Criminal Investigation : Basic Perspectives

by Weston, Paul B.; Lushbaugh, Charles A.

• ISBN13: 9780131188594
• ISBN10: 0131188593
• Edition: 10th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

Together, the authors of Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives have in excess of fifty years of law enforcement experience with a variety of agencies such as the United States Postal Inspection Service, the United States Marshal's Service, the Sacramento Sheriff s Department, the New York Police Department and the California State Police. Prom this perspective the authors have written a well-balanced, comprehensive text on criminal investigation. This Tenth edition has been updated and includes two newly rewritten chapters on Interviewing and the Detection of Deception, and the Interrogation Process. New discussion regarding witness motivation, the importance of separating witnesses, and the need to get a commitment from a witness have been added to the chapter on Direct and Circumstantial Evidence. A new section on computer databases has been added to the chapter on Basic Investigative Leads. Added to the end of each chapter is a new "related web sites" section for additional research and information on the chapter topic. In addition, a new case study has been added to this edition. These case studies that are included at the end of each chapter are designed to highlight the chapter content and enhance the learning process. Criminal Investigation Basic Perspectives, Tenth Edition is a resource that will prepare students for the challenging world of criminal investigation.

Table of Contents

Preface	xii
PART I Elements of Investigation
Chapter 1 The Initial Investigation	3	(22)
The Legal Significance of Evidence	4	(1)
Coordination of the Crime Scene	4	(2)
Systematic Search Procedures	6	(14)
Collecting Evidence	9	(1)
Marking Evidence	9	(2)
Establishing the Chain of Possession	11	(1)
Packaging Physical Evidence	12	(2)
Matching Physical Evidence with Known Standards	14	(2)
Transporting Evidence	16	(1)
Handling Infected Evidence	17	(1)
Identifying Physical Changes at the Scene	18	(1)
Conducting a Final Survey of the Scene	19	(1)
Media Relations	20	(1)
Chapter Review	20	(2)
CASE STUDY: Incredible Evidence	20	(2)
Discussion Questions	22	(1)
Library Assignment	23	(1)
Workbook Project	23	(1)
Related Web Sites	23	(1)
Notes	24	(1)
Chapter 2 Direct and Circumstantial Evidence	25	(22)
Direct Evidence	25	(7)
Locating Witnesses at the Crime Scene	25	(3)
Revisiting the Crime Scene	28	(1)
Canvassing the View Area	28	(1)
Canvassing the Neighborhood	29	(1)
Issuing Pleas for Public Cooperation	30	(2)
Circumstantial Evidence	32	(12)
Weapons	32	(3)
Blood	35	(2)
Imprints and Impressions	37	(4)
Tool Marks	41	(1)
Dust, Dirt, and Other Traces	41	(2)
Questioned Documents	43	(1)
Other Evidence	43	(1)
Chapter Review	44	(1)
CASE STUDY: Revenge	44	(1)
Discussion Questions	45	(1)
Library Assignment	45	(1)
Workbook Project	45	(1)
Related Web Sites	46	(1)
Notes	46	(1)
Chapter 3 Records of the Crime Scene	47	(22)
Field Notes	47	(1)
Preliminary Investigative Report	48	(4)
Photography	52	(2)
Sketches	54	(5)
Videotapes	59	(1)
Progress Reports	60	(1)
Discovery	61	(1)
Chapter Review	61	(6)
CASE STUDY: The Lucky Market Case	61	(6)
Discussion Questions	67	(1)
Library Assignment	67	(1)
Workbook Project	67	(1)
Related Web Sites	67	(1)
Notes	68	(1)
Chapter 4 Laboratory and Technical Services	69	(16)
Criminalistics: Forensic Science	70	(1)
DNA "Fingerprinting"	71	(2)
Laboratory Determinations	73	(3)
Laboratory Equipment	76	(3)
Voiceprint Identification	79	(1)
Cryptography	80	(1)
Chapter Review	81	(1)
CASE STUDY: Child Abduction	81	(1)
Discussion Questions	82	(1)
Library Assignment	83	(1)
Workbook Project	83	(1)
Related Web Sites	83	(1)
Notes	83	(2)
Chapter 5 Basic Investigative Leads and Informants	85	(30)
Basic Leads	85	(16)
Victim's Background	87	(1)
Benefit	88	(1)
Opportunity	88	(1)
Knowledge	89	(1)
Field Contact Reports	90	(1)
Vehicles	90	(1)
Weapons	91	(1)
Fingerprints	92	(1)
Stolen Property	93	(2)
Modus Operandi	95	(1)
Computer Databases	95	(1)
Offender Registration	96	(2)
Photographs of Known Criminals	98	(1)
Composite Sketches	98	(1)
Injured Suspects	99	(1)
Linkage Between Suspect and Crime Partners	100	(1)
Informants	101	(5)
Basic-Lead Informants	102	(1)
Participant Informants	103	(1)
Covert Informants	104	(1)
Accomplice-Witnesses	105	(1)
Chapter Review	106	(7)
CASE STUDY: The Shugars and Smith Case	106	(7)
Discussion Questions	113	(1)
Library Assignment	113	(1)
Workbook Project	113	(1)
Related Web Sites	113	(1)
Notes	114	(1)
Chapter 6 Major Investigative Techniques	115	(22)
Surveillance	115	(7)
Visual Surveillance	115	(3)
Audio Surveillance	118	(3)
Contact Surveillance	121	(1)
Search Warrants	122	(1)
Police Intelligence: Criminal Investigation Information	123	(3)
Proactive Investigation	125	(1)
Undercover Police Agents	125	(1)
Lineups	126	(2)
Chapter Review	128	(7)
CASE STUDY: The Brown Case	128	(7)
Discussion Questions	135	(1)
Library Assignment	135	(1)
Workbook Project	136	(1)
Related Web Sites	136	(1)
Notes	136	(1)
Chapter 7 Interviewing and the Detection of Deception	137	(14)
Interview Essentials	137	(4)
Privacy	137	(1)
Rapport Building	138	(1)
Competency and Credibility Issues	139	(1)
Interview Structure	140	(1)
Listening	140	(1)
Detection of Deception	141	(4)
Physical Signs of Deception	141	(1)
Polygraph Testing	142	(3)
Recollection Refreshment	145	(2)
Investigative Hypnosis	145	(1)
Cognitive Interview	146	(1)
Written Statement of a Witness	147	(1)
Chapter Review	147	(1)
CASE STUDY: Robbery Interview	147	(1)
Discussion Questions	148	(1)
Library Assignment	148	(1)
Workbook Project	149	(1)
Related Web Sites	149	(1)
Notes	149	(2)
Chapter 8 Interrogation of Suspects	151	(14)
Interrogation Law	151	(2)
The Waiver	153	(2)
Interrogation Essentials	155	(2)
Privacy	155	(1)
Prior Investigation	155	(1)
Approach	156	(1)
Why People Confess	157	(1)
The Suspect's Dilemma: The Crime Partner	158	(1)
Documentation of the Confession	158	(2)
Chapter Review	160	(1)
CASE STUDY: Interrogation of a Robbery Suspect	160	(1)
Discussion Questions	161	(1)
Library Assignment	162	(1)
Workbook Project	162	(1)
Related Web Sites	162	(1)
Notes	162	(3)
Chapter 9 The Arrest of the Accused Person	165	(26)
The Broadcast Alarm	166	(2)
Records as Sources of Information	168	(1)
Wanted Notices	169	(3)
The Arrest	172	(4)
Pedigree	174	(2)
Case Preparation	176	(3)
The Defendant's Identity	176	(1)
The Defendant and the Corpus Delicti	177	(1)
Negative Evidence	178	(1)
Lawful Procedures	178	(1)
Arrangement of Evidence	178	(1)
The "Package," or Case Folder	179	(1)
The Decision to Charge	179	(1)
Closure of an Investigation	180	(2)
Chapter Review	182	(5)
CASE STUDY Double Murder-Ms. Wylie and Ms. Hoffert	182	(5)
Discussion Questions	187	(1)
Library Assignment	187	(1)
Workbook Project	187	(1)
Related Web Sites	187	(1)
Notes	188	(3)
PART II Investigation of Major Crimes
Chapter 10 Physical Assaults	191	(26)
Homicide	191	(16)
"Suspicious Death" Investigation	191	(2)
The Autopsy as an Extension of the Crime Scene	193	(1)
Medicolegal Laboratory Services	193	(2)
Suicide, Accident, or Criminal Homicide?	195	(1)
Identification of Victim	196	(1)
Time of Death	197	(2)
Exhumation	199	(1)
Checklist for the Investigation of Criminal Homicide	199	(3)
Patterns of Criminal Homicide	202	(2)
Motive for Murder-Relationships	204	(1)
Multicide	205	(2)
Stalking	207	(1)
Assaults	207	(2)
Child Abuse	209	(3)
Chapter Review	212	(3)
CASE STUDY: Autopsy Surgeon	212	(3)
Discussion Questions	215	(1)
Library Assignment	215	(1)
Workbook Project	215	(1)
Related Web Sites	215	(1)
Notes	216	(1)
Chapter 11 Sexual Assaults	217	(18)
Rape	217	(9)
Initial Action	218	(2)
Follow-Up Interview of Victim	220	(2)
Follow-Up Interviews of Witnesses	222	(1)
Personality Profile of the Serial Rapist	222	(1)
Arrest of the Suspect	223	(1)
Case Preparation	224	(1)
Problems of Proof	225	(1)
Child Sexual Abuse	226	(5)
Incest	226	(1)
Pedophilia	227	(1)
The Child as Victim-Witness	228	(2)
Missing Children	230	(1)
Chapter Review	231	(1)
CASE STUDY: East Area Rapist	231	(1)
Discussion Questions	232	(1)
Library Assignment	233	(1)
Workbook Project	233	(1)
Related Web Sites	233	(1)
Notes	233	(2)
Chapter 12 Robbery	235	(16)
Components of Robbery	235	(5)
The Target in Robberies	240	(1)
Identification Evidence	241	(1)
Checklist for the Investigation of Robbery	242	(2)
Repeat-Offender Cases	244	(1)
Carjacking	245	(1)
Outline of the Carjacking Investigation	245	(1)
Problems of Proof	246	(1)
Chapter Review	247	(1)
CASE STUDY: This is a Holdup!	247	(1)
Discussion Questions	248	(1)
Library Assignment	249	(1)
Workshop Project	249	(1)
Related Web Sites	249	(1)
Notes	249	(2)
Chapter 13 Arson, Bombings, and Hate Crimes	251	(20)
Arson	251	(12)
The Suspicious Fire Concept	252	(3)
Burn Patterns: Structural Fires	255	(1)
Burn Patterns: Nonstructural Fires	256	(1)
Ignition and Place of Origin of Fire	257	(1)
The Fire Scene	258	(2)
Fire Scene Photographs	260	(1)
The Continuing Arson Investigation	261	(2)
Bombings	263	(2)
Problems of Proof in Arson and Bombing Cases	265	(1)
Hate Crimes	265	(1)
Chapter Review	266	(1)
CASE STUDY: Motive for Arson	266	(1)
Discussion Questions	267	(1)
Library Assignment	268	(1)
Workbook Project	268	(1)
Related Web Sites	268	(1)
Notes	268	(3)
Chapter 14 Property Crimes	271	(34)
Burglary	271	(7)
Types of Burglars	273	(2)
Burglary as a Behavioral Concept	275	(1)
Safe Burglars	276	(1)
Burglary Scene Investigation	277	(1)
Postscene Investigation	278	(1)
Known Burglars	278	(1)
Theft	278	(10)
The Attack	280	(1)
Modus Operandi Searches	281	(1)
The Universe of Suspects	282	(1)
Criminal Receivers of Stolen Property	283	(1)
Auto Theft	284	(2)
Theft by Employees	286	(2)
Fraud	288	(12)
Elements of Fraud	289	(1)
Bunco Schemes and Con Games	289	(4)
The Bank Examiner Fraud	293	(1)
Fraudulent Checks	293	(1)
Credit Card Frauds	294	(1)
Consumer and Business Frauds	294	(2)
Workplace Frauds	296	(1)
ATM Frauds	297	(1)
Identity Theft	298	(1)
Computer Fraud	298	(1)
Investigation of Frauds	299	(1)
Chapter Review	300	(1)
CASE STUDY: The Year My Life Was Stolen	300	(1)
Discussion Questions	301	(1)
Library Assignment	302	(1)
Workbook Project	302	(1)
Related Web Sites	303	(1)
Notes	303	(2)
Chapter 15 Dangerous Drugs	305	(24)
Entrapment	307	(1)
The Drug Scene	307	(4)
Heroin	308	(1)
Cocaine	308	(1)
Marijuana	308	(1)
Amphetamine and Methamphetamine	309	(1)
Phencyclidine	309	(1)
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)	310	(1)
Ecstasy	311	(1)
Rohypnol	311	(1)
Drug-Selling Organizations	311	(2)
Drug Investigations	313	(8)
Pickup Arrests	313	(1)
Arrests Based on "Buys"	314	(1)
Search Warrants	315	(3)
Warrantless Searches	318	(1)
"Working Up" Investigations	319	(2)
Raids	321	(1)
Problems of Proof	321	(1)
Chapter Review	322	(4)
CASE STUDY: Dangerous Drugs Law Enforcement-Roles and Story Lines	322	(4)
Discussion Questions	326	(1)
Library Assignment	326	(1)
Workbook Project	326	(1)
Related Web Sites	326	(1)
Notes	327	(2)
Chapter 16 Special Investigations	329	(28)
Vice	329	(2)
Gambling	329	(1)
Prostitution	330	(1)
Organized Crime	331	(3)
Nature of Operations	331	(1)
Characteristic Activity	332	(1)
Investigative Alerts	332	(1)
Gang Activity	333	(1)
Problems of Proof	334	(1)
Terrorism	334	(8)
Terrorist Groups	336	(2)
Preventive Intelligence	338	(2)
Role of Police Operations Units	340	(1)
The Criminal Investigator's Role	340	(1)
Problems of Proof	341	(1)
Computer Crime	342	(4)
Hackers and Their Tools	342	(1)
Computer Fraud	343	(1)
Child Pornography and Exploitation	344	(1)
Cybercrime Investigation and Prevention	345	(1)
Hit and Run	346	(6)
The Hit-and-Run Operator	346	(1)
The Alarm	346	(2)
The Scene Search	348	(1)
Stakeouts	349	(1)
Transfer Evidence	350	(1)
Accountability	351	(1)
Possible Murder	351	(1)
Chapter Review	352	(1)
CASE STUDY: Hit and Run	352	(1)
Discussion Questions	353	(1)
Library Assignment	354	(1)
Workbook Project	354	(1)
Related Web Sites	354	(1)
Notes	354	(3)
Chapter 17 The Investigator as Witness and Ethical Awareness	357	(14)
The Investigator as Witness	357	(6)
Action Prior to Court Appearance	357	(2)
General Behavior	359	(2)
Nonverbal Communication	361	(1)
Conduct After Testifying	362	(1)
Ethical Awareness	363	(2)
Crime and Outrageous Conduct	363	(1)
Impact of Misconduct on Criminal Investigation	364	(1)
Standards for Criminal Investigators	364	(1)
Prevention of Misconduct	364	(1)
Chapter Review	365	(4)
CASE STUDY: The Special Crime Squad	365	(4)
Discussion Questions	369	(1)
Library Assignment	369	(1)
Workbook Project	369	(1)
Related Web Sites	370	(1)
Notes	370	(1)
Appendix A Case Briefs	371	(6)
Appendix B Federally Controlled Substances Law	377	(4)
Appendix C Identity Theft: What to Do If It Happens to You	381	(4)
Glossary	385	(22)
Selected Bibliography	407	(4)
Index	411

Excerpts

The tenth edition of Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives was written to keep abreast of the changes in the field of criminal investigation. The chapter on Interviewing and the Detection of Deception and the chapter on the Interrogation of Suspects have been extensively rewritten. These changes are reflective of new insights in these areas, 1n addition new segments were added to three chapters: Witness motivation, separation of witnesses, obtaining a commitment from a witness and information on gunshot residue examinations (Chapter 2, "Direct and Circumstantial Evidence") Computer databases ('Basic Investigative Leads and Informants") Search warrants ("Major Investigative Techniques") Federal Controlled Substances Law ("Appendix B") One new case study, designed W enhance the learning process, has been added to this edition. The case study method of instruction facilitates learning by linking case content to textbook topics and by encouraging the exchange of opinions and viewpoints among students during discussion sessions. The case studies in this book are designed to contribute to this type of learning process. Each case provides factual information that is likely to promote analysis and discussion and thus aid in developing the student's ability to analyze, evaluate, and reason. The topic of discussion is focused on the facts of each case study, but only the range of student opinions and ideas limits the scope of the discussion. Some cases are presented in straight narrative style, while others are written in dialogue form as the best means of joining the personalities and the situations of a case study. Each case presents a real-life situation or episode experienced some time in the past. There has been no "doctoring" to develop points, theories, or problems. However, names, dates, and locations have been altered in some instances to avoid embarrassing any persons or their families.