Criminal Investigation With Infotrac

by Bennett, Wayne W.; Hess, Karen M.

• ISBN13: 9780534615246
• ISBN10: 0534615244
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-08-04
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

This text stresses the practical procedures, techniques, and applications of private and public investigations to provide students with a solid foundation in criminal investigation. The Seventh Edition emphasizes professionalism and integrates coverage of modern investigation tools as it presents established investigation policies, procedures, and techniques for the law enforcement officer. Recent court cases; coverage of the latest investigative techniques and technology; and new material on topics such as terrorism, stalking, and child abuse enhance the text's practical and applied approach. In addition, a new 8-page, full color crime scenes photos insert uses current, real-life cases to illustrate chapter topics, and a new interactive Crime and Evidence in Action CD-ROM comes packaged with each student edition.

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
Section One: Introduction	1	(30)
Criminal Investigation: An Overview	2	(29)
Introduction	3	(1)
Criminal Investigation Definitions	4	(1)
Other Terms Defined	4	(1)
Goals of Criminal Investigation	5	(1)
Basic Functions	6	(1)
Characteristics of an Effective Investigator	6	(3)
Intellectual Characteristics	7	(1)
Psychological Characteristics	8	(1)
Physical Characteristics	9	(1)
The Preliminary Investigation: Basic Considerations	9	(6)
The Initial Response	9	(1)
The Point of Arrival	10	(1)
Setting Priorities	11	(1)
Handling Emergency Situations	11	(1)
Protecting the Crime Scene	12	(1)
Conducting the Preliminary Investigation	13	(2)
Crime Scene Investigators (CSIs)	15	(1)
The Follow-Up Investigation	15	(1)
Computer-Aided Investigation	16	(2)
Crime Analysis, Mapping and Geographical Information Systems	17	(1)
Problem-Oriented Policing	18	(1)
Investigative Productivity	19	(1)
The Investigative Function: The Responsibility of All Police Personnel	19	(1)
Interrelationships with Others---Community Policing	20	(4)
Uniformed Patrol	21	(1)
Dispatchers	21	(1)
Prosecutor's Staff	22	(1)
Defense Counsel	22	(1)
Physicians, Coroners and Medical Examiners	22	(1)
Crime Laboratories	22	(1)
Private Laboratories	23	(1)
Citizens	23	(1)
Witnesses	23	(1)
Victims	23	(1)
Witnesses, Victims and the Media	24	(1)
Major-Case Task Forces	24	(1)
Avoiding Civil Liability	25	(1)
Summary	25	(1)
Checklist	26	(1)
Discussion Questions	27	(1)
Investigate the Web	27	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	27	(1)
Internet	27	(1)
Crime and Evidence in Action CD-ROM	27	(1)
References	28	(3)
Section Two Basic Investigative Responsibilities	31	(168)
Documenting the Scene: Note Taking, Photographing and Sketching	33	(30)
Introduction	34	(1)
Field Notes	35	(1)
When to Take Notes	35	(1)
What to Record	35	(2)
Where to Record Notes	37	(1)
How to Take Notes	37	(1)
Using a Tape Recorder	38	(1)
Characteristics of Effective Notes	38	(1)
Filing Notes	38	(1)
Admissibility of Notes in Court	39	(1)
Investigative Photography: An Overview	39	(1)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Photographs	40	(1)
Basic Photographic Equipment	40	(3)
Training in and Using Investigative Photography	43	(2)
What to Photograph or Videotape	43	(1)
Errors to Avoid	44	(1)
Types of Investigative Photography	45	(2)
Surveillance Photography	45	(1)
Aerial Photography	45	(1)
Night Photography	46	(1)
Laboratory Photography	46	(1)
Mug Shots	46	(1)
Lineup Photographs	47	(1)
Identifying, Filing and Maintaining Continuity of Evidence	47	(1)
Admissibility of Photographs in Court	48	(1)
Crime-Scene Sketches: An Overview	48	(1)
The Rough Sketch	49	(1)
Sketching Materials	49	(1)
Steps in Sketching the Crime Scene	49	(7)
Step One: Observe and Plan	50	(1)
Step Two: Measure and Outline the Area	50	(2)
Step Three: Plot Objects and Evidence	52	(2)
Step Four: Take Notes	54	(1)
Step Five: Identify the Scene	54	(1)
Step Six: Reassess the Sketch	54	(2)
File the Sketch	56	(1)
The Finished Scale Drawing	56	(1)
Computer-Assisted Drawing	57	(2)
Admissibility of Sketches and Drawings in Court	59	(1)
Summary	59	(1)
Checklists	60	(1)
Discussion Questions	61	(1)
Investigate the Web	62	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	62	(1)
Internet	62	(1)
Crime and Evidence in Action CD-ROM	62	(1)
References	62	(1)
Searches	63	(23)
Introduction	64	(1)
Legal Searches and the Fourth Amendment	64	(6)
Search with a Warrant	65	(2)
Search with Consent	67	(1)
Patdown or Frisk during a ``Stop''	68	(1)
Search Following an Arrest	69	(1)
Search in an Emergency Situation	69	(1)
Basic Limitation on Searches	70	(1)
The Exclusionary Rule	70	(1)
The Crime-Scene Search	70	(2)
Organizing the Crime-Scene Search	71	(1)
Physical Evidence	71	(1)
Search Patterns	72	(4)
Exterior Searches	72	(1)
Interior Searches	72	(3)
General Guidelines	75	(1)
Plain-View Evidence	75	(1)
Other Types of Investigatory Searches	76	(4)
Building Searches	76	(1)
Trash or Garbage Can Searches	76	(1)
Vehicle Searches	76	(3)
Suspect Searches	79	(1)
Dead Body Searches	80	(1)
Use of Dogs in a Search	80	(2)
Summary	82	(1)
Checklist	83	(1)
Discussion Questions	83	(1)
Investigate the Web	83	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	83	(1)
Internet	83	(1)
Crime and Evidence in Action CD-ROM	83	(1)
References	83	(1)
Cases Cited	84	(2)
Forensics/Physical Evidence	86	(41)
Introduction	87	(1)
Definitions	88	(1)
Investigative Equipment	89	(3)
Considerations in Selecting Equipment	91	(1)
Equipment Containers	91	(1)
Transporting the Equipment	91	(1)
Training in Equipment Use	92	(1)
Discovering, Recognizing and Examining Evidence	92	(1)
Forensic Light Sources	93	(1)
Collecting, Marking and Identifying Evidence	93	(1)
Packaging and Preserving Evidence	94	(3)
Transporting Evidence	97	(1)
Frequently Examined Evidence	97	(22)
Fingerprints	97	(6)
Voiceprints	103	(1)
Language Analysis	103	(1)
DNA Profiling	103	(4)
Blood and Other Body Fluids	107	(1)
Hairs and Fibers	108	(1)
Shoe and Tire Impressions	109	(1)
Bite Marks	110	(1)
Tools and Tool Marks	110	(2)
Firearms and Ammunition	112	(3)
Glass	115	(1)
Soils and Minerals	116	(1)
Safe Insulation	116	(1)
Ropes, Strings and Tapes	117	(1)
Drugs	117	(1)
Documents	117	(1)
Laundry and Dry-Cleaning Marks	118	(1)
Paint	118	(1)
Skeletal Remains	118	(1)
Wood	119	(1)
Other Types of Evidence	119	(1)
Evidence Handling and Infectious Disease	119	(1)
Protecting and Storing Evidence	120	(1)
Admissibility of Evidence in Court	121	(1)
Final Disposition of Evidence	121	(1)
Summary	122	(1)
Checklist	123	(1)
Discussion Questions	124	(1)
Investigate the Web	124	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	124	(1)
Internet	124	(1)
Crime and Evidence in Action CD-ROM	124	(1)
References	125	(1)
Cases Cited	126	(1)
Obtaining Information	127	(33)
Introduction	128	(1)
Sources of Information	128	(4)
Reports, Records and Databases	129	(1)
The Internet	130	(1)
Complainants, Witnesses, Victims and Informants	131	(1)
Suspects	132	(1)
Interviewing and Interrogating	132	(2)
Characteristics of an Effective Interviewer/Interrogator	132	(2)
The Interview	134	(5)
Advance Planning	134	(1)
Selecting the Time and Place	134	(1)
Beginning the Interview	135	(1)
Establishing Rapport	135	(1)
Networking an Interview	136	(1)
Interviewing Techniques	136	(2)
Enhancing Communication	138	(1)
Statements	139	(1)
Closing the Interview	139	(1)
The Interrogation	139	(12)
The Miranda Warning	140	(3)
The Interplay of the Fourth and Fifth Amendments	143	(1)
Foreign Nationals and the Vienna Convention Treaty	144	(1)
Selecting the Time and Place	145	(1)
Starting the Interrogation	145	(1)
Establishing Rapport	146	(1)
Approaches to Interrogation	146	(1)
Using Pervision during Interrogation	147	(1)
Ethics and the Use of Deception	147	(1)
Third-Degree Tactics	148	(1)
Admissions and Confessions	148	(3)
Questioning Children and Juveniles	151	(1)
Evaluating and Corroborating Information	151	(1)
Breaking a ``Pat'' Story	152	(1)
Scientific Aids to Obtaining and Evaluating Information	152	(3)
The Polygraph and CVSA	153	(1)
Hypnosis and Truth Serums	154	(1)
Use of Psychics and Profilers	155	(1)
Sharing Information	155	(1)
Summary	156	(1)
Checklist	157	(1)
Discussion Questions	157	(1)
Investigate the Web	157	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	157	(1)
Internet	158	(1)
Crime and Evidence in Action CD-ROM	158	(1)
References	158	(1)
Cases Cited	159	(1)
Identifying and Arresting Suspects	160	(39)
Introduction	161	(1)
Identifying Suspects at the Scene	162	(1)
Identification by Driver's License	162	(1)
Mobile Identification Technology	162	(1)
Field Identification/Show-Up Identification	162	(1)
Developing a Suspect	163	(7)
Victims and Witnesses	163	(1)
Mug Shots	164	(1)
Composite Drawings and Sketches	165	(1)
Developing a Suspect through Modus Operandi Information	166	(1)
Psychological or Criminal Profiling	166	(1)
Racial Profiling	167	(1)
Tracking	168	(1)
Other Identification Aids	168	(1)
Information in Police Files and Files of Other Agencies	168	(2)
Informants	170	(1)
Locating Suspects	170	(1)
Identifying Suspects	171	(1)
Photographic Identification	171	(1)
Lineup Identification	171	(1)
Surveillances, Undercover Assignments and Raids: The Last Resort	172	(1)
Surveillance	173	(8)
The Surveillant	174	(1)
The Subject	175	(1)
Types of Surveillance	175	(2)
Avoiding Detection	177	(1)
Surveillance Equipment	177	(1)
Aerial Surveillance	177	(1)
Visual/Video Surveillance	177	(2)
Audio or Electronic Surveillance	179	(2)
Surveillance and the Constitution	181	(1)
Undercover Assignments	181	(2)
Raids	183	(3)
Planning a Raid	183	(1)
Executing a Raid	184	(1)
SWAT Teams	185	(1)
Legal Arrests	186	(7)
Use of Force	187	(2)
Less-Lethal Weapons	189	(1)
Use of Deadly Force	190	(2)
Off-Duty Arrests	192	(1)
False Arrest	192	(1)
Summary	193	(1)
Checklists	193	(1)
Discussion Questions	194	(1)
Investigate the Web	195	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	195	(1)
Internet	195	(1)
Crime and Evidence in Action CD-ROM	195	(1)
References	195	(2)
Cases Cited	197	(2)
Section Three Investigating Violent Crimes	199	(126)
Death Investigations	202	(33)
Introduction	203	(1)
Classification	204	(2)
Natural Causes	204	(1)
Accidental Deaths	204	(1)
Suicide	204	(1)
Homicide	205	(1)
Elements of the Crime	206	(2)
Challenges in Investigation	208	(1)
Suicide	208	(2)
Equivocal Death	209	(1)
Suicide by Police	209	(1)
Suicide of Police Officers	210	(1)
The Preliminary Investigation	210	(2)
Determining that Death Has Occurred	211	(1)
The Focus of the Homicide Investigation	211	(1)
Discovering and Identifying the Victim	212	(1)
Estimating the Time of Death	213	(4)
Recent Death	213	(1)
Death that Occurred 1/2 Hour to 4 Days Prior	213	(2)
Many Days after Death	215	(1)
Effects of Water	216	(1)
Factors Suggesting a Change in the Victim's Routine	216	(1)
Unnatural Causes of Death and Method Used	217	(4)
Gunshot Wounds	217	(2)
Stabbing and Cutting Wounds	219	(1)
Blows from Blunt Objects	219	(1)
Asphyxia	219	(2)
Poisoning	221	(1)
Burning	221	(1)
Explosions, Electrocution and Lightning	221	(1)
Drug-Related Homicides	221	(1)
Vehicular Homicide	221	(1)
The Homicide Victim	222	(1)
Domestic Violence Homicide	223	(1)
Law Enforcement Officers Killed	223	(1)
Witnesses	223	(1)
Suspects	223	(3)
Mass Murderers	224	(1)
Serial Killers	224	(2)
Lust Murderers	226	(1)
Physical Evidence	226	(1)
The Medical Examination	227	(1)
Exhuming a Body for Medical Examination	228	(1)
Death Notification	228	(1)
Strategies for Reducing Homicide	229	(1)
Summary	230	(1)
Checklist	231	(1)
Application	231	(1)
Discussion Questions	232	(1)
Investigate the Web	232	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	232	(1)
Internet	233	(1)
Crime and Evidence in Action CD-ROM	233	(1)
References	233	(1)
Case Cited	234	(1)
Assault, Domestic Violence, Stalking and Elder Abuse	235	(22)
Introduction	236	(1)
Assault: An Overview	236	(1)
Classification	237	(1)
Legal Force	237	(1)
Elements of the Crime	237	(1)
Simple Assault	237	(1)
Aggravated Assault	238	(1)
Attempted Assault	238	(1)
Special Challenges in Investigation	238	(1)
The Preliminary Investigation	239	(1)
Proving the Elements of Assault	239	(1)
Evidence in Assault Investigations	240	(1)
Investigating Domestic Violence	240	(9)
History of Domestic Violence and the Police Response	240	(1)
The Cycle of Violence	241	(1)
Prevalence of Domestic Violence and Its Victims	241	(2)
Predictors and Precipitators of Domestic Violence	243	(1)
The Police Response	244	(2)
Effectiveness of Various Interventions	246	(2)
Restraining Orders	248	(1)
Legislation	248	(1)
Other Efforts to Deal with Domestic Violence	248	(1)
Avoiding Lawsuits	249	(1)
Investigating Stalking	249	(2)
Types of Stalking	249	(1)
Legislation and Department Policies	250	(1)
The Police Response	250	(1)
Investigating Elder Abuse	251	(1)
Prevalence of Elder Abuse	251	(1)
Signs of Physical Abuse of the Elderly	252	(1)
The Police Response	252	(1)
Reducing Elder Abuse	252	(1)
Summary	252	(1)
Checklist	253	(1)
Application	253	(1)
Discussion Questions	254	(1)
Investigate the Web	254	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	254	(1)
Internet	254	(1)
Crime and Evidence in Action CD-ROM	254	(1)
References	255	(1)
Cases Cited	256	(1)
Sex Offenses	257	(20)
Introduction	258	(1)
Classification	259	(1)
Other Sex Offense Terminology	260	(1)
Investigating Obscene Telephone Calls	260	(1)
Rape/Sexual Assault	260	(2)
Elements of the Crime of Rape	261	(1)
Sex Offenders	262	(2)
Challenges to Investigation	264	(1)
Blind Reporting	264	(1)
The Police Response	264	(2)
Physical Evidence	265	(1)
Investigating Date Rape	265	(1)
The Victim's Medical Examination	266	(1)
Interviewing the Victim	267	(3)
Establishing the Behavioral Profile in Sex Offense Cases	269	(1)
Ending the Victim Interview	269	(1)
Follow-Up Investigation	270	(1)
Interviewing Witnesses	270	(1)
Taking a Suspect into Custody and Interrogation	270	(1)
Coordination with Other Agencies	270	(1)
Prosecution of Rape and Statutory Changes	271	(1)
False Reports	271	(1)
Civil Commitment of Sex Offenders after Sentences Served	272	(1)
Sex Offender Registry and Notification	272	(1)
Summary	273	(1)
Checklist	274	(1)
Application	274	(1)
Discussion Questions	275	(1)
Investigate the Web	275	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	275	(1)
Internet	275	(1)
Crime and Evidence in Action CD-ROM	275	(1)
References	276	(1)
Cases Cited	276	(1)
Crimes against Children	277	(26)
Introduction	278	(1)
The Extent of the Problem	279	(1)
The Cycle of Abuse	279	(1)
Classification	280	(1)
Terminology	281	(1)
The Effects of Child Abuse	281	(1)
Challenges to Investigation	282	(2)
Protecting the Child	282	(1)
Difficulty in Interviewing Children	282	(1)
Credibility Concerns	283	(1)
The Need to Involve Other Agencies: The Multidisciplinary Team Approach	283	(1)
The Initial Report	284	(1)
The Police Response	284	(1)
Interviewing Abused Children	284	(3)
Sample Protocol	287	(1)
Evidence	287	(2)
Indicators of Child Neglect and Abuse	288	(1)
The Suspect	289	(4)
The Parent as Suspect	289	(2)
The Nonparent Suspect	291	(2)
Child Sexual Abuse Rings	293	(1)
Types of Sex Rings	293	(1)
Sex Crimes by Other Children	294	(1)
Victimology	294	(1)
Offender Reactions	294	(1)
Missing Children: Runaway or Abducted?	294	(2)
Parental Abductions	295	(1)
Resources Available	296	(1)
Children as Witnesses in Court	296	(1)
Preventing Crimes against Children	297	(1)
Summary	298	(1)
Checklist	298	(1)
Application	299	(1)
Discussion Questions	300	(1)
Investigate the Web	300	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	300	(1)
Internet	300	(1)
Crime and Evidence in Action CD-ROM	301	(1)
References	301	(1)
Cases Cited	302	(1)
Robbery	303	(22)
Introduction	304	(1)
Robbery: An Overview	304	(2)
Classification	306	(4)
Residential Robberies	306	(1)
Commercial Robberies	306	(2)
Street Robberies	308	(1)
Vehicle-Driver Robberies	309	(1)
Carjacking	309	(1)
Elements of the Crime: Robbery	310	(1)
Special Challenges in Investigation	311	(3)
Hostage Situations	312	(2)
The Preliminary Investigation	314	(1)
Proving the Elements of the Offense	314	(3)
The Elements of Robbery	315	(2)
The Complete Investigation	317	(2)
Identifying the Suspect	317	(1)
Establishing the Modus Operandi	318	(1)
Physical Evidence	318	(1)
Mapping Robbery	318	(1)
False Robbery Reports	319	(1)
Summary	320	(1)
Checklist	320	(1)
Application	321	(1)
Discussion Questions	322	(1)
Investigate the Web	323	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	323	(1)
Internet	323	(1)
Crime and Evidence in Action CD-ROM	323	(1)
References	323	(2)
Section Four Investigating Crimes against Property	325	(82)
Burglary	327	(16)
Introduction	328	(1)
Burglary versus Robbery	329	(1)
Classification	329	(1)
Residential Burglaries	329	(1)
Commercial Burglaries	329	(1)
Elements of the Crime: Burglary	330	(1)
Additional Elements	331	(1)
Establishing the Severity of the Burglary	331	(1)
Elements of the Crime: Possession of Burglary Tools	331	(1)
The Burglar	332	(1)
Responding to a Burglary Call	332	(1)
The Preliminary Investigation	333	(1)
Residential Burglaries	333	(1)
Commercial Burglaries	333	(1)
Special Challenges in Investigation	334	(2)
Obtaining Physical Evidence	336	(1)
Precautions for Explosives at the Scene	336	(1)
Modus Operandi Factors	337	(1)
Effective Case Management	337	(1)
Showing Concern for Burglary Victims	338	(1)
Fake Burglaries	338	(1)
Recovering Stolen Property	338	(1)
The Offense of Receiving Stolen Goods	339	(1)
Preventing Burglary	340	(1)
Summary	340	(1)
Checklist	341	(1)
Application	341	(1)
Discussion Questions	341	(1)
Investigate the Web	342	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	342	(1)
Internet	342	(1)
Crime and Evidence in Action CD-ROM	342	(1)
References	342	(1)
Larceny/Theft, Fraud, White-Collar Crime and Environmental Crime	343	(26)
Introduction	344	(1)
Larceny/Theft: An Overview	344	(1)
Elements of the Crime: Larceny/Theft	345	(1)
Classification of Larceny/Theft	345	(1)
Found Property	346	(1)
The Preliminary Investigation	346	(1)
Types of Larceny/Theft	346	(8)
Pickpockets and Purse-Snatchers	347	(1)
Employee Theft, Shoplifting and Vendor Theft/Fraud	347	(3)
Bicycle Theft	350	(1)
Mail Theft	351	(1)
Jewelry Theft	351	(1)
Art Theft	351	(1)
Numismatic Theft: Coins, Metals and Paper Money	352	(1)
Agricultural Theft	352	(1)
Fish and Wildlife Theft	353	(1)
Cargo Theft	353	(1)
Proving the Elements of the Crime	354	(1)
Fraud	354	(7)
Confidence Games	354	(1)
Real Estate Fraud	355	(1)
Telephone Fraud	355	(1)
Mail Fraud	356	(1)
Counterfeiting	356	(1)
Check Fraud	357	(1)
Debit and Credit-Card Fraud	358	(2)
Identity Fraud/Theft	360	(1)
White-Collar Crime	361	(2)
Embezzlement	362	(1)
Environmental Crime	363	(1)
Summary	364	(1)
Checklist	365	(1)
Application	365	(1)
Discussion Questions	366	(1)
Investigate the Web	366	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	366	(1)
Internet	367	(1)
Crime and Evidence in Action CD-ROM	367	(1)
References	367	(2)
Motor Vehicle Theft	369	(17)
Introduction	370	(1)
Motor Vehicle Identification	370	(1)
Classification of Motor Vehicle Theft	371	(3)
Joyriding	372	(1)
Transportation	372	(1)
Commission of Another Crime	372	(1)
Stripping for Parts and Accessories	372	(1)
Reselling	373	(1)
Elements of the Crime	374	(1)
Unauthorized Use of a Motor Vehicle	374	(1)
Motor Vehicle Embezzlement	374	(1)
Interstate Transportation	374	(1)
The Preliminary Investigation	375	(1)
Common Tools and Methods	375	(1)
Insurance Fraud	376	(1)
Cooperating Agencies in Motor Vehicle Theft	377	(1)
The FBI	377	(1)
The National Insurance Crime Bureau (NICB)	377	(1)
Recognizing a Stolen Motor Vehicle or an Unauthorized Driver	377	(1)
Recovering an Abandoned or Stolen Motor Vehicle	378	(2)
Preventing Motor Vehicle Theft	380	(1)
Routine Activities and Motor Vehicle Theft	381	(1)
Theft of Patrol Cars	381	(1)
Thefts of Other Types of Motor Vehicles	381	(2)
Trucks and Trailers	381	(1)
Construction Vehicles and Equipment	381	(1)
Recreational Vehicles	382	(1)
Motorized Boats	382	(1)
Snowmobiles	382	(1)
Motorcycles, Motor Scooters and Mopeds	382	(1)
Aircraft	383	(1)
Summary	383	(1)
Checklist	383	(1)
Application	384	(1)
Discussion Questions	384	(451)
Investigate the Web	835
InfoTrac College Edition	385	(1)
Internet	385	(1)
Crime and Evidence in Action CD-ROM	385	(1)
References	385	(1)
Arson, Bombs and Explosives	386	(21)
Introduction	387	(1)
Classification	388	(1)
Elements of the Crime: Arson	388	(1)
Classification of Arson	389	(1)
Aggravated and Simple Arson	389	(1)
Attempted Arson	389	(1)
Setting Negligent Fires	389	(1)
The Model Arson Law	389	(1)
The Arsonist	389	(2)
Motivation	390	(1)
Police and Fire Department Cooperation	391	(1)
Fire Department Expertise	391	(1)
Police Department Expertise	391	(1)
Coordinating Efforts	391	(1)
Other Sources of Assistance in Investigating Arson	391	(1)
The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms	392	(1)
News Media	392	(1)
Insurance Companies	392	(1)
Arson Task Forces	392	(1)
Special Challenges in Investigation	392	(1)
Responding to the Scene	393	(1)
The Preliminary Investigation	393	(5)
The Fire Triangle	393	(1)
Arson Indicators	394	(1)
Burning Pattern	395	(1)
Summary of Arson Indicators	396	(1)
Photographing and Videotaping an Arson Fire	396	(1)
Physical Evidence	397	(1)
Using K-9s in Arson Investigations	398	(1)
Evidence on a Suspect, at a Residence or in a Vehicle	398	(1)
Observing Unusual Circumstances	398	(1)
Interviewing the Victim, Witnesses and Firefighters	398	(1)
Search Warrants and Fire Investigations	398	(1)
Investigating Vehicle Arson	399	(1)
Prosecuting Arsonists	400	(1)
Preventing Arson	400	(1)
Investigating Bombings and Explosions	400	(1)
Responding to a Bomb Threat	401	(1)
Investigating Bomb Explosions	401	(2)
Using K-9s in Detecting Explosives	401	(1)
Using Robots	402	(1)
Importance of the Team Approach	402	(1)
Summary	403	(1)
Checklist	403	(1)
Application	404	(1)
Discussion Questions	405	(1)
Investigate the Web	405	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	405	(1)
Internet	406	(1)
Crime and Evidence in Action CD-ROM	406	(1)
References	406	(1)
Cases Cited	406	(1)
Section Five Other Challenges to the Criminal Investigator	407	(132)
Computer Crime	409	(24)
Introduction	410	(1)
The Scope of the Problem	411	(2)
Legislation	412	(1)
Terminology	413	(1)
Storing and Retrieving Information and Accessing the Internet	414	(1)
The Internet	414	(1)
Classification of Computer Crimes	415	(1)
Targets	416	(1)
Viruses	416	(1)
Nature of the Crimes	417	(1)
Special Challenges in Investigation	418	(1)
Search Warrants	419	(1)
The Preliminary Investigation	419	(6)
Suspects	420	(1)
Evidence	421	(3)
Data Recovery	424	(1)
Follow-Up Investigation	425	(1)
Undercover Investigation	425	(1)
Subpoenas	425	(1)
Investigating Internet Fraud	425	(1)
Security of the Police Department's Computers	426	(1)
The Investigative Team	426	(1)
Resources Available	427	(1)
Preventing Computer Crime	427	(1)
Summary	428	(1)
Checklist	428	(1)
Application	429	(1)
Discussion Questions	430	(1)
Investigate the Web	430	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	430	(1)
Internet	430	(1)
Crime and Evidence in Action CD-ROM	430	(1)
References	430	(2)
Useful Resources	432	(1)
Organized Crime, Bias/Hate Crime and Ritualistic Crime	433	(26)
Introduction	433	(2)
Organized Crime: An Overview	435	(1)
Characteristics of Organized Crime	435	(1)
Applicable Laws	435	(1)
Major Activities	436	(2)
Victimless Crimes	436	(1)
Loan-Sharking	437	(1)
Money Laundering	437	(1)
The Threat of Specific Organized Crime Groups	438	(2)
Asian Organized Crime	438	(1)
Mexican Organized Crime	439	(1)
Russian Organized Crime	439	(1)
Gypsies	439	(1)
Organized Crime and Corruption	440	(1)
The Police Response	440	(1)
Agencies Cooperating in Investigating Organized Crime	441	(1)
Methods to Combat Organized Crime	441	(1)
Investigative Aids	442	(1)
Asset Forfeiture	442	(1)
The Decline of Organized Crime?	442	(1)
Bias/Hate Crime: An Overview	443	(1)
Motivation for Hate Crime	443	(1)
Hate Crime Offenders	444	(1)
Neo-Nazi Groups	445	(1)
The Police Response	445	(2)
Reporting Bias/Hate Crimes	446	(1)
Efforts to Combat Bias/Hate Crimes	447	(1)
Legislation	448	(1)
Programs	448	(1)
Ritualistic Crime: An Overview	448	(1)
Terminology	449	(1)
Symbolism	449	(1)
The Nature of Ritualistic Crimes	449	(2)
Who Commits Ritualistic Crime?	451	(1)
Investigating Ritualistic Crime	451	(3)
Signs of Cult-Related Activity	451	(1)
Risk Factors Indicating Potential Violence	452	(1)
Investigating Animal Deaths	452	(1)
Investigating Homicides	453	(1)
Investigating Satanic Serial Killings	453	(1)
Investigating Youth Suicides	453	(1)
Special Challenges	454	(1)
Summary	454	(1)
Checklists	455	(1)
Application	456	(1)
Discussion Questions	456	(1)
Investigate the Web	456	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	456	(1)
Internet	457	(1)
Crime and Evidence in Action CD-ROM	457	(1)
References	457	(1)
Case Cited	458	(1)
Gang-Related Crime	459	(18)
Introduction	460	(1)
Gang-Related Crime: An Overview	460	(1)
Gangs Defined	460	(1)
Extent of Gangs	461	(1)
Proliferation and Migration	461	(1)
Why People Join Gangs	461	(1)
Types of Gangs	461	(3)
Stereotypes of Gangs versus the Reality	464	(1)
Gang Membership, Leadership and Organization	464	(2)
Turf and Graffiti	465	(1)
Gang Activities	466	(2)
Gangs and Drugs	468	(1)
Identifying Gang Members	468	(2)
Records to Keep	470	(1)
Investigating Illegal Gang Activity	470	(2)
Collaborative Efforts	472	(1)
Prosecuting Gang-Related Crimes	473	(1)
Summary	474	(1)
Checklist	474	(1)
Application	474	(1)
Discussion Questions	474	(1)
Investigate the Web	474	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	474	(1)
Internet	475	(1)
Crime and Evidence in Action CD-ROM	475	(1)
References	475	(1)
Case Cited	476	(1)
Illegal Drugs and Terrorism	477	(42)
Introduction	478	(1)
Seriousness and Extent of the Drug Problem	479	(1)
Legal Definitions and Problems	480	(1)
Classification of Controlled Drugs	480	(5)
Cocaine and Crack	482	(1)
Heroin	483	(1)
Marijuana	483	(1)
Methamphetamine	484	(1)
Club Drugs	484	(1)
Other Narcotics and Drugs	485	(1)
Prescription Drugs	485	(1)
Inhalents	485	(1)
Investigating Illegal Possession or Use of Controlled Substances	485	(5)
Recognizing the Drug Addict	488	(1)
Drug-Recognition Experts	488	(1)
Physical Evidence of Possession or Use of Controlled Substances	489	(1)
In-Custody Deaths	490	(1)
Investigating Illegal Sale and Distribution of Controlled Substances	490	(5)
On-Sight Arrests	491	(1)
Surveillance	492	(1)
Planned Buys	492	(2)
Stings	494	(1)
Narcotics Raids	494	(1)
Clandestine Drug Laboratories	495	(2)
Investigative Aids	497	(2)
Agency Cooperation	499	(1)
Drug Asset Forfeiture	499	(1)
Preventing Problems with Illegal Drugs	500	(1)
Terrorism: An Overview	501	(4)
Terrorism Defined	502	(1)
Motivation for Terrorism	502	(1)
Classification of Terrorist Acts	502	(1)
Types of Terrorism	503	(2)
Terrorists as Criminals	505	(1)
The U.S. Response to September 11th	505	(1)
The Local Law Enforcement Response: Investigating Terrorism	506	(1)
The Elements of Terrorism	506	(1)
Similarities between Investigating Terrorism and Illicit Drug Activity	506	(1)
Approaches to Investigation	507	(1)
Crucial Collaborations: Partnerships and Communication	507	(1)
Summary	508	(1)
Checklist	509	(1)
Application	509	(6)
Discussion Questions	515	(1)
Investigate the Web	515	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	515	(1)
Internet	515	(1)
Crime and Evidence in Action CD-ROM	515	(1)
References	516	(2)
Useful Resource	518	(1)
Writing Reports, Preparing for and Presenting Cases in Court	519	(20)
Introduction	520	(1)
The Importance of Reports	520	(1)
Organizing Information	521	(1)
Structuring the Narrative	521	(1)
Characteristics of Effective Reports	522	(2)
Paragraphs	522	(1)
Past Tense	522	(1)
First Person	522	(1)
Active Voice	522	(1)
Objective	522	(1)
Concise	523	(1)
Clear	523	(1)
Grammatically and Mechanically Correct	523	(1)
Legible	523	(1)
Reader Friendly	523	(1)
Evaluating Your Report	524	(1)
Taping and Dictating Reports	524	(1)
Computerized Report Writing	524	(1)
Nonprosecution	524	(1)
Closing a Case by Arrest and Prosecution	525	(1)
Preparing a Case for Prosecution	525	(3)
Review and Evaluate Evidence	525	(1)
Review Reports	526	(1)
Prepare Witnesses	526	(1)
Prepare the Final Report	526	(2)
Pretrial Conference	528	(1)
Final Preparations	528	(1)
The Trial	528	(1)
Sequence of a Criminal Trial	529	(1)
Testifying under Direct Examination	529	(2)
Nonverbal Factors	531	(1)
Strategies for Excelling as a Witness	531	(1)
Expert Testimony	532	(1)
Testifying under Cross-Examination	532	(2)
Handling Objections	534	(1)
Concluding Your Testimony	534	(1)
Summary	535	(1)
Checklists	536	(1)
Discussion Questions	537	(1)
Investigate the Web	537	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	537	(1)
Internet	537	(1)
Crime and Evidence in Action CD-ROM	537
References	535	(4)
Appendix A Death Scene Checklist	539	(3)
Appendix B Sample Form for Reporting Bias Crimes	542	(3)
Glossary	545	(13)
Author Index	558	(4)
Subject Index	562