Criminal Justice

by Fagin, James A.

• ISBN13: 9780205478934
• ISBN10: 020547893X
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-06-29
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

Faginrs"s Criminal Justice, 2nd edition introduces students to the real world of criminal justice. This applied text provides comprehensive coverage of the criminal justice system, simply explained and illustrated throughout. James Fagin uses clear examples drawn from decades of experience to bring criminal justice alive for students, and places the criminal justice system in the broader context of American government.A wealth of active learning, problem solving, and decision-making opportunities throughout each chapter allow students to critically think about real situations and get involved as citizens and pre-professionals.New to this edition 3 New Chapters: Chapter 4: Victimology: The Other Side of Crime explores this growing area in criminology/ criminal justice by discussing the study of victims and patterns of victimization. Chapter 9: Homeland Security: The New Era of Federalism and Policing addresses the monumental effect of 9/11 and the War on Terror on the criminal justice system. Chapter 17: The Juvenile Justice System covers the goals, origin, and jurisdiction of the juvenile courts. Praise for the text:"Fagin writes in an informative manner that permits for fast and vast learning. This book is advanced enough for excellent students but still not too advanced for students who are still learning how to learn. It is the best book on the intro to CJ market in terms of appealability to a broad audience." Michael Jordan Lamar University"Faginrs"s Criminal Justice is a fun, well-researched, comprehensive text that particularly serves students with an interest in applied, pragmatic criminal justice." Matt DeLisi Iowa State University"I have used his text before (as well as others) and I always return to Fagin. Thank you, Mr. Fagin, for your wonderful work!" Professor Kimora John Jay College of Criminal Justice"The writing is clear, to the point, and students respond quite well to the overall text." Tracy Tolbert California State University, Long Beach

Author Biography

Experience

 

James Fagin began his law enforcement career as a police academy student and became a commissioned police officer. He has worked with numerous local, state, and federal criminal justice agencies.

 

Expertise

 

James Fagin is an expert and consultant on transnational terrorism, computer crimes, and computer technologies in criminal justice. His other special areas of expertise include effective community policing, police recruitment, and police performance, including stress management.

 

Educator

 

He has taught criminal justice courses for almost 30 years and has been involved in ground-breaking  off-campus criminal justice education programs for Wichita State University. The American Society of Public Administration names him "Outstanding Educator" in 1996. Today he is the Dean of Graduate Studies and Research at East Stroudsburg University and remains an active member of the John Harvard Society and Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences.

 

Table of Contents

Tables and Figures	xv
Preface	xix
To the Student	xxv
Acknowledgments	xxvi
About the Author	xxviii
part one Introduction to Criminal Justice	xxx
Criminal Justice	2	(20)
Introduction: The Need to Maintain Law and Order	4	(1)
Rioting and Crime in the 1960s and 1970s	5	(3)
Civil Rights and War Protests	6	(1)
The War on Crime	7	(1)
Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968	7	(1)
The New Challenge: WTC 9/11	8	(1)
Law and Order versus Individual Rights	9	(5)
The Balance between Individual Rights and the Power of Government	10	(3)
Ethics in the System: Sweat Lodges for Murderers and Rapists	13	(1)
Criminal Justice as an Academic Discipline	14	(5)
Diversity in the System: Criminal Justice versus Social Justice	15	(1)
Criminal Justice and Higher Education	16	(1)
Criminal Justice in the World: Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Criminal Justice	17	(1)
Careers in Criminal Justice	18	(1)
Conclusion: A New Future for Criminal Justice	19	(1)
Chapter Summary	20	(1)
Vocabulary Review	20	(1)
Do You Remember?	20	(1)
Think about This	21	(1)
Research Navigator	21	(1)
An Overview of the Criminal Justice Process	22	(34)
Introduction: People and Processes in Criminal Justice	24	(1)
Counting Crime	24	(6)
The Uniform Crime Report	25	(4)
The National Incident-Based Report System	29	(1)
Other Sources of Crime Data	29	(1)
The Search to Define the Criminal Justice System	30	(3)
Agencies and People	31	(1)
Process and Flow	32	(1)
Criminal Justice Models	33	(6)
Crime Control versus Due Process	33	(2)
Adult versus Juvenile Criminal Justice Process	35	(1)
State versus Federal Criminal Justice Systems	36	(1)
Diversity in the System: Crime and Race	37	(1)
International Criminal Justice	38	(1)
The Due Process Model	39	(14)
Deciding What Is a Crime	39	(1)
Criminal Justice in the World: The Globalization of Due Process	40	(2)
Deciding to Arrest	42	(1)
Deciding to Prosecute	43	(6)
Determining Guilt	49	(1)
Deciding on a Punishment	49	(2)
Ethics in the System: Diversion Options	51	(1)
Carrying Out the Sentence	51	(2)
Conclusion: Goals of Due Process	53	(1)
Chapter Summary	53	(1)
Vocabulary Review	54	(1)
Do You Remember?	54	(1)
Think about This	54	(1)
Research Navigator	55	(1)
part two Crime and the Law	56	(132)
Criminal Behavior: Definitions and Causes	58	(38)
Introduction: Why Would He Do It?	60	(1)
Moral Perspectives	60	(2)
Good versus Evil	61	(1)
Evolutionary Theories	62	(1)
Criminology	62	(3)
Deviant Behavior versus Criminal Behavior	63	(1)
Role of Theories in Criminology	64	(1)
Explanations of Criminal Behavior	65	(6)
Careers in the System: Criminologist	66	(1)
Beccaria and Classical Theory	67	(2)
Bentham and Neoclassical Theory	69	(1)
Belief in Free Will and Individual Choice	69	(1)
The Positive School	70	(1)
Biological Explanations	71	(5)
Crime as an Inherited Characteristic	71	(1)
Lombroso and Criminality	72	(1)
Influence of Biological Determinism	73	(1)
Body-Type Theories	73	(1)
Modern Biological Explanations	74	(2)
Psychological Explanations	76	(4)
Freud and Psychoanalysis	76	(1)
Personality Theories and Psychopathic Behavior	77	(1)
Criminal Justice in the Media: Crime and Fame	78	(2)
Sociological Explanations	80	(12)
Social Determinism	80	(1)
Social Disorganization as the Cause of Crime	80	(2)
Diversity in the System: Cultural Diversity as the Cause of Crime	82	(2)
Differential Association Theory	84	(1)
Social Control Theories	84	(2)
Strain Theory	86	(1)
Differential Opportunity Theory	87	(1)
Cultural Deviance Theories	88	(1)
Conflict Theories	88	(4)
Conclusion: Searching for Answers	92	(1)
Chapter Summary	92	(1)
Vocabulary Review	93	(1)
Do You Remember?	94	(1)
Think about This	94	(1)
Research Navigator	95	(1)
Victimology: The Other Side of Crime	96	(52)
Introduction: What Is Victimology?	98	(1)
Estimating Victimization: The National Crime Victimization Survey	99	(3)
Trends in Criminal Victimization in the United States	102	(3)
The Demographics of Criminal Victimization	105	(7)
Age	105	(1)
Gender	106	(1)
Diversity in the System: Intimate Violent Victimization of Women	107	(2)
Race/Ethnicity	109	(1)
Household Income	109	(3)
Situational Characteristics of Victimization	112	(2)
Time and Location	112	(1)
Weapons/Alcohol	113	(1)
Interpersonal Dynamics of Victimization	114	(1)
Theoretical Explanations for Victimization	115	(1)
Victim-Precipitation Theories	116	(2)
Victimization as Social Interaction	117	(1)
Criminal Violence as a Situated Transaction	117	(1)
Limitations of Victim-Precipitation Theories	118	(1)
Lifestyle Theories	118	(5)
Theory of Personal Victimization	119	(2)
Differential Association	121	(1)
Perpetrators and Victims Share the Same Characteristics	122	(1)
Routine Activities Theory	123	(3)
Differential Opportunities	124	(1)
Rational Choice Theory of Crime	125	(1)
Consequences of Victimization	126	(1)
Financial Impact	126	(2)
Criminal Justice in the World: 9/11 and Victimology	127	(1)
Physical and Psychological Impact	128	(3)
Secondary Victimization Impact	131	(2)
The Criminal Justice System	131	(1)
News Media	132	(1)
Victims' Rights	133	(1)
The Victims' Rights Movement	134	(3)
The President's Task Force on Victims of Crime	135	(1)
Crime Victims' Rights Act of 2004	136	(1)
Monetary Reimbursement	137	(3)
Victim Compensation	137	(1)
Ethics in the System: Morality and the Law	138	(1)
Restitution Programs	139	(1)
Civil Remedies	140	(2)
Victim-Participation Programs	142	(2)
Victim-Impact Statements	143	(1)
Mediation and Victim-Offender Reconciliation	143	(1)
Conclusion: Out the Gate Late	144	(1)
Chapter Summary	145	(1)
Vocabulary Review	146	(1)
Do You Remember?	146	(1)
Think about This	147	(1)
Research Navigator	147	(1)
Criminal Law: Control versus Liberty	148	(40)
Introduction: There Ought to Be a Law	150	(1)
The Rule of Law	151	(1)
The Making of Law	151	(4)
Federal Criminal Laws	152	(1)
State Criminal Laws	152	(1)
Local Criminal Laws	153	(1)
Ethics in the System: Blue Laws	154	(1)
The Limits of the Law	155	(5)
Principle of Legality	156	(1)
Ex Post Facto Laws	156	(1)
Due Process	157	(1)
Void for Vagueness	158	(1)
Right to Privacy	158	(1)
Void for Overbreadth	158	(1)
Cruel and Unusual Punishment	159	(1)
Elements of a Crime	160	(6)
Actus Reus	160	(2)
Mens Rea	162	(2)
Incomplete Crimes or Inchoate Offenses	164	(2)
Defenses against Charges of Criminal Conduct	166	(7)
Alibi	166	(1)
Consent or Condoning by the Victim	166	(1)
Entrapment, Frame-Up, and Outrageous Government Conduct	167	(1)
Immunity or Privilege	167	(1)
Involuntary Actions	168	(1)
Mistake or Ignorance of Fact or Law	169	(1)
Necessity	169	(1)
Self-Defense	170	(1)
Youth	170	(1)
Insanity	171	(1)
Other Criminal Defenses	171	(2)
Crimes by Law	173	(11)
Crimes against Persons	173	(5)
Crimes against Habitation	178	(1)
Crimes against Property	179	(1)
Criminal Justice in the World: Japan's Criminal Code	180	(2)
Diversity in the System: Conflict versus Consensus	182	(2)
Conclusion: Criminal Law Is a Pillar of Social Order	184	(1)
Chapter Summary	185	(1)
Vocabulary Review	186	(1)
Do You Remember?	186	(1)
Think about This	186	(1)
Research Navigator	187	(1)
part three The Police	188	(176)
Due Process and Police Procedure	190	(38)
Introduction: Procedural Law and Oversight of the Police	192	(1)
Rules of Evidence	193	(2)
The Exclusionary Rule	193	(1)
Fruit of the Poisoned Tree Doctrine	194	(1)
Application to State Courts: Mapp v. Ohio	194	(1)
Search and Seizure	195	(7)
Search Incident to Lawful Arrest	197	(1)
Plain-View Searches	197	(1)
Consent to Search	198	(1)
Search of Automobiles	198	(1)
Search of Persons: The Pat-Down	199	(1)
Diversity in the System: Racial Profiling	200	(2)
Other Exceptions to the Warrant Requirement	202	(5)
The Public Safety Exception	202	(1)
Ethics in the System: Stun Guns	203	(1)
The Good Faith Exception	203	(1)
Wiretaps and the Issue of Privacy	204	(2)
Fleeing Felon and Deadly Force	206	(1)
Interrogations and Confessions	207	(4)
Use of Physical Punishment and Pain	207	(1)
Lying to the Suspect	208	(2)
Police Lineups	210	(1)
The Right to an Attorney	210	(1)
Arrest	211	(2)
Miranda	211	(1)
Entrapment and Police Intelligence Activities	212	(1)
Oversight of Police Practice and Procedure	213	(9)
The Courts and Prosecutors	213	(1)
Criminal Justice in the Media: Oversight on the Evening News	214	(1)
Role of the FBI	214	(1)
Internal Affairs	215	(2)
Investigative Commissions and Police Commissions	217	(1)
Citizen Review Boards	218	(3)
Criminal Justice in the World: Oversight of the Police in Britain and France	221	(1)
Prosecution of Police Officers	222	(3)
Police Misconduct and Corruption	222	(1)
Criminal Prosecution	223	(1)
Civil Suits against the Police	223	(2)
Conclusion: Police Accountability	225	(1)
Chapter Summary	226	(1)
Vocabulary Review	226	(1)
Do You Remember?	227	(1)
Think about This	227	(1)
Research Navigator	227	(1)
American Policing	228	(44)
Introduction: Life without the Police	230	(1)
The Roots of American Policing: England	230	(6)
Dependence on Kinship for Safety in Medieval England	232	(1)
The English Office of the Sheriff	232	(1)
Ethics in the System: How the Tithing System Worked	233	(1)
Legis Henrici: The State as Victim	233	(1)
The Magna Carta: The Origins of Due Process	234	(1)
The Growing Problem of Crime in the Cities	234	(1)
Firethe Industrial Revolutionand the Fear of Crime	234	(2)
The English Response to Crime	236	(2)
Bow Street Runners and Thames River Police	236	(1)
Sir Robert Peel and the London Metropolitan Police	236	(2)
The Development of Policing in the United States	238	(6)
Law and Order in the Colonies	238	(1)
Policing in the United States, 1776-1850	238	(2)
Policing in United States, 1850-1900	240	(1)
Vigilantes and Posses in the Wild West	241	(1)
Beginnings of Private Policing	241	(1)
Policing in the Southern States	241	(2)
Diversity in the System: The First Black Police Officers	243	(1)
Foundations of Modern American Policing1900-1930	244	(2)
Labor Conflicts and Local Police	244	(1)
August Vollmer and the Professionalizing of Policing	245	(1)
Contemporary Policing	246	(2)
Who Are the Police?	246	(2)
County Law Enforcement Agencies	248	(3)
Jurisdiction of the Sheriff	248	(1)
Administrative Structure of the Sheriff's Department	248	(1)
Law Enforcement Duties of the Sheriff	249	(1)
Serving the Court and Operating the County Jail	249	(1)
Careers in the System: Working in the Sheriff's Office	250	(1)
The City Police: ``The Cops,''	251	(4)
Jurisdiction of Local Police	252	(1)
Administrative Structure of the Municipal Police	252	(2)
Police Patrol, Crime Prevention, and Other Services	254	(1)
Serving Shifts and Districts	255	(1)
The State Police	255	(3)
Careers in the System: Police Ranks and Promotions	256	(1)
Highway Patrol	257	(1)
Criminal Investigation	257	(1)
Special Police	258	(1)
Federal Law Enforcement	259	(10)
Federal Jurisdiction and Police Powers	260	(1)
Military Police and Tribal Police	260	(1)
Criminal Justice in the World: Jurisdiction in England and France	261	(1)
Civilian Federal Law Enforcement	262	(1)
U.S. Marshals Service	263	(1)
U.S. Postal Investigation Service	264	(1)
U.S. Secret Service	264	(1)
Federal Bureau of Investigation	265	(2)
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms	267	(1)
Drug Enforcement Agency	268	(1)
Other Federal Agencies with Police Powers	268	(1)
Conclusion: Challenges of American Policing	269	(1)
Chapter Summary	269	(1)
Vocabulary Review	270	(1)
Do You Remember?	270	(1)
Think about This	271	(1)
Research Navigator	271	(1)
Police Professionalism and the Community	272	(36)
Introduction: Where Do Police Officers Come From?	274	(1)
Selection of Police Officers	274	(11)
Diversity in the System: The Civil Rights Act of 1972	275	(2)
Equal Employment Opportunity	277	(1)
Minimum Job Qualifications	278	(1)
Age, Driver's License, and Residence	278	(1)
Education	278	(2)
Careers in the System: Qualifications for Police Work	280	(2)
Written Examination	282	(1)
Oral Interview	282	(1)
Medical and Physical Examination	282	(1)
Good Moral Character	283	(2)
Psychological and Polygraph Examinations	285	(1)
Training of Police Officers	285	(5)
Selection for the Academy	285	(1)
Careers in the System: Psychological Examinations in Recruitment	286	(2)
Police Officer Standards and Training (POST) Commissions	288	(1)
Field Training and the Probationary Period	289	(1)
Policing Strategies	290	(4)
Policing Reflecting Community Values	290	(1)
Core Values	291	(1)
Changing Police-Community Relations	291	(1)
Criminal Justice in the Media: What Is the Truth about Police Work?	292	(2)
Community Policing	294	(8)
What Is Community Policing?	294	(1)
Broken Windows and Zero Tolerance	295	(1)
Ethics in the System: Political Favoritism	296	(1)
Police Partnership and Public Order	296	(1)
Problem-Oriented Policing	297	(1)
Scanning, Analysis, Response, and Assessment (SARA)	298	(1)
Challenges of Community Policing	299	(2)
The Future of Community Policing	301	(1)
Professionalizing Influences on Police Departments	302	(4)
Police Administration and Leadership	302	(1)
Standard Operating Procedures (SOP)	302	(1)
Accreditation of Police Departments	303	(1)
Police Unions and Professional Organizations	303	(3)
Conclusion: The Police and the Public	306	(1)
Chapter Summary	306	(1)
Vocabulary Review	307	(1)
Do You Remember?	307	(1)
Think about This	307	(1)
Research Navigator	307	(1)
Homeland Security: The New Era of Federalism in Criminal Justice	308	(56)
Introduction: The War on Terrorism and the Criminal Justice System	310	(1)
What Is Terrorism?	311	(5)
Criminal Justice and Social Justice	312	(1)
What Is a Terrorist?	312	(2)
Criminal Justice in the World: Freedom Fighters or Terrorists?	314	(2)
Domestic and International Terrorism	316	(2)
Domestic Terrorism	316	(2)
International Terrorism	318	(1)
September 11, 2001: The Turning Point	318	(8)
Capacity of State and Local Criminal Justice Systems Questioned	319	(1)
The New Federalism to Fight Terrorism	320	(1)
Department of Homeland Security: Building a Better Defense	320	(5)
Careers in the System: Working for the Department of Homeland Security	325	(1)
Multiple Agency Coordination	326	(7)
United States Government Interagency Domestic Terrorism Concept of Operations Plan	326	(1)
First Responders	327	(3)
The Challenge of Sharing Intelligence	330	(1)
State and Local Police Lack Intelligence Capacity	330	(1)
Post-September 11, 2001, Intelligence Reforms	331	(1)
Joint Local-Federal Counterterrorism Task Forces	331	(1)
Informal Intelligence Networks	332	(1)
Expanding Federal Power to Fight Terrorism	333	(8)
Early National Security Decision Directives	333	(1)
The Omnibus Counterterrorism Act of 1995 and the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996	334	(1)
Enemy Combatant Executive Order	335	(3)
The USA Patriot Act	338	(3)
Fortress Urbanism: Terror-Focused Policing	341	(5)
Physical Security: Straining Police Resources	342	(1)
Terrorist Threat Advisories	343	(3)
Closing the Borders to Terrorists	346	(6)
Sealing the Borders	346	(1)
Immigration Control and Enforcement	346	(3)
Criticisms of Immigration Policies	349	(1)
State and Local Actions to Curtail Illegal Immigration	349	(2)
National Identification Card	351	(1)
Civil Rights and Homeland Security	352	(8)
Fewer Liberties, Greater Security?	352	(2)
Free Speech and Protest versus Terrorism	354	(2)
Fourth Amendment Rights and Terrorism	356	(1)
Denial of Due Process	356	(3)
Ethics in the System: Is Torture Justified?	359	(1)
Conclusion: Turning the Criminal Justice System Upside Down	360	(1)
Chapter Summary	361	(1)
Vocabulary Review	362	(1)
Do You Remember?	363	(1)
Think about This	363	(1)
Research Navigator	363	(1)
part four The Courts	364	(104)
The Court System	366	(32)
Introduction: The Court as the Hub of the Criminal Justice System	368	(1)
The Role of the Judicial System	369	(4)
Dual Court System	369	(1)
Civil versus Criminal Law	370	(2)
Hierarchy in the Judiciary	372	(1)
The Federal Court System	373	(9)
Overview of the Federal Court System	373	(1)
United States Magistrate Courts	374	(1)
United States District Courts	375	(1)
United States Courts of Appeals	376	(3)
The United States Supreme Court	379	(3)
Characteristics of the State Court System	382	(3)
Courts of Limited Jurisdiction	384	(1)
Courts of General Jurisdiction	384	(1)
Appellate Courts	384	(1)
Courts of Last Resort	384	(1)
Lawyers and Judges	385	(9)
Education for Lawyers	386	(2)
Ethics in the System: Ethical Violations by Lawyers	388	(1)
Selection of Federal Judges	389	(1)
Selection of State Judges	389	(3)
Criminal Justice in the World: The English Legal Profession	392	(2)
Conclusion: The Judicial System as the Protector of Constitutional Rights	394	(1)
Chapter Summary	395	(1)
Vocabulary Review	396	(1)
Do You Remember?	396	(1)
Think about This	396	(1)
Research Navigator	397	(1)
Courtroom Participants and the Trial	398	(38)
Introduction: The Adjudication Process	400	(1)
Jurisdiction	400	(2)
Trials in Courts of Limited Jurisdiction	401	(1)
Trials in Courts of General Jurisdiction and Federal District Courts	401	(1)
Charges and Proceedings before Trial	402	(12)
Determining the Charges: The Police and the Prosecutor	403	(1)
Bail	404	(6)
Competency to Stand Trial and the Insanity Defense	410	(1)
Plea Bargaining	411	(3)
Preparation for the Criminal Trial	414	(6)
The Sixth Amendment Right to a Speedy Trial	415	(1)
The Speedy Trial Act of 1974	416	(1)
Rules of Evidence	416	(1)
Careers in the System: Court Administrators and Clerk of Court	417	(1)
Pretrial Motions	417	(2)
Ethics in the Systems: The Right to Confront Witnesses?	419	(1)
Participants in the Criminal Trial	420	(6)
On This Side, Representing the State	421	(3)
On This Side, Representing the Defense	424	(2)
The Criminal Trial	426	(7)
Diversity in the System: Defending the Guilty	427	(1)
Trial Initiation	427	(1)
Presentation of Evidence and Witnesses	428	(1)
Criminal Justice in the World: The French Trial	429	(2)
Postargument Activities	431	(2)
Conclusion: The Trial---Justice Is the Goal	433	(1)
Chapter Summary	434	(1)
Vocabulary Review	434	(1)
Do You Remember?	435	(1)
Think about This	435	(1)
Research Navigator	435	(1)
Sentencing and Sanctions	436	(32)
Introduction: Convicted---Now What?	438	(1)
Purpose of Criminal Sanctions	438	(6)
Deterrence	439	(2)
Incapacitation	441	(1)
Retribution	442	(1)
Rehabilitation	443	(1)
Restorative Justice	443	(1)
Sentencing	444	(5)
Ethics in the System: What Does the CJ System Owe the Wrongfully Convicted?	446	(3)
Presentence Investigation Report	449	(2)
Sentencing Hearing and Victim Impact Statements	450	(1)
Sanctions and the Mentally III Offender	451	(2)
Defining Insanity	451	(1)
The Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984	451	(1)
State Courts and the Insanity Plea	452	(1)
Public Fear of the Insanity Plea	452	(1)
Sentencing Models	453	(4)
Determinate versus Indeterminate Sentencing	453	(1)
Mandatory Sentencing and Habitual Offender Laws	454	(1)
Sentencing Guidelines	455	(1)
Presumptive Sentencing	455	(2)
Truth in Sentencing	457	(1)
Sentencing and the Death Penalty	457	(8)
The Death Penalty and Abolitionists	458	(1)
The Death Penalty and Civil Rights	459	(1)
Challenges to the Death Penalty	460	(2)
Reconsideration of the Death Penalty	462	(2)
Diversity in the System: And Justice for All	464	(1)
Conclusion: A Long Way to Go	465	(1)
Chapter Summary	466	(1)
Vocabulary Review	467	(1)
Do You Remember?	467	(1)
Think about This	467	(1)
Research Navigator	467	(1)
part five Corrections	468	(104)
Jails and Prisons	470	(44)
Introduction: Imprisonment---A Modern Invention	472	(1)
Before Jails and Prisons	472	(3)
Branding	473	(1)
Mutilation	473	(1)
Public Ridicule and Pain	474	(1)
Flogging and Whipping	474	(1)
Origins of Incarceration as Punishment	475	(2)
Jails and the Rise of the City	476	(1)
Enslavement and Transportation	476	(1)
Development of American Jails and Prisons	477	(8)
Early Jail Conditions	478	(1)
Reform at Last: The Walnut Street Jail	478	(1)
Bigger Is Better: Eastern State Penitentiary	479	(1)
The Auburn System	480	(1)
Southern Penal Systems	481	(1)
Modernization of Jails and Prisons	482	(2)
Diversity in the System: Institutional Racism and Incarceration	484	(1)
Continuing Prison Reform	485	(1)
Jails	485	(4)
City and County Jails	487	(2)
Municipal Jails	489	(1)
State Prisons	489	(9)
Prisoner Classification	490	(1)
Security Levels	490	(2)
Diversity in the System: Women behind Bars	492	(3)
Special Prison Populations	495	(1)
State Prison Administration	495	(2)
Careers in the System: Employment in State Prisons	497	(1)
Federal Prisons	498	(2)
The Federal Bureau of Prisons	498	(1)
Federal Correctional Facilities	499	(1)
Private Jails and Prisons	500	(1)
Prison Life	501	(9)
Violence in Prisons	502	(3)
Health in Prisons	505	(2)
Mental Health and Prison Life	507	(3)
Conclusion: Prisons---The Human Cage	510	(1)
Chapter Summary	511	(1)
Vocabulary Review	512	(1)
Do You Remember?	512	(1)
Think about This	513	(1)
Research Navigator	513	(1)
Probation and Parole	514	(26)
Introduction: Why Early Release?	516	(1)
Defining Diversion, Probation, and Parole	516	(3)
Mandatory and Good-Time Release	517	(1)
Pardon and Commutation of Sentence	518	(1)
Origins of Probation	519	(6)
Probation Services	520	(1)
Decision to Grant Probation	521	(1)
Advantages of Probation	522	(2)
Decisions to Revoke Probation	524	(1)
Origins of Parole	525	(11)
Pros and Cons of Parole	526	(2)
State and Federal Parole Boards	528	(2)
Ethics in the System: Who Should Know about Offenders Returning to the Community?	530	(1)
The Parole Hearing	531	(2)
Conditions of Parole	533	(1)
Revocation of Parole	533	(2)
Careers in the System: Probation and Parole Officers	535	(1)
Supervision of Probation and Parole	536	(1)
Conclusion: You Can Lead a Horse to Water, But	537	(1)
Chapter Summary	538	(1)
Vocabulary Review	539	(1)
Do You Remember?	539	(1)
Think about This	539	(1)
Research Navigator	539	(1)
Corrections in the Community	540	(32)
Introduction: Why Intermediate Sentences?	542	(1)
The Failure of Incarceration to Prepare Offenders for Reentry	542	(4)
Concern for Community Safety	546	(3)
Ethics in the System: Conflict between Police and Community Corrections	548	(1)
Intermediate Sanctions and Community Corrections	549	(7)
Intensive Probation Supervision	550	(1)
Split Sentencing and Shock Probation	551	(1)
Shock Incarceration: Boot Camps	552	(1)
Home Confinement and Electronic Monitoring	553	(3)
Reentry Programs: Preparing Offenders to Take Responsibility	556	(6)
Work Release	557	(2)
Education Release	559	(1)
Halfway Houses	559	(1)
Day Reporting Centers	560	(21)
Careers in the System: Correctional Case Manager	581
Reentry Programs for Drug Offenders	562	(6)
Adult Drug Courts	563	(2)
Tribal Drug Courts	565	(2)
TASC and RSAT	567	(1)
Civil Disenfranchisement of Ex-Felons	568	(1)
Conclusion: Try, Try Again	569	(1)
Chapter Summary	570	(1)
Vocabulary Review	570	(1)
Do You Remember?	570	(1)
Think about This	571	(1)
Research Navigator	571	(1)
part six Juvenile Justice and Crime	572	(101)
The Juvenile Justice System: The Youthful Offender	574	(64)
Introduction: A Changing View of Young Offenders	576	(1)
Development of the Juvenile Justice System	577	(3)
Before There Was a Juvenile Justice System	577	(1)
Foundations of the Juvenile Justice System	578	(2)
The Youthful Offender and the Criminal Justice System	580	(9)
Classification of Juvenile Offenders	581	(1)
Organization of Juvenile Courts	582	(2)
Due Process for Juveniles	584	(4)
Privacy of Juvenile Court Proceedings	588	(1)
Juvenile Justice System in the Twenty-First Century	589	(5)
Judicial Waiver: Abandoning the Great Experiment	590	(1)
Mens Rea and Youthful Violent Offenders	590	(2)
Ethics in the System: Who Is a Child?	592	(2)
Processing the Youthful Offender through the System	594	(14)
Intake	596	(1)
Deciding between Juvenile and Adult Jurisdiction	597	(1)
The Juvenile Intake Officer: Gatekeeper and Counselor	598	(1)
Careers in the System: Juvenile Probation Officers	599	(1)
Formal Processing	600	(2)
Adjudication	602	(1)
Detention and Probation (Aftercare)	602	(1)
Residential Placement	603	(1)
Juvenile Probation (Aftercare)	604	(1)
Juvenile Boot Camps	604	(1)
Juvenile Death Penalty	605	(3)
The Juvenile as Offender	608	(11)
OJJDP's Study Group on Very Young Offenders	609	(2)
Youth Gangs	611	(5)
Juvenile Substance Abuse	616	(3)
Schools and Juvenile Violence	619	(5)
Strategies for Safe Schools	620	(1)
Reducing Weapons on School Property	620	(2)
Reducing Bullying	622	(1)
Increasing Police Presence	622	(1)
Some School Safety Programs Create New Problems	623	(1)
The Juvenile as Victim	624	(10)
Violence against Children	625	(1)
Sexual Exploitation and Child Pornography	626	(1)
Public Fear Influences Prevention Programs	626	(1)
Child Pornography and the Internet	627	(1)
Missing Children	628	(4)
New Resources to Protect Children: Megan's Law and AMBER Alert	632	(2)
Conclusion: Innocence Lost?	634	(1)
Chapter Summary	635	(1)
Vocabulary Review	636	(1)
Do You Remember?	636	(1)
Think about This	637	(1)
Research Navigator	637	(1)
Crime in America	638	(35)
Introduction: Crime Is the Measure of the Effectiveness of the Criminal Justice System	640	(1)
Another War: The War on Drugs	641	(14)
Drugs and Crime	643	(3)
Drug Abuse: Medical Model versus Criminal Justice Model	646	(1)
Drug Trafficking	646	(1)
The War on Drugs: An International Problem	647	(1)
Synthetic Drugs---Made in the United States	648	(5)
New Strategies for the War on Drugs	653	(2)
Cybercrime and Identity Theft	655	(10)
Identity Theft	658	(2)
Constitutional Rights and the Internet	660	(1)
Ethics in the System: Corporate Crime: The Enron Case	661	(2)
Careers in the System: Computer Security and Cyberpolice	663	(1)
Terrorism and the Internet	663	(2)
Child Sexual Offenders	665	(4)
Demand for Aggressive Law Enforcement	665	(1)
Demand for Monitoring, Registering, and Restricting	666	(1)
Pedophile-Free Zones	667	(1)
Concerns about the Use of the Internet by Predators	667	(1)
No Hope in Rehabilitation	668	(1)
Conclusion: It Takes a Village to Fight Crime	669	(1)
Chapter Summary	670	(1)
Vocabulary Review	671	(1)
Do You Remember?	671	(1)
Think about This	671	(1)
Research Navigator	671	(2)
Appendix A: The Constitution of the United States of America	673	(9)
Appendix B: USA Patriot Act Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005	682	(20)
USA Patriot Act of 2001	685	(17)
Endnotes	702	(26)
Glossary	728	(10)
Name Index	738	(3)
Subject Index	741