of these works of art expands to different examples and different eras. Based on popular request from reviewers, there are new sections on modern and contemporary topics including photography, jazz, and digital media. New material on photography appears in Chapters 15, 16, and 17. In addition, discussions of jazz have been greatly enhanced in Chapters 16 and 17. An entirely new section on digital media (¿new¿-media) appears in Chapter 17. In the Introduction, the discussion of criticism has been revised to consider meaning and to improve comprehension. Finally, the Further Reading section has been updated so that those who wish to delve more deeply into the material covered in the text will have up-to-date authorities to consult. Much of the planning and many of the specific changes for this revision were based on the observations and expressed needs of humanities instructors and users of the book from around the country. The following individuals, to whom I am very grateful, undertook a detailed, line-by-line review of the seventh edition of The Creative Impulse, and their suggestions provided a solid springboard for the preparation of the eighth edition. My thanks go to Linda Pastryk; Helen Barnes of Butler Community College, El Dorado; Karen Buttitta, Emerita of Ward Melville High School, East Setauket; Claire Ellis of Inver Hills Community College, Inver Grove Heights; Amy Hickman of Collins College, Phoenix; Aditi Samarth of Richland College, Dallas; and Joyce Kerr Tarpley of Mountain View College, Dallas. I have done my best to incorporate their helpful suggestions in this edition, hoping for the result of increased accuracy, clarity, and immediacy.Dennis J. 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