Creep and Fracture of Ice

by Erland M. Schulson , Paul Duval

• ISBN13: 9780521806206
• ISBN10: 0521806208
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2009-05-25
• Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Summary

This is the first complete account of the physics of the creep and fracture of ice, and their interconnectivity. It investigates the deformation of low-pressure ice, which is fundamental to glaciers, polar ice sheets and the uppermost region of icy moons of the outer Solar System. The book discusses ice structure and its defects, and describes the relationship between structure and mechanical properties. It reviews observations and measurements, and then interprets them in terms of physical mechanisms. The book provides a road-map to future studies of ice mechanics, such as the behaviour of glaciers and ice sheets in relation to climate change and the dating of deep ice cores. It also highlights how this knowledge is transferable into an understanding of other crystalline materials. Written by experts in the field, it is ideal for graduate students, engineers and scientists in Earth and planetary science, and materials science.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xi
Acknowledgements	p. xii
Introduction	p. 1
References	p. 3
Structure of ice	p. 5
Introduction	p. 5
Crystal structure of ice Ih	p. 6
Point defects	p. 10
Line defects: dislocations	p. 12
Planar defects	p. 22
Volumetric defects	p. 24
Miller-Bravais indices for hexagonal crystals	p. 25
References	p. 26
Microstructure of natural ice features	p. 30
Introduction	p. 30
Experimental techniques	p. 31
The microstructure of ice within glaciers and polar ice sheets	p. 36
Floating ice sheets	p. 39
Terminology and classification	p. 45
Summary	p. 46
References	p. 46
Physical properties: elasticity, friction and diffusivity	p. 51
Introduction	p. 51
Elastic properties of ice Ih single crystals	p. 51
Elastic properties of polycrystals	p. 57
Friction coefficient of ice on ice at low sliding speeds	p. 67
Molecular diffusion in ice	p. 70
References	p. 73
Plastic deformation of the ice single crystal	p. 77
Introduction	p. 77
Plastic deformation of the ice crystal	p. 78
Dynamics of dislocations	p. 86
Rate-controlling processes for basal slip	p. 94
Conclusions	p. 96
References	p. 97
Ductile behavior of polycrystalline ice: experimental data and physical processes	p. 101
Introduction	p. 101
Deformation behavior of isotropic granular ice	p. 102
Deformation of columnar ice	p. 119
Rate-controlling processes in the creep of polycrystalline ice	p. 122
Grain growth and recrystallization	p. 130
Textures in glaciers and polar ice sheets	p. 139
References	p. 144
Modeling the ductile behavior of isotropic and anisotropic polycrystalline ice	p. 153
Introduction	p. 153
Modeling the behavior of isotropic and anisotropic ice	p. 154
Flow laws for secondary creep of isotropic ice	p. 160
Modeling transient creep	p. 160
Modeling viscoplastic behavior of columnar ice with the FFT model	p. 162
Modeling texture development with the VPSC tangent model	p. 165
Modeling mechanical behavior of anisotropic ice	p. 172
Modeling with self-consistent models	p. 173
References	p. 175
Rheology of high-pressure and planetary ices	p. 179
Introduction	p. 179
Experimental methods	p. 181
Viscoplasticity of ice II and III	p. 182
Viscoplasticity of ice V and VI	p. 184
Comparison of ices	p. 184
Flow of methane clathrate hydrates	p. 185
Flow of ice in the ammonia-water system	p. 186
Conclusions	p. 187
References	p. 188
Fracture toughness of ice	p. 190
Introduction	p. 190
Principles of fracture mechanics	p. 190
Measurement of fracture toughness	p. 196
Measured values of KIc	p. 199
The role of surface energy	p. 205
Fracture toughness of snow	p. 206
Comparison with other materials	p. 207
References	p. 208
Brittle failure of ice under tension	p. 212
Introduction	p. 212
Methods of measurement	p. 213
Single crystals	p. 214
Polycrystals	p. 215
Ductile-to-brittle transition	p. 226
Strength-limiting mechanisms	p. 227
References	p. 232
Brittle compressive failure of unconfined ice	p. 236
Introduction	p. 236
Measurement of brittle compressive strength	p. 237
Ductile versus brittle behavior: an overview	p. 239
Single crystals	p. 241
Polycrystals	p. 243
Failure process	p. 251
Wing-crack mechanics	p. 258
Strength-limiting mechanism	p. 261
References	p. 262
Brittle compressive failure of confined ice	p. 266
Introduction	p. 266
Experimental methods	p. 267
Granular ice	p. 270
Columnar ice	p. 273
Failure surfaces	p. 286
Relationship between compressive fracture and friction	p. 289
Nature of plastic faults	p. 291
Nature of Coulombic shear faults	p. 293
Nature of spalling	p. 304
Post-terminal failure of faulted ice	p. 308
References	p. 314
Ductile-to-brittle transition under compression	p. 320
Introduction	p. 320
Competition between creep and fracture	p. 320
Micromechanical model	p. 321
Comparison with experiment	p. 325
Dirty ice	p. 330
Application to rocks and minerals	p. 331
References	p. 333
Indentation fracture and ice forces on structures	p. 336
Introduction	p. 336
Ductile-to-brittle transition	p. 337
Brittle failure modes	p. 342
Non-simultaneous failure and local vs. global loads	p. 349
Pressure-area relationship	p. 349
Impact failure	p. 355
References	p. 357
Fracture of the ice cover on the Arctic Ocean	p. 361
Introduction	p. 361
Formation of sliding lineaments/shear faults	p. 363
Rheological behavior of the winter ice cover: friction and fracture	p. 376
Ductile-to-brittle transition	p. 386
Is the physics of fracture independent of scale?	p. 386
References	p. 387
Index	p. 391
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