Crime and Punishment A History of the Criminal Justice System

by Roth, Mitchel P.

• ISBN13: 9780534577988
• ISBN10: 0534577989
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-05-26
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

CRIME AND PUNISHMENT is a powerful presentation of the scope and history of the American criminal justice system, looking both at how the history of criminal justice has shaped the present system and at today's most critical issues.

Table of Contents

PREFACE	xx
1 FROM CUSTOMS TO CODES: CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN THE ANCIENT WORLD	1	(23)
Time Line	1	(3)
Code of Hammurabi	4	(2)
The Lawgivers	4	(1)
Crime and Punishment	5	(1)
Mosaic Law	6	(3)
Crime and Punishment	7	(2)
Ancient Greece	9	(4)
The Lawgivers	10	(1)
Crime and Punishment	11	(2)
Roman Law	13	(4)
The Lawgivers	13	(2)
Crime and Punishment	15	(2)
Notable Trials	17	(1)
Socrates (399 B.C.)	17	(1)
Conclusions	18	(1)
Point-Counterpoint	18	(3)
Sources	21	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	22	(1)
Criminal Justice History on the Internet	22	(1)
Learn More	22	(1)
Notes	23	(1)
2 ENGLISH CRIMINAL JUSTICE ANTECEDENTS (570-1725)	24	(25)
Time Line	24	(1)
Anglo-Saxon England	25	(3)
The Lawgivers	25	(1)
Anglo-Saxon Legal Tradition	26	(1)
Anglo-Saxon Crime and Punishment	27	(1)
Norman England	28	(14)
The Lawgivers	29	(1)
Norman Crime and Punishment	30	(1)
The Domesday Book	31	(1)
The Reforms of Henry II	32	(2)
The Jury	34	(1)
The Fourth Lateran Council	34	(1)
The Magna Carta	35	(1)
The Black Death	36	(1)
Medieval Crime and Punishment	37	(3)
Henry VIII and the Protestant Reformation	40	(1)
Bridewells	40	(1)
The English Bill of Rights	41	(1)
Thief Taking	41	(1)
Notable Trials	42	(1)
Guy Fawkes (1606)	42	(1)
Conclusions	43	(1)
Point-Counterpoint	44	(2)
Sources	46	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	46	(1)
Criminal Justice History on the Internet	47	(1)
Learn More	47	(1)
Notes	47	(2)
3 CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN EARLY AMERICA (1597-1740)	49	(28)
Time Line	49	(2)
Virginia and the Southern Colonies	51	(4)
The Lawgivers	52	(2)
Crime and Punishment	54	(1)
Massachusetts and the New England Colonies	55	(6)
The Lawgivers	56	(2)
Crime and Punishment	58	(3)
Pennsylvania and the Mid-Atlantic Colonies	61	(2)
The Lawgivers	61	(1)
Crime and Punishment	62	(1)
Colonial Law Enforcement	63	(2)
Colonial Corrections	65	(1)
Capital Punishment	65	(1)
Colonial Violence	66	(1)
Notable Trials	67	(2)
Salem Witchcraft Trials (1692)	67	(1)
John Peter Zenger (1735)	68	(1)
Conclusions	69	(1)
Point-Counterpoint	70	(4)
Sources	74	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	75	(1)
Criminal Justice History on the Internet	75	(1)
Notes	75	(2)
4 CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN REVOLUTIONARY TIMES (1718-1797)	77	(21)
Time Line	77	(1)
The Lawgivers	78	(4)
The U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights	80	(1)
The Judiciary Act of 1789	81	(1)
Law Enforcement	82	(3)
The Fieldings	82	(1)
Patrick Colquhoun	83	(1)
Police Efforts in the Colonies	83	(1)
The Birth of Federal Law Enforcement	84	(1)
Corrections	85	(4)
John Howard	86	(1)
Benjamin Rush	87	(1)
Walnut Street Jail	87	(1)
Thomas Eddy and Newgate Prison	88	(1)
Crime and Punishment	89	(1)
American Violence	90	(2)
American Vigilantism	91	(1)
Notable Trials	92	(1)
Boston Massacre Trial (1770)	92	(1)
Conclusions	93	(1)
Point-Counterpoint	94	(1)
Sources	95	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	96	(1)
Criminal Justice History on the Internet	96	(1)
Notes	97	(1)
5 CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN THE NEW NATION (1777-1834)	98	(22)
Time Line	98	(2)
The Lawgivers	100	(2)
Criminal Courts	100	(1)
The Supreme Court	100	(1)
John Marshall	101	(1)
The Alien and Sedition Acts	101	(1)
Law Enforcement	102	(4)
The French Police System	103	(1)
The London Metropolitan Police	103	(1)
New York City	104	(1)
Southern Policing	105	(1)
The Texas Rangers and the Mounted Police Tradition	106	(1)
Corrections	106	(4)
Newgate and Auburn Prisons	108	(1)
Eastern State Penitentiary	108	(2)
Crime and Punishment	110	(2)
Capital Punishment	110	(1)
Juvenile Delinquency	111	(1)
Alcoholic Republic	111	(1)
American Violence	112	(2)
The Slave Revolts	112	(1)
Native Americans	113	(1)
Dueling	113	(1)
Notable Trials	114	(1)
Aaron Burr Treason Trial (1807)	114	(1)
Conclusions	115	(1)
Point-Counterpoint	115	(2)
Sources	117	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	118	(1)
Criminal Justice History on the Internet	118	(1)
Notes	119	(1)
6 CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN ANTEBELLUM AMERICA (1817-1857)	120	(22)
Time Line	120	(2)
The Lawgivers	122	(3)
Voting Qualifications	122	(1)
States' Rights and Federal Law	123	(1)
The Taney Court	123	(1)
The Fugitive Slave Act	124	(1)
The Temperence Movement	124	(1)
Reforms	125	(1)
Law Enforcement	125	(3)
The New York City Police	125	(1)
Federal Law Enforcement	126	(1)
Private Police and San Francisco Vigilantes	127	(1)
Corrections	128	(3)
Reform	129	(1)
Juvenile Institutions	130	(1)
Alexander Maconochie and Indeterminate Sentencing	131	(1)
Crime and Punishment	131	(2)
The Mary Rogers Murder Case	132	(1)
Crime	132	(1)
Capital Punishment	133	(1)
Sectional Variations	133	(1)
American Violence	133	(2)
Handguns and American Culture	134	(1)
Mob Rioting	134	(1)
Notable Trials	135	(1)
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)	135	(1)
Conclusions	136	(1)
Point-Counterpoint	137	(2)
Sources	139	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	140	(1)
Criminal Justice History on the Internet	140	(1)
Notes	141	(1)
7 CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN THE CIVIL WAR ERA (1856-1876)	142	(24)
Time Line	142	(2)
The Lawgivers	144	(4)
Black Codes	145	(1)
Civil Rights Legislation and Due Process	146	(1)
Birth of Drug Legislation	146	(1)
The Judicial System	147	(1)
Law Enforcement	148	(4)
Urban Policing	149	(1)
Federal Law Enforcement	150	(1)
State Policing	151	(1)
Private Detectives	151	(1)
Corrections	152	(2)
Convict Leasing	152	(1)
American Prison Congress	153	(1)
Elmira Reformatory	153	(1)
Crime and Punishment	154	(2)
Birth of Organized Criminal Activity	154	(1)
Capital Punishment	154	(1)
The Post-Civil War West	155	(1)
Corruption	155	(1)
Violence	156	(3)
Sectional Violence	156	(1)
The New York City Draft Riots	157	(1)
The Ku Klux Klan	158	(1)
Reconstruction Violence	158	(1)
Interracial Violence	159	(1)
Notable Trials	159	(1)
Trial of the Lincoln Conspirators (1865)	159	(1)
Conclusions	160	(1)
Point-Counterpoint	161	(2)
Sources	163	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	164	(1)
Criminal Justice History on the Internet	165	(1)
Notes	165	(1)
8 CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN VICTORIAN AMERICA (1870-1901)	166	(30)
Time Line	166	(2)
The Lawgivers	168	(3)
The South	169	(1)
Plessy v. Ferguson	170	(1)
The Comstock Laws	170	(1)
Law Enforcement	171	(6)
Federal Law Enforcement	172	(1)
The New York City Police Department	172	(2)
The Pinkertons and Private Policing	174	(1)
Criminal Identification	174	(2)
Professionalism	176	(1)
Southern Policing	176	(1)
The West	177	(1)
Corrections	177	(4)
The Reformatory Era	177	(2)
Wayward Sisters	179	(1)
Probation	180	(1)
The Child Savers and the Birth of the Juvenile Court System	181	(1)
Crime and Punishment	181	(3)
Criminalistics	182	(1)
Capital Punishment	183	(1)
Violence	184	(3)
Lynching	185	(1)
Labor Violence	186	(1)
Notable Trials	187	(1)
Lizzie Borden Trial (1893)	187	(1)
Conclusions	188	(1)
Point-Counterpoint	188	(3)
Sources	191	(2)
Critical Thinking Questions	193	(1)
Criminal Justice on the Internet	193	(1)
Notes	194	(2)
9 CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN THE PROGRESSIVE ERA (1898-1928)	196	(30)
Time Line	196	(3)
The Lawgivers	199	(5)
The White Slave Traffic Act	200	(1)
The Sullivan Law and Handgun Legislation	200	(1)
Drug Laws	201	(1)
Prohibition	202	(1)
The Eugenics Movement	202	(1)
The Red Scare	203	(1)
Weeks v. United States (1914)	204	(1)
Law Enforcement	204	(7)
Civilian Police Reformers	205	(1)
Police Professionalism	205	(2)
Federal Law Enforcement	207	(1)
State Police	208	(1)
Women and Minorities	209	(1)
Private Police	210	(1)
Technolgoical Innovations	211	(1)
Corrections	211	(2)
Thomas Mott Osborne and the Mutual Welfare League	212	(1)
The Industrial Era	212	(1)
The Federal Prison System	212	(1)
Crime and Punishment	213	(1)
Capital Punishment	213	(1)
Criminal Identification	214	(1)
American Violence	214	(2)
Race Violence	215	(1)
The Ku Klux Klan	216	(1)
Labor Violence	216	(1)
Notable Trials	216	(2)
Sacco- Vanzetti Trial (1921)	216	(2)
Conclusions	218	(1)
Point-Counterpoint	219	(3)
Sources	222	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	223	(1)
Criminal Justice History on the Internet	223	(1)
Notes	224	(2)
10 CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN THE CRISIS DECADES (1919-1938)	226	(28)
Time Line	226	(2)
The Lawgivers	228	(3)
Drug Enforcement	229	(1)
Prohibition	230	(1)
The Wickersham Commission (1929-1931)	230	(1)
The Seabury Investigation (1930)	231	(1)
Law Enforcement	231	(4)
Federal Law Enforcement	231	(2)
State Policing	233	(1)
Drug Enforcement	233	(1)
Prohibition Enforcement	234	(1)
Criminology and Police Professionalism	234	(1)
Corrections	235	(3)
The Federal Prison System	236	(1)
Prison Industries	236	(1)
Prisoner Classification	237	(1)
I Was a Fugitive from a Georgia Chain Gang	238	(1)
Crime and Punishment	238	(4)
The Teapot Dome Scandal (1924)	239	(1)
Prohibition and Organized Crime	239	(1)
Racket Busters	240	(1)
Kidnapping	240	(1)
Capital Punishment	241	(1)
The Kansas City Massacre (1933)	242	(1)
American Violence	242	(2)
The St. Valentine's Day Massacre (1929)	243	(1)
Murder Incorporated	243	(1)
Notable Trials	244	(1)
The Scottboro Trials (1931-1937)	244	(1)
Conclusions	245	(1)
Point-Counterpoint	246
Sources	244	(6)
Critical Thinking Questions	250	(1)
Criminal Justice History on the Internet	251	(1)
Notes	252	(2)
11 CRIMINAL JUSTICE AT MIDCENTURY (1941-1959)	254	(24)
Time line	254	(2)
The Lawgivers	256	(2)
Joseph McCarthy and Communist Hysteria	257	(1)
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka	258	(1)
The US. Supreme Court	258	(1)
Law Enforcement	259	(3)
Orlando W. Wilson	260	(1)
William H. Parker and the Los Angeles Police Department	260	(1)
Federal Law Enforcement	261	(1)
Corrections	262	(1)
Crime and Punishment	263	(4)
The Specter of Organized Crime	264	(1)
Apalachin Conference	264	(1)
Capital Punishment	265	(1)
Sensational Crimes	265	(2)
Juvenile Delinquency	267	(1)
American Violence	267	(3)
The Zoot-Suit Riot	269	(1)
Notable Trials	270	(1)
The Trial of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg (1951)	270	(1)
Conclusions	271	(1)
Point-Counterpoint	271	(3)
Sources	274	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	275	(1)
Criminal Justice History on the Internet	276	(1)
Notes	276	(2)
12 NATIONALIZATION OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE (1960-1977)	278	(28)
Time Line	278	(2)
The Lawgivers	280	(4)
The Supreme Court	281	(3)
Law Enforcement	284	(4)
The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment	284	(1)
Policewomen	285	(1)
Federal Law Enforcement	286	(1)
Corruption	287	(1)
Corrections	288	(2)
Mandatory Sentencing	289	(1)
Prison Construction	289	(1)
Prison Riots	290	(1)
Crime and Punishment	290	(3)
Organized Crime	291	(1)
Capital Punishment	292	(1)
American Violence	293	(5)
Rioting and Civil Disobedience	294	(3)
Murder	297	(1)
Notable Trials	298	(1)
Gideon v. Wainwright	298	(1)
Conclusions	299	(1)
Point-Counterpoint	300	(2)
Sources	302	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	303	(1)
Criminal Justice History on the Internet	303	(1)
Notes	304	(2)
13 CONTEMPORARY CRIMINAL JUSTICE (1980-1999)	306	(27)
Time Line	306	(3)
The Lawgivers	309	(1)
The Insanity Defense	309	(1)
Mandatory Sentencing	310	(1)
The Brady Handgun Bill	310	(1)
Law Enforcement	310	(5)
Federal Law Enforcement	313	(1)
Rodney King and the Los Angeles Police Department	314	(1)
Corrections	315	(2)
Prison Privatization	316	(1)
Supermax Prisons	317	(1)
Crack Cocaine and Sentencing Disparity	317	(1)
Crime and Punishment	317	(7)
Other Crime Trends	318	(1)
Decline of Traditional Organized Crime?	319	(1)
Capital Punishment	320	(1)
Cruel and Unusual?	321	(1)
American Violence	321	(2)
Rampage Killings	323	(1)
Notable Trials	324	(2)
People v. O.J. Simpson (1995)	324	(2)
Conclusions	326	(1)
Point-Counterpoint	327	(2)
Sources	329	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	330	(1)
Criminal Justice History on the Internet	331	(1)
Notes	332	(1)
14 CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM (2000-PRESENT)	333	(21)
Time Line	333	(2)
The Lawgivers	335	(2)
Medical Marijuana	335	(1)
September 11 and Its Impact on the Courts	336	(1)
"Civil Death" Laws	336	(1)
Law Enforcement	337	(4)
Community Policing in the Twenty-First Century	338	(1)
Challenging "Broken Windows"	338	(1)
Federal Law Enforcement	339	(1)
The Future of Forensic Science	340	(1)
Fingerprinting	341	(1)
Corrections	341	(2)
Juvenile Corrections	342	(1)
Corrections in the Twenty-First Century	342	(1)
Crime and Punishment	343	(4)
Organized Crime	344	(1)
The Return of Shaming	345	(1)
Capital Punishment	345	(2)
American Violence	347	(2)
Conclusions	349	(2)
Why Study the History of Criminal Justice	350	(1)
Sources	351	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	352	(1)
Notes	352	(2)
GLOSSARY	354	(9)
WHO'S WHO IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE HISTORY	363	(6)
INDEX	369