Criminal Investigation: The Art and the Science

by Lyman, Michael D.

• ISBN13: 9780130912886
• ISBN10: 0130912883
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2002-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

This dynamic book presents crime detection as a fascinating field relying heavily on the past experiences of investigators as well as recent practical and technological innovations. It explores the many external variables that can influence the investigator's success and the specific methods of crime detection and prosecution of law available in today's field. The Preliminary Investigation. Documenting the Crime Scene. Search and Seizure. Identification of Criminal Suspects. The Criminal Intelligence Function. Making an Arrest. Interview and Interrogation. Development and Management of Information. Wrongful Death. Robbery. Assault and Related Offenses. Sex Offenses. Child Abuse and Neglect. Burglary. Larceny<45>Theft. Motor Vehicle Theft. Arson and Bombings. Drug Offenses. White<45>Collar Crime. Preparation for Court. For anyone interested in criminal investigation.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
Acknowledgments	xix
About the Author	xxi
PART 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
Criminal Investigation: An Overview	1	(20)
Introduction	2	(1)
The Romance and Reality of Crime Solving	2	(2)
Criminal Investigation and Our English Heritage	4	(3)
The Bow Street Runners	5	(1)
The London Metropolitan Police	6	(1)
The Creation of Scotland Yard	6	(1)
Criminal Investigation in America	7	(3)
The Pinkerton National Detective Agency	8	(1)
Prohibition	9	(1)
The Creation of the FBI	10	(1)
The Increase of Science in Crime Detection	10	(1)
Criminal Investigation Research	11	(3)
The RAND Corporation Study	11	(2)
The PERF Study	13	(1)
The Objectives of Criminal Investigation	14	(1)
The Emergence of the Police Specialist	15	(1)
Types of Investigations	15	(1)
Modes of Investigation	16	(1)
The Role of the Criminal Investigator	16	(3)
Characteristics of the Investigator	17	(1)
Gathering Information	17	(1)
Field Operations	17	(1)
Arrests	18	(1)
Patrol Investigations	19	(1)
Do You Recognize These Terms?	19	(1)
Discussion Questions	19	(1)
Class Project	20	(1)
The Preliminary Investigation	21	(17)
Introduction	22	(1)
Performing the Preliminary Investigation	22	(1)
The Role of Evidence at the Crime Scene	23	(2)
Types of Evidence	24	(1)
The First Officer's Responsibilities	25	(5)
Arrival at the Scene	26	(1)
Identification and Separation of Witnesses	27	(1)
Determining the Size of the Crime Scene	27	(1)
Entry into the Crime Scene	28	(1)
When a Suspect is Still on the Scene	28	(1)
Broadcasting a Flash Description	29	(1)
Managing Emergency Situations	30	(1)
Securing the Scene	30	(1)
Handling Special Situations at the Scene	31	(3)
Dead Body	31	(1)
Hanging Victim	31	(1)
Firearms	31	(1)
The Illicit Drug Laboratory	32	(2)
Contacting the Medical Examiner	34	(1)
Conducting a Neighborhood Canvass	35	(1)
Performing the Follow-Up Investigation	36	(1)
Do You Recognize These Terms?	36	(1)
Discussion Questions	36	(1)
Class Project	37	(1)
PART 2 THE INVESTIGATIVE PROCESS
Documenting the Crime Scene	38	(29)
Introduction	39	(1)
Field Notes and Reports	39	(5)
The Role of Field Notes	39	(2)
When to Take Notes	41	(1)
What to Write Down	41	(2)
Developing a Note-Taking System	43	(1)
Field Interview Cards	44	(1)
Putting Field Notes to Work	44	(1)
Storage of Field Notes	44	(1)
Using a Tape Recorder	44	(1)
Using Field Notes in the Courtroom	44	(1)
Writing the Official Police Report	45	(3)
Factuality	46	(1)
Thoroughness	46	(1)
Getting to the Point	47	(1)
Word Choice	47	(1)
The Structure of the Report	48	(3)
The Initial Complaint	48	(2)
Supplemental Reports	50	(1)
Photographing the Crime Scene	51	(4)
What to Photograph	51	(2)
Other Hints	53	(2)
Admissibility of Photographic Evidence	55	(2)
Identification of Photographs	57	(1)
Surveillance Photographs	58	(1)
Videotaping the Crime Scene	59	(1)
The Crime Scene Sketch	60	(5)
Reasons to Sketch	61	(1)
Putting it Together	61	(1)
Measurement	61	(1)
Rough and Finished Sketches	62	(1)
Choosing the Best Method	63	(2)
Do You Recognize These Terms?	65	(1)
Discussion Questions	66	(1)
Class Project	66	(1)
Search and Seizure	67	(41)
Introduction	68	(1)
Due Process and the Constitution	68	(1)
Legal Guidelines for Searches	69	(3)
The Probable Cause Requirement	69	(1)
The Exclusionary Rule	70	(1)
The Fruit of the Poisoned Tree Doctrine	71	(1)
Search Incident to Lawful Arrest	71	(1)
Exceptions to the Exclusionary Rule	72	(3)
The Good Faith Exception	73	(1)
The Inevitable Discovery Doctrine	74	(1)
The Computer Errors Exception	75	(1)
Searches with a Warrant	75	(6)
Advantages of Searching with a Search Warrant	75	(1)
Structuring the Warrant	76	(1)
The Affidavit	76	(2)
The Search Warrant	78	(1)
The Search Warrant Return	78	(1)
Execution of the Warrant	78	(3)
Warrantless Searches	81	(12)
Search by Consent	81	(3)
Emergency Searches	84	(3)
Searches Incident to Arrest	87	(1)
Stop-and-Frisk Searches	88	(1)
Plain-View Searches	88	(2)
Automobile Searches	90	(2)
Open-Field Searches	92	(1)
Beginning the Search	93	(2)
Search Patterns	93	(2)
Searching the Scene	95	(1)
Rules for Collecting Evidence	96	(1)
Gathering and Preserving Evidence	96	(3)
The Chain of Custody	98	(1)
Marking the Evidence	98	(1)
Special Cases in Evidence Handling	99	(7)
Infected Evidence	99	(3)
Firearms	102	(1)
Bullets, Cartridges, and Empty Cases	103	(1)
Stains	103	(1)
Glass	103	(1)
Impressions	104	(1)
Drugs	105	(1)
Plant Material	105	(1)
Powdered Material	105	(1)
Liquid Material	105	(1)
Tablets or Capsules	106	(1)
Do You Recognize These Terms?	106	(1)
Important Cases to Remember	106	(1)
Discussion Questions	107	(1)
Class Project	107	(1)
Identification of Criminal Suspects	108	(38)
Introduction	109	(1)
The Role of the Crime Laboratory	109	(1)
Specialized Laboratory Equipment	110	(1)
Fingerprinting	111	(1)
The History of Fingerprinting	111	(7)
Types of Prints	114	(1)
Types of Patterns	114	(3)
Searching for Prints	117	(1)
Developing Latent Fingerprints	118	(8)
Powders	118	(1)
Iodine	119	(1)
Ninhydrin	120	(1)
Silver Nitrate Solution	121	(1)
Superglue Fuming	121	(2)
Lasers	123	(1)
Preservation of Fingerprints	124	(1)
Prints from Gloves	125	(1)
Computerized Fingerprints: The AFIS System	126	(1)
How AFIS Works	126	(1)
The Genetic Fingerprint: DNA	126	(5)
What is DNA?	127	(1)
DNA's History	128	(3)
Analyzing DNA	131	(5)
Admissibility of DNA as Evidence	133	(2)
Other Uses of DNA	135	(1)
Handwriting Analysis	136	(3)
Collection of Exemplars	137	(1)
The Writing Medium	138	(1)
The Writing Area	139	(1)
Criminal Composites	139	(1)
Personality Profiling	140	(2)
Police Lineups	142	(2)
The Photo Lineup	143	(1)
Do You Recognize These Terms?	144	(1)
Discussion Questions	144	(1)
Class Project	144	(2)
The Criminal Intelligence Function	146	(15)
Introduction	147	(1)
Overt and Covert Intelligence Collection	147	(1)
Criminal Intelligence and Criminal Investigation	147	(3)
Defining Criminal Intelligence	148	(2)
Types of Intelligence	150	(1)
Procedures for Intelligence Gathering	150	(4)
Target Selection	150	(2)
Data Collection	152	(1)
Data Collation and Analysis	153	(1)
Dissemination	153	(1)
Analyzing the Information	154	(4)
Link Analysis	154	(2)
Flowcharting	156	(2)
The RISS Projects	158	(1)
Do You Recognize These Terms?	159	(1)
Discussion Questions	159	(1)
Class Project	160	(1)
Making an Arrest	161	(18)
Introduction	162	(1)
Defining Arrest	162	(4)
What Is an Arrest?	162	(1)
The Legal Arrest	162	(2)
Detention versus Arrest	164	(1)
Investigatory Stops	165	(1)
When Is a Person under Arrest?	166	(2)
Use of Force	168	(6)
Defining Use of Force	171	(1)
Understanding Reasonableness	172	(1)
Levels of Force	172	(2)
Deadly Force	174	(2)
The Fleeing-Felon Rule	174	(1)
The Deadly Force Triangle	175	(1)
Off-Duty Arrests	176	(1)
Do You Recognize These Terms?	177	(1)
Discussion Questions	177	(1)
Class Project	177	(2)
Interviews and Interrogations	179	(30)
Introduction	180	(1)
Interview versus Interrogation	180	(1)
The Interview Process	181	(4)
Interviewing Witnesses, Citizens, and Victims	181	(3)
Interviewing Confidential Informants	184	(1)
The Suspect Interrogation Process	185	(1)
Goals of the Interrogation	185	(1)
Legal Requirements of the Interrogation	185	(1)
Safeguarding against Police Misconduct	186	(5)
Coercion and Duress	186	(1)
Unreasonable Delay in Arraignments	186	(1)
The Suspect's Right to Legal Counsel	187	(4)
Preparation for the Interrogation	191	(1)
The Interrogation Setting	191	(1)
The Interrogation Procedure	192	(4)
Interrogation Styles	192	(2)
Verbal Symptoms of Deception	194	(2)
Why Suspects Cooperate and Confess	196	(1)
Searching for Information	197	(1)
Closing the Communication Gap	197	(1)
Admissions versus Confessions	197	(1)
Written Statements	197	(2)
Structuring the Written Statement	199	(1)
Tape-Recorded Statements	199	(2)
The Recording Procedure	199	(2)
Videotaped Confessions	201	(1)
Recap Bias	201	(1)
Framing the Tapes	202	(1)
Use of the Polygraph	202	(4)
Accuracy of the Polygraph	203	(1)
Administration of the Polygraph Exam	204	(2)
Admissibility of Polygraph Results	206	(1)
Voice Stress Analyzer	206	(1)
Do You Recognize These Terms?	207	(1)
Discussion Questions	207	(1)
Class Project	208	(1)
Development and Management of Informants	209	(14)
Introduction	210	(2)
Who Are Informants?	212	(2)
Utilizing the Informant	213	(1)
Informant Motivations	214	(2)
Documenting Your Source	216	(2)
Maintaining Control of the Informant	218	(1)
Protecting the Informant's Identity	218	(1)
Legal Considerations	219	(1)
Federal Protection of the Informant	220	(1)
Other Problems with Informants	220	(1)
Do You Recognize These Terms?	221	(1)
Discussion Questions	222	(1)
Class Project	222	(1)
PART 3 INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE
Wrongful Death	223	(32)
Introduction	224	(1)
Murder	224	(2)
Modes of Death	226	(1)
Legal Characteristics of Homicide	227	(2)
Elements of Homicide	228	(1)
The Preliminary Investigation	229	(1)
Protecting the Crime Scene	230	(1)
Taking Notes at the Scene	230	(1)
Identifying the Victim	230	(7)
The Deceased Victim	235	(1)
The Victim Who Is Still Alive	236	(1)
Obtaining a Dying Declaration	236	(1)
Estimating the Time of Death	237	(2)
Changes in the Body	237	(2)
Insects	239	(1)
Animals	239	(1)
Bodies Found in Water	239	(1)
Gunshot Wounds as Evidence	239	(6)
Entrance Wounds	242	(1)
Exit Wounds	243	(1)
Smudging	243	(1)
Tattooing	243	(1)
Defense Wounds	243	(1)
Shotgun Wounds	244	(1)
Pitfalls in Homicide Investigations	245	(1)
Serial, Mass, and Sensational Murders	246	(1)
National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime	247	(1)
VI-CAP	247	(1)
Autoerotic Death	247	(2)
Suicide	249	(4)
Evidence of Suicide	250	(1)
The Suicide Note	250	(1)
Reconstructing the Death	251	(1)
Instruments of the Killing	251	(2)
Motives for Suicide	253	(1)
Do You Recognize These Terms?	253	(1)
Discussion Questions	253	(1)
Class Projects	254	(1)
Robbery	255	(17)
Introduction	256	(1)
Robbery Offenses	256	(3)
Understanding Robbery	257	(1)
Defining Robbery	258	(1)
Consequences of Robbery	258	(1)
Elements of Robbery	259	(1)
Types of Robbery	259	(6)
Commercial Robberies: Stores and Banks	260	(2)
Street Robberies	262	(1)
Residential Robberies	263	(1)
School Robberies	263	(1)
Vehicle Robberies	264	(1)
Types of Robbers	264	(1)
The First Officer on the Scene	265	(1)
The Preliminary Investigation	266	(1)
The Neighborhood Canvass	267	(1)
The Robber's Method of Operation	268	(1)
Physical Evidence	269	(1)
The Role of Witnesses	270	(1)
Do You Recognize These Terms?	270	(1)
Discussion Questions	270	(1)
Class Project	271	(1)
Assault and Related Offenses	272	(20)
Introduction	273	(1)
Legal Classifications of Assault	273	(3)
Simple Assault	273	(1)
Aggravated Assault	274	(2)
Self-Defense	276	(1)
The Preliminary Investigation	276	(2)
Documenting the Elements of Assault	277	(1)
Protecting the Crime Scene	277	(1)
Initial Questioning	277	(1)
Searching the Crime Scene	278	(1)
Domestic Violence	278	(4)
The Investigative Response to Domestic Violence	279	(2)
Legal Approaches to Domestic Violence	281	(1)
Elder Abuse	282	(2)
Stalking	284	(5)
Who Stalks Whom?	285	(1)
Forms of Stalking	286	(2)
Occurrence of Stalking	288	(1)
The Investigative Response to Stalking	288	(1)
Do You Recognize These Terms?	289	(1)
Discussion Questions	289	(1)
Class Project	290	(2)
Sex Offenses	292	(24)
Introduction	293	(1)
The Role of the Sex-Crime Investigator	293	(1)
Nuisance Sex Offenses	294	(3)
Exhibitionism	294	(1)
Voyerurism: The Peeping Tom	295	(1)
Pyromania: The Fire-Starter	295	(1)
Fetishism	296	(1)
The Obscene Phone Caller	296	(1)
Forcible Rape	297	(4)
Legal Aspects of Rape	300	(1)
Date Rape	301	(1)
The Initial Interview of the Rape Victim	301	(1)
The Follow-Up Interview of the Rape Victim	302	(2)
Evidence in Rape Cases	304	(4)
The Rape Evidence Kit	306	(1)
The Medical Examination	307	(1)
Profiling the Rapist	308	(5)
The Power-Reassurance (Manhood) Rapist	309	(1)
The Power-Assertive Rapist	310	(1)
The Anger-Retaliatory Rapist	310	(1)
The Anger-Excitation Rapist	311	(1)
The Rapist's Approach	312	(1)
Methods of Control	313	(1)
Do You Recognize These Terms?	313	(1)
Discussion Questions	313	(1)
Class Projects	314	(2)
Child Abuse and Neglect	316	(25)
Introduction	317	(1)
Assaults against Children	317	(4)
Battered Child Syndrome	318	(1)
Recognizing Abuse	319	(1)
Taking the Initial Report	320	(1)
The Initial Police Response to Child Abuse	320	(1)
Steps in Investigating Battered Child Syndrome	321	(3)
Interviews with Medical Personnel	321	(1)
Other Important Source of Information	322	(1)
Consultation with Experts	322	(1)
Interviews with Caretakers	323	(1)
The Crime Scene Investigation	323	(1)
Investigator Guidelines for Child Homicide	324	(4)
Shaken Baby Syndrome	325	(1)
Munchhausen Syndrome by Proxy	326	(1)
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome	327	(1)
Conclusion	328	(1)
Sexual Abuse of Children	328	(6)
The Preliminary Investigation	330	(1)
Interviewing the Child Victim	331	(3)
Closing the Interview	334	(1)
Children as Witnesses	334	(2)
The Child Molester	336	(1)
Investigating the Molester	337	(2)
Premeditation and Intent	338	(1)
Do You Recognize These Terms?	339	(1)
Discussion Questions	339	(1)
Class Project	339	(2)
PART 4 PROPERTY CRIMES
Burglary	341	(15)
Introduction	342	(1)
Burglary Offenses	342	(4)
Burglary versus Robbery	344	(1)
Why Criminals Burglarize	344	(1)
Elements of the Crime of Burglary	345	(1)
How a Thief Works	345	(1)
Types of Burglaries	346	(1)
ATM Burglaries	346	(1)
Types of Burglars	346	(1)
The Amateur Burglar	347	(1)
The Professional Burglar	347	(1)
The Preliminary Investigation	347	(4)
Indications of Burglary	348	(1)
Approach with Caution!	348	(1)
Physical Evidence	349	(1)
Possession of Burglary Tools	349	(2)
Safe Burglaries	351	(1)
Tracing Stolen Property	352	(2)
The Fence	352	(1)
Proving the Receipt of Stolen Property	352	(1)
Circumstantial Evidence	353	(1)
Burglary Prevention through Proactive Patrol	354	(1)
Do You Recognize These Terms?	354	(1)
Discussion Questions	354	(1)
Class Project	355	(1)
Larceny-Theft	356	(17)
Introduction	357	(1)
Larceny-Theft Offenses	358	(2)
Forgery and Fraud	360	(3)
Check Fraud	360	(1)
Investigating Check Forgery	361	(2)
Embezzlement	363	(4)
Investigating Embezzlement	365	(1)
Categories of Embezzlement	365	(2)
Credit Card Fraud	367	(2)
Obtaining Cards	368	(1)
Using Stolen Cards	368	(1)
Investigating Credit Card Theft	368	(1)
Shoplifting	369	(2)
Investigating Shoplifting	370	(1)
Do You Recognize These Terms?	371	(1)
Discussion Questions	371	(1)
Class Project	372	(1)
Motor Vehicle Theft	373	(23)
Introduction	374	(1)
Motor Vehicle Theft Offenses	374	(4)
Motivations for Motor Vehicle Theft	378	(3)
Joyriding	378	(1)
Theft for Resale	379	(1)
Transportation for Other Crimes	380	(1)
Stripping and Chop-Chop Operations	380	(1)
The Preliminary Investigation	381	(2)
The Investigative Traffic Stop	382	(1)
The Vehicle Identification Number	383	(1)
History of the VIN	383	(1)
How the VIN Works	383	(1)
The Altered VIN	384	(1)
Disguising the Stolen Vehicle	384	(1)
The Salvage Switch Method	384	(1)
The Modified VIN Technique	384	(1)
The Bogus VIN	385	(1)
The Rip-Off	385	(1)
Tools of the Trade	386	(1)
Recognizing the Stolen Vehicle	386	(2)
The Usefulness of Alarms	388	(1)
Carjacking	389	(1)
Theft of Off-Road Machinery	390	(1)
Motor Vehicle Fraud	391	(1)
Method of Fraud	391	(1)
Stolen Motorcycles	392	(2)
The Motorcycle VIN	393	(1)
Methods of Motorcycle Theft	394	(1)
The NATB	394	(1)
Do You Recognize These Terms?	394	(1)
Discussion Questions	394	(1)
Class Project	395	(1)
Arson and Bombings	396	(32)
Introduction	397	(1)
Arson Offenses	397	(2)
Elements of Arson	399	(1)
Legal Categories	399	(1)
The Police and Fire Alliance	399	(1)
Arson Investigative Techniques	400	(1)
The Preliminary Investigation of Arson	400	(8)
Identify the Point of Origin	404	(1)
Search for Flammable Liquids	404	(1)
Observe the Span of the Fire	404	(1)
Photograph the Scene	404	(1)
Identify Plants or Trailers	405	(1)
Question Witnesses	405	(1)
Observe Alligatoring	405	(1)
Other Clues	406	(2)
Motivations of the Arsonist	408	(3)
Arson for Profit	408	(1)
Arson for Revenge	409	(1)
Arson for Vandalism	410	(1)
Arson for Crime Concealment	410	(1)
Pyromania	411	(1)
Serial Fire-Setters	411	(1)
Profiling the Fire-Starter	412	(1)
The Role of the Insurance Industry	413	(1)
Prosecution of Arson Cases	414	(1)
Bombing Incidents	415	(1)
The World Trade Center Bombing	415	(1)
The Unabomber	416	(1)
The Extent of the Bombing Problem	416	(3)
What is a Bomb?	416	(2)
Teen Bombings	418	(1)
Investigating the Bomb Threat	419	(3)
The Written Bomb Threat	420	(1)
Booby Traps	420	(1)
Safety Precautions	421	(1)
Bomb-Search Techniques	422	(3)
First Room-Searching Sweep	423	(1)
Second Room-Searching Sweep	424	(1)
Third Room-Searching Sweep	424	(1)
Fourth Room-Searching Sweep	424	(1)
When a Bomb Is Found	425	(1)
Handling the Media	425	(1)
Do You Recognize These Terms?	425	(1)
Discussion Questions	425	(1)
Class Project	426	(2)
PART 5 VICE CRIMES AND RELATED OFFENSES
Drug Offenses	428	(38)
Introduction	429	(1)
Principal Drugs of Abuse	430	(11)
Characteristics of Drugs	430	(1)
Cannabis	431	(2)
Narcotics	433	(2)
Stimulants	435	(2)
Hallucinogens	437	(1)
Depressants	438	(3)
Designer Drugs	441	(1)
The General Structure of Drug Laws	441	(2)
The 1970 Controlled Substances Act	443	(1)
Initiating Drug Cases	443	(2)
Confidential Informants	445	(1)
Case Planning	445	(2)
Undercover Operations	447	(6)
Undercover Investigative Techniques	450	(1)
Drug-Buy Operations	450	(1)
Entrapment	451	(2)
Investigation of an Illegal Drug Laboratory	453	(1)
The Drug Raid	454	(5)
Purpose of the Raid	454	(1)
Team Personnel	455	(2)
Preraid Planning	457	(1)
Raid Execution	458	(1)
Pharmaceutical Diversion	459	(2)
Diversion by Legal Restraints	459	(1)
Diversion by Street Criminals	460	(1)
Extraordinary Drug Enforcement Techniques	461	(3)
Drug Courier Profiling	461	(1)
Asset Forfeiture	462	(2)
Do You Recognize These Terms?	464	(1)
Discussion Questions	464	(1)
Class Project	465	(1)
White-Collar Crime	466	(32)
Introduction	467	(1)
Defining White-Collar Crime	468	(1)
Corporate Crime	469	(1)
Money Laundering	470	(7)
The History of Money Laundering	470	(1)
Combatting the Money-Laundering Problem	471	(1)
Techniques of Money Laundering	472	(5)
Confidence Games	477	(6)
The Pigeon Drop	477	(1)
The Bank Examiner Scheme	477	(1)
The Pyramid ``Get Rich Quick'' Scheme	478	(3)
Travel Scams	481	(1)
Home Repair Gypsies	482	(1)
Contest Cons	482	(1)
The Magazine Subscription Scam	482	(1)
Computer Crime	483	(13)
Defining Computer Crime	485	(1)
The Nature of the Crime	485	(1)
Computer Crime Investigations	486	(1)
Classification of Computer Crimes	487	(1)
Typical Forms of Computer Crimes	487	(4)
Automatic Teller Machine Frauds	491	(1)
The Preliminary Investigation of Computer Crimes	492	(1)
Evidence Considerations	492	(3)
Profile of the Computer Criminal	495	(1)
Interviewing the Computer Crime Suspect	495	(1)
Do You Recognize These Terms?	496	(1)
Discussion Questions	496	(1)
Class Project	497	(1)
PART 6 PROSECUTION
Preparation for Court	498	(15)
Introduction	499	(1)
Pretrial Procedures	499	(3)
The Pretrial Conference	500	(1)
Going to Court	501	(1)
The Criminal Trial Process	502	(4)
Selection of the Jury	503	(1)
Opening Statements	503	(1)
Direct Examination	503	(1)
Cross-Examination	503	(1)
Objections	504	(1)
Closing Arguments	505	(1)
Jury Instructions and the Verdict	506	(1)
Witness Preparation	506	(1)
The Investigator as a Professional Witness	507	(4)
Preparing for Court	507	(1)
Reviewing Evidence and Reports	508	(1)
Credibility as a Witness	508	(1)
Courtroom Demeanor	509	(1)
Giving a Positive Impression	509	(2)
The Role of the Expert Witness	511	(1)
Do You Recognize These Terms?	512	(1)
Discussion Questions	512	(1)
Class Project	512	(1)
Appendix A: Physical Evidence	513	(18)
Appendix B: Cases	531	(4)
Appendix C: Glossary	535	(16)
Index	551