Crime Scene Investigation and Reconstruction : With Guidelines for Crime Scene Search and Physical Evidence Collection

by Ogle, Robert R.

• ISBN13: 9780131886070
• ISBN10: 013188607X
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2007-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

Crime Scene Investigation and Reconstruction, Second Edition, is a comprehensive text, designed with both the students and instructors in mind. Fundamental concepts in physical evidence examination and crime scene processing, including crime scene search principles, scene photography, scene sketches, and note taking are explained in lucid terms. This textbook is not only ideal for courses in crime scene investigation and reconstruction, but is also a necessary supplemental text for criminal investigation, criminalistics, and a wide range of other forensic science courses. Book jacket.

Table of Contents

Foreword	p. xv
Preface	p. xvii
Introduction to Physical Evidence	p. 1
Key words	p. 1
Types of Evidence	p. 1
Value of Physical Evidence	p. 2
Some Advantages of Physical Evidence	p. 5
Major Categories of Physical Evidence	p. 6
Class and Individual Characteristics of Physical Evidence	p. 6
Laboratory Analysis of Physical Evidence	p. 9
Comparison Standards and Controls	p. 11
Ethical, Legal, and Scientific Requirements for Evidence Collection	p. 13
Review Questions	p. 16
Further References	p. 16
Crime Scene Search Principles	p. 17
Key words	p. 17
Department Orders Regarding Crime Scenes	p. 17
First Responder at the Scene	p. 18
Crime Scene Investigator	p. 22
Contact the First Officer at the Scene	p. 24
Establish a Command Center for the Operation	p. 24
Establish a Plan for Processing the Scene	p. 24
Data to be Compiled Before Collection Process	p. 25
Crime Scene Search: Be Systematic!	p. 27
Separate Areas/Collectors	p. 30
Systematic Search Methods	p. 30
Finishing the Crime Scene Search: Debriefing	p. 32
Final Survey of the Crime Scene	p. 33
Review Questions	p. 33
Further References	p. 33
Crime Scene Processing Guidelines	p. 34
Actions to be Taken by the First Responder	p. 34
Actions to be Taken by the Crime Scene Investigator	p. 34
Crime Scene Search	p. 34
Finishing the Crime Scene Search: Debriefing	p. 35
Customized Crime Scene Search Kits	p. 35
Level of Crime Scene Search Kit Needed	p. 35
Crime Scene Photography	p. 38
Key words	p. 38
Objectives of Crime Scene Photography	p. 38
Number of Photographs at the Scene	p. 39
Conditions at the Scene	p. 39
Choice of Camera Type for Crime Scene Photography	p. 39
Type of Film for Crime Scene Photography	p. 40
Videotaping of Crime Scenes	p. 42
Suggested Systematic Approach	p. 42
Log of All Photographs Taken	p. 43
Types of Photographs of a Crime Scene	p. 43
Basic Camera and Photography Information	p. 47
Summary	p. 51
Review Questions	p. 52
Further References	p. 52
Basic Equipment List for Crime Scene Photography	p. 53
Crime Scene Sketches	p. 54
Key words	p. 54
Value of Sketches	p. 54
Objectives of Crime Scene Sketches	p. 54
Rules of Thumb for Sketches	p. 55
Additional Points to Keep in Mind	p. 56
Types of Sketches	p. 57
Preparation of Sketches: Suggested Systematic Procedure	p. 65
Measurement Techniques	p. 66
Summary	p. 71
Review Questions	p. 71
Latent Fingerprint Evidence	p. 73
Key words	p. 73
Introduction	p. 73
Types of Fingerprints and Impressions	p. 74
Inked Fingerprints	p. 74
Latent Fingerprints	p. 74
Patent Prints	p. 75
Age of the Latent Fingerprint	p. 77
Nature of the Latent Print Deposit	p. 77
Contributions from the Skin Glands	p. 77
Contributions from Contaminants	p. 78
Development of Latents	p. 78
General Considerations for Latent Prints	p. 78
Techniques Suitable for the Crime Scene	p. 80
Laser Light, Alternate Lights, and Ultraviolet Light	p. 81
Development with Powder and Brush	p. 81
Development with Cyanoacrylate	p. 82
Processing with Small Particle Reagent (SPR)	p. 83
Processing with Ninhydrin, Ninhydrin Analogues, or DFO	p. 83
Sequential Approaches to Latent Impression Detection and Collection	p. 83
Wet Surfaces: Dry at Room Temp; Treat as for Dry Surfaces	p. 85
Sequencing of Methods for Latent Development	p. 85
All Surface/Latent Deposit Combinations	p. 86
Nonabsorbent Surfaces	p. 86
Absorbent Surfaces	p. 88
Adhesive Tapes	p. 89
Fingerprints in Blood	p. 90
Latent and Patent Prints on Skin	p. 91
Submission of Latent Print Evidence to the Laboratory	p. 92
Marking of Evidence	p. 92
Collection of Elimination Prints	p. 92
Submission of Inked Fingerprints for Comparisons	p. 92
Preservation of Evidence	p. 93
Elimination Prints	p. 93
Special Considerations	p. 93
Review Questions	p. 94
Further References	p. 94
Glossary of Acronyms for Table 5-1	p. 94
Safety Precautions for Latent Print Development	p. 96
General Guidelines for Safety	p. 96
Guidelines for Safety at the Crime Scene	p. 96
Safety Guidelines in the Laboratory	p. 97
Guidelines for Biological Hazards	p. 98
Guidelines for Safety at Autopsies	p. 98
Trace Evidence	p. 99
Key words	p. 99
Trace Evidence	p. 99
Hair Evidence	p. 99
Nature of Hair Evidence	p. 99
Significant Features of Hair	p. 101
Microscopic Features of Human Hair	p. 103
Other Comparison Characteristics in Hair	p. 104
Laboratory Examinations of Hair Evidence	p. 105
Collection of Hair Evidence	p. 106
Standard/Control Specimens of Hair	p. 108
Laboratory Reports Concerning Hair Examinations	p. 110
Fiber Evidence	p. 113
Nature of Fiber Evidence	p. 113
Occurrence of Fiber Evidence	p. 114
Laboratory Examinations of Fiber Evidence	p. 114
Collection of Fiber Evidence	p. 115
Standards/Controls Needed for Laboratory Analysis	p. 117
Glass Evidence	p. 117
Nature of Glass Evidence	p. 117
Laboratory Examinations of Glass Evidence	p. 118
Collection of Glass Evidence	p. 119
Paint Evidence	p. 120
Nature of Paint Evidence	p. 120
Hit-and-Run Cases: Vehicle to Pedestrian	p. 121
Hit-and-Run Cases: Vehicle to Vehicle	p. 121
Burglary Cases	p. 121
Laboratory Examinations of Paint Evidence	p. 122
Laboratory Reports Concerning Paint Evidence	p. 122
Collection of Paint Specimens	p. 122
Soil Evidence	p. 124
Nature of Soil Evidence	p. 124
Laboratory Examinations of Soil Evidence	p. 125
Collection of Soil Evidence	p. 126
Arson Accelerant Evidence	p. 128
Arson Investigations	p. 128
Nature of Volatile Flammables	p. 128
At the Scene	p. 129
Laboratory Analysis of Accelerant Residues	p. 132
Review Questions	p. 132
Further References	p. 133
Biological Fluid Stain Evidence: Blood and Semen	p. 134
Key words	p. 134
Bloodstain Evidence	p. 134
Nature of Bloodstain Evidence	p. 134
Genetic Markers in Bloodstains	p. 135
Crime Scene Documentation of Bloodstains	p. 140
Collection of Bloodstain Evidence	p. 143
Blood Samples from Living Subjects	p. 144
Blood Samples from Postmortem Subjects	p. 145
General Comments	p. 145
Laboratory Analysis of Bloodstains	p. 145
DNA Analysis of Blood and Semen Stains	p. 146
Semen Evidence	p. 150
Nature of Semen Evidence	p. 150
Occurrence of Semen Evidence	p. 150
Collection of Semen Evidence	p. 151
Laboratory Examinations of Semen Evidence	p. 152
Review Questions	p. 154
Further References	p. 155
How to Make a Bindle	p. 155
Safety Precautions for Blood and Biological Fluids	p. 156
Firearms Evidence	p. 157
Key words	p. 157
Introduction	p. 157
Firearm Cartridges	p. 157
Bulleted Cartridges	p. 157
Characteristics of Rifled Barrels	p. 162
Class Characteristics of Fired Bullets	p. 164
Field Comparisons of Bullet Class Characteristics	p. 164
Field Estimation of Bullet Caliber	p. 164
Laboratory Examinations of Firearms Evidence	p. 166
Collection of Firearms Evidence	p. 167
Introduction	p. 167
Unloading Revolvers	p. 168
Unloading Autoloading Firearms (Semiautomatics)	p. 168
Trace Evidence and Fingerprints	p. 168
Weapons Found in Water	p. 168
Transportation to the Laboratory	p. 169
Note-Taking and Evidence Marking	p. 169
Recovery of Fired Ammunition Components	p. 169
Bullets Embedded in Wood or Plaster	p. 169
Removal of Bullets from Deceased Persons	p. 170
Cartridge Cases	p. 170
Shot Wads	p. 170
Shot Pellets	p. 170
Live Shot Shells or Cartridges	p. 170
Gunshot Residues (GSR)	p. 171
Introduction	p. 171
Gunshot Residue Analysis in the Laboratory	p. 172
Collection of Gunshot Residues	p. 173
Review Questions	p. 177
Further References	p. 178
Class Characteristics for Some Handguns and Other Firearms	p. 178
Impression Evidence	p. 191
Key words	p. 191
Nature of Impression Evidence	p. 191
Laboratory Examinations of Impression Evidence	p. 192
Examination of Footwear Impressions	p. 192
Examination of Tire Tread Impressions	p. 194
Examination of Toolmark Impressions	p. 194
Collection of Impression Evidence	p. 196
Collection of Footwear and Tire Tread Impressions	p. 196
Photography of Footwear and Tire Tread Impressions	p. 197
Vehicle Wheelbase and Width Measurements	p. 199
Casting and Lifting of Impressions	p. 199
Toolmark Evidence Collection	p. 206
Special Precautions for Toolmark Evidence	p. 206
Documentation of Toolmark Evidence	p. 207
Fracture Evidence	p. 209
Laboratory Examination of Fracture Evidence	p. 209
Review Questions	p. 212
Further References	p. 212
Drug and Alcohol Evidence	p. 213
Key words	p. 213
Drug Evidence	p. 213
Introduction	p. 213
DEA Schedule of Controlled Substances	p. 214
Collection of Drug Evidence	p. 215
Field Testing of Drug Evidence	p. 215
Clandestine Laboratories	p. 216
Alcohol Evidence	p. 217
Introduction	p. 217
Tolerance to Effects of Alcohol	p. 218
Evidence in Driving Under the Influence Cases	p. 218
Collection and Preservation of Alcohol Specimens	p. 219
Laboratory Analysis of Blood Alcohol Specimens	p. 220
Review Questions	p. 220
Further References	p. 220
Document Evidence	p. 221
Functions of the Document Examiner	p. 221
Collection of Document Evidence	p. 223
Review Questions	p. 224
Further References	p. 225
Vehicle Scene Investigations	p. 226
Key words	p. 226
General Automobile Search	p. 226
Traffic Accident Investigations	p. 227
Photographs at the Accident Scene	p. 227
Accident Scene Sketches	p. 229
Hit-and-Run Investigations: Vehicle Versus Pedestrian	p. 229
Hit-and-Run Investigations: Vehicle Versus Vehicle	p. 233
Vehicle Lights	p. 234
Review Questions	p. 235
Sexual Assault Investigations	p. 237
Key words	p. 237
Development of Modern Sexual Assault Investigation	p. 237
Introduction	p. 238
Role of Physical Evidence in Sexual Assault Investigations	p. 238
Evidence from the Crime Scene	p. 239
Evidence from the Victim	p. 242
Medical Examination of the Victim	p. 244
Evidence from the Suspect	p. 255
Examination of Adult Male Victim of Sexual Assault	p. 260
Child Sexual Abuse Examination	p. 262
Indications of Child Abuse	p. 265
Summary	p. 270
Review Questions	p. 270
Further References	p. 271
Swab Drying Box	p. 271
Chain of Custody Form	p. 272
Seal on Chain of Custody Envelopes	p. 273
Homicide Crime Scene Investigations	p. 274
Key words	p. 274
Introduction	p. 274
Homicide Investigation Response Team (HIRT)	p. 274
Additional Personnel Often Needed at Homicide Crime Scenes	p. 275
At the Homicide Crime Scene	p. 276
Precaution	p. 276
Condition of Body/Clothing/Scene	p. 276
Protection of the Body During Removal	p. 278
Area Beneath the Body	p. 278
Postmortem Examination (Autopsy) Guide	p. 279
Preautopsy Conference	p. 279
Postmortem Examination Photography	p. 280
Trace Evidence	p. 281
Procedures for Nude Bodies	p. 281
Hair Standard Samples	p. 282
Fingernail Scrapings	p. 283
Gunshot Residues	p. 283
Gunshot Wounds	p. 283
Condition of Teeth/Dentures	p. 285
Fingerprints/Palm Prints/Footprints	p. 285
Sexual Assault Homicides	p. 285
Vehicular Homicides	p. 285
Decomposed Remains	p. 286
Body Fluids and Toxicology Specimens	p. 287
Wrap-Up Conference	p. 287
Summary	p. 270
Review Questions	p. 290
Further References	p. 291
Safety Precautions for Homicide Crime Scenes	p. 291
Safety Precautions for Postmortem Examinations (Autopsies)	p. 292
Crime Scene Reconstruction	p. 293
Key words	p. 293
Introduction	p. 293
Establishment of Expertise	p. 293
Critical Thinking	p. 297
Foundations for Crime Scene Reconstruction	p. 298
Process of Crime Scene Reconstruction	p. 299
Types of Reconstructions	p. 302
Reconstructions Classified by Evidence Type Utilized	p. 304
Reconstructions Based on Bloodstain Pattern Evidence	p. 304
Information Obtained from Bloodstain Pattern Analysis	p. 304
Bloodstains: Shoe Prints, Tracks, and Trails	p. 310
Bloodstain Pattern Documentation	p. 311
Reconstructions Based on Firearms Evidence	p. 313
Introduction	p. 313
Information Available from a Shooting Incident Reconstruction	p. 314
Bullet Trajectories	p. 317
Bullet Ricochets	p. 322
Bullet Ricochets on Vehicles	p. 323
Identification of the Firearm that Fired Each Bullet or Cartridge Case	p. 328
Gunshot Residues on Suspected Shooters	p. 328
Distance Characteristics of Target Residues	p. 328
Laboratory Analysis of Firearm Evidence for Reconstructions	p. 331
Reconstructions Based on Other Evidence Types	p. 332
Direction of Force in Glass Pane Fractures	p. 332
Sequence of Firearm Projectile Impacts	p. 334
Evidence Showing Which Occupant of a Vehicle was the Driver	p. 334
Reconstructions Involving More Than One Type of Physical Evidence	p. 335
Review Questions	p. 339
Further References	p. 340
Crime Scene Reconstruction Checklist	p. 340
At the Scene	p. 340
Bloodstain Pattern Reconstructions	p. 340
Firearms Shooting Incidents	p. 340
Preparation for Reconstruction Effort	p. 341
Crime Scene Report Writing	p. 342
Introduction	p. 342
Accuracy	p. 342
Brevity	p. 343
Clarity	p. 343
Sketches/Photo Logs/Evidence Lists	p. 344
Courtroom Testimony	p. 346
Introduction	p. 346
Courtroom Procedures	p. 346
Helpful Hints for the Witness	p. 347
Testimony Dos and Don'ts	p. 349
Grand Juries	p. 350
Forensic Science and Latent Fingerprint Texts	p. 351
Physical Evidence Chart	p. 353
General Instructions	p. 353
Computer Evidence	p. 358
Conducting the Search and/or Seizure	p. 358
Entomological Evidence	p. 359
Introduction	p. 359
At the Scene	p. 359
Glossary	p. 361
Endnotes	p. 374
Index	p. 381
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