Criminal Justice in Action

by Gaines, Larry K.

• ISBN13: 9780495186861
• ISBN10: 0495186864
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-01-03
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Vivid, visual, current, and featuring the newest CJ careers--every chapter of this text is a multimedia-linked study center! This best-selling text offers students a clear and practical overview of the criminal justice system by combining cutting-edge research with accessible discussions of theory and up-to-the-minute examples of policy and application from today's news. Gaines and Miller take an applied approach that is visible in their coverage of contemporary topics, such as cyber crime and terrorism, their concentration on careers, and their expansive integration of technology. Also, Criminal Justice in Action can be packaged with interactive learning aids such as the new Criminal JusticeNow'„¢--a Web-based, intelligent study system and JoinIn'„¢ content for Response Systems tailored to the text.

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
PART ONE The Criminal Justice System
Criminal Justice Today	2	(32)
Introduction: Husbands and Lives	4	(1)
What is Crime?	5	(5)
The Consensus Model	6	(1)
The Conflict Model	6	(1)
An Integrated Definition of Crime	6	(1)
Types of Crime	7	(3)
The Criminal Justice System	10	(8)
The Purpose of the Criminal Justice System	11	(1)
The Structure of the Criminal Justice System	11	(4)
The Criminal Justice Process	15	(3)
Values of the Criminal Justice System	18	(3)
Crime Control and Due Process: To Punish or Protect?	18	(1)
Which Model Prevails Today?	19	(2)
Issues in Criminal Justice Today	21	(6)
Fear of Crime	22	(1)
Crime and Punishment	22	(1)
New Directions in Law Enforcement	23	(2)
Technology: Fighting and Fueling Crime	25	(2)
Criminal Justice in Action: Coming to Grips with Gangs	27	(7)
Chapter Summary
Stories from the Street
Key Terms
Questions for Critical Analysis
Test Preparation Online
Suggested Readings
Notes	29	(4)
Chapter 1 Appendix: How to Read Case Citations and Find Court Decisions	33	(1)
Causes of Crime	34	(30)
Introduction: Out of the Blue	36	(1)
Exploring the Causes of Crime	37	(16)
Crime and Free Will: Choice Theories of Crime	37	(2)
``Born Criminal'': Biological and Psychological Theories of Crime	39	(4)
Sociological Theories of Crime	43	(3)
Family, Friends, and the Media: Social Processes of Crime	46	(2)
Social Conflict Theories	48	(1)
Looking Back to Childhood: Life Course Theories of Crime	49	(1)
Emerging Theories in Criminology	50	(3)
Victimology and Victims of Crime	53	(3)
The Experience of Being a Victim	53	(1)
Factors of Victimization	53	(2)
Protecting Victims' Rights	55	(1)
Criminology from Theory to Practice	56	(2)
Criminal Justice in Action: The Ever-Elusive Serial Killer	58	(6)
Chapter Summary
Stories from the Street
Key Terms
Questions for Critical Analysis
Test Preparation Online
Suggested Readings
Notes	60	(4)
Defining and Measuring Crime	64	(28)
Introduction: Taking Memos in St. Louis	66	(1)
Classification of Crimes	67	(4)
Civil Law and Criminal Law	67	(1)
Felonies and Misdemeanors	68	(2)
Mala in Se and Mala Prohibita	70	(1)
The Uniform Crime Report	71	(5)
The Crime Index	72	(1)
Part II Offenses	73	(1)
The UCR: A Flawed Method?	74	(1)
The National Incident-Based Reporting System	75	(1)
Alternative Measuring Methods	76	(4)
Victim Surveys	76	(3)
Self-Reported Surveys	79	(1)
Crime Trends Today	80	(6)
The Countertrend in Murder Rates	80	(1)
The Geography of Crime	80	(1)
Illegal Drugs and Crime	81	(1)
Age and Crime: The Peak Years	81	(1)
Guns and Crime	82	(1)
Crime, Race, and Poverty	82	(3)
Women and Crime	85	(1)
Criminal Justice in Action: The Link between Guns and Crime	86	(6)
Chapter Summary
Stories from the Street
Key Terms
Questions for Critical Analysis
Test Preparation Online
Suggested Readings
Notes	88	(4)
Inside Criminal Law	92	(34)
Introduction: Spreading the Risk	94	(1)
The Development of American Criminal Law	95	(1)
The Conception of Law	95	(1)
English Common Law	95	(1)
Stare Decisis	96	(1)
Written Sources of American Criminal Law	96	(3)
Constitutional Law	97	(1)
Statutory Law	97	(1)
Administrative Law	98	(1)
Case Law	99	(1)
The Purposes of Criminal Law	99	(3)
Protect and Punish: The Legal Function of the Law	99	(1)
Maintain and Teach: The Social Function of the Law	99	(3)
The Elements of a Crime	102	(5)
Criminal Act: Actus Reus	102	(1)
Mental State: Mens Rea	103	(2)
Concurrence	105	(1)
Causation	106	(1)
Attendant Circumstances	106	(1)
Harm	106	(1)
Defenses Under Criminal Law	107	(6)
Criminal Responsibility and the Law	107	(4)
Justification Criminal Defenses and the Law	111	(2)
Procedural Safeguards	113	(6)
The Bill of Rights	114	(2)
Due Process	116	(3)
Criminal Justice in Action: Punishing Hate	119	(7)
Chapter Summary
Stories from the Street
Key Terms
Questions for Critical Analysis
Test Preparation Online
Suggested Readings
Notes	121	(5)
PART TWO The Police and Law Enforcement
Law Enforcement Today	126	(32)
Introduction: Heroes or Bums?	128	(1)
A History of the American Police	129	(6)
English Roots	129	(1)
The Early American Police Experience	130	(1)
The Modernization of the American Police	131	(2)
Returning to the Community	133	(2)
Law Enforcement Agencies	135	(10)
Municipal Law Enforcement Agencies	135	(1)
Sheriffs and County Law Enforcement	135	(1)
State Police and Highway Patrols	136	(2)
Federal Law Enforcement Agencies	138	(7)
Private Security	145	(2)
Privatizing Law Enforcement	145	(1)
Problems with Private Security	146	(1)
The Responsibilities of the Police	147	(2)
Enforcing Laws	148	(1)
Providing Services	148	(1)
Preventing Crime	149	(1)
Preserving the Peace	149	(1)
The Role of Discretion in Policing	149	(3)
Justification for Police Discretion	150	(1)
Making the Decision	151	(1)
Criminal Justice in Action: The Police and Domestic Violence	152	(6)
Chapter Summary
Stories from the Street
Key Terms
Questions for Critical Analysis
Test Preparation Online
Suggested Readings
Notes	154	(4)
Challenges to Effective Policing	158	(44)
Introduction: LAPD Blues	160	(1)
Recruitment and Training: Becoming a Police Officer	161	(4)
Basic Requirements	161	(2)
Recruiting Members of Minority Groups and Women	163	(2)
Police Organization	165	(4)
The Structure of the Police Department	166	(1)
Striving for Efficiency	167	(2)
Refocusing on the Community	169	(5)
Community Policing	169	(2)
Problem-Solving Policing	171	(1)
Broken Windows: Popularizing Community Policing	172	(2)
Law Enforcement in the Field	174	(8)
Police on Patrol: The Backbone of the Department	174	(5)
Police Investigations	179	(2)
The Military and Law Enforcement	181	(1)
``US Versus Them'': Issues in Modern Policing	182	(8)
Police Subculture	183	(1)
The Physical and Mental Dangers of Police Work	184	(1)
Authority and the Use of Force	184	(3)
Racial and Ethnic Biases in Policing	187	(1)
Police Corruption	188	(1)
Police Accountability	189	(1)
Police Ethics	190	(3)
Ethical Dilemmas	190	(1)
Elements of Ethics	191	(2)
Criminal Justice in Action: The DNA Revolution	193	(9)
Chapter Summary
Stories from the Street
Key Terms
Questions for Critical Analysis
Test Preparation Online
Suggested Readings
Notes	195	(7)
Police and the Constitution: The Rules of Law Enforcement	202	(38)
Introduction: The Case of the Sniffing Dog	204	(1)
The Fourth Amendment	205	(4)
Reasonableness	205	(1)
Probable Cause	206	(1)
The Exclusionary Rule	207	(2)
Stops and Frisks	209	(2)
The Elusive Definition of Reasonable Suspicion	209	(1)
A Stop	210	(1)
A Frisk	211	(1)
Arrests	211	(3)
Elements of an Arrest	211	(2)
Arrests with a Warrant	213	(1)
Arrests without a Warrant	214	(1)
Lawful Searches and Seizures	214	(10)
The Role of Privacy in Searches	215	(1)
Search and Seizure Warrants	215	(2)
Searches and Seizures without a Warrant	217	(2)
Searches of Automobiles	219	(2)
The Plain View Doctrine	221	(1)
Electronic Surveillance and the Fight against Terrorism	221	(3)
The Interrogation Process and Miranda	224	(6)
The Legal Basis for Miranda	224	(1)
When a Miranda Warning Is Required	225	(1)
When a Miranda Warning Is Not Required	225	(2)
The Law Enforcement Response to Miranda	227	(1)
The Future of Miranda	228	(2)
The Identification Process	230	(2)
Essential Procedures	230	(1)
Nontestimonial Evidence	231	(1)
Criminal Justice in Action: Racial Profiling and the Constitution	232	(8)
Chapter Summary
Stories from the Street
Key Terms
Questions for Critical Analysis
Test Preparation Online
Suggested Readings
Notes	234	(6)
PART THREE Criminal Courts
Courts and the Quest for Justice	240	(32)
Introduction: Trial and Errors	242	(1)
Functions of the Courts	243	(1)
Due Process and Crime Control in the Courts	243	(1)
The Rehabilitation Function	244	(1)
The Bureaucratic Function	244	(1)
The Basic Principles of the American Judicial System	244	(4)
Jurisdiction	245	(2)
Trial and Appellate Courts	247	(1)
The Dual Court System	247	(1)
State Court Systems	248	(2)
Courts of Limited Jurisdiction	248	(2)
Trial Courts of General Jurisdiction	250	(1)
State Courts of Appeals	250	(1)
The Federal Court System	250	(4)
U.S. District Courts	251	(1)
U.S. Courts of Appeals	251	(1)
The United States Supreme Court	252	(2)
Dges in the Court System	254	(8)
The Roles and Responsibilities of Trial Judges	254	(1)
Selection of Judges	255	(4)
Diversity on the Bench	259	(1)
The Impact of Past Discrimination	260	(1)
Judicial Conduct	261	(1)
The Courtroom Work Group	262	(4)
Members of the Courtroom Work Group	262	(1)
Formation of the Courtroom Work Group	263	(1)
The Judge in the Courtroom Work Group	263	(1)
Assembly-Line Justice	264	(2)
Criminal Justice in Action: The Long Arm of the Law	266	(6)
Chapter Summary
Stories from the Street
Key Terms
Questions for Critical Analysis
Test Preparation Online
Suggested Readings
Notes	268	(4)
Pretrial Procedures: The Adversary System in Action	272	(36)
Introduction: A Fair Trade?	274	(1)
The Prosecution	275	(3)
The Office of the Prosecutor	275	(1)
The Prosecutor as Elected Official	276	(1)
The Prosecutor as Crime Fighter	277	(1)
The Defense Attorney	278	(4)
The Responsibilities of the Defense Attorney	279	(1)
The Public Defender	280	(1)
The Attorney-Client Relationship	281	(1)
Truth, Victory, and the Adversary System	282	(1)
Pretrial Detention	283	(6)
The Purpose of Bail	284	(1)
Setting Bail	284	(2)
Gaining Pretrial Release	286	(1)
Bail Reform and Preventive Detention	287	(2)
Establishing Probable Cause	289	(2)
The Preliminary Hearing	289	(1)
The Grand Jury	289	(2)
The Prosecutorial Screening Process	291	(4)
Case Attrition	291	(4)
Prosecutorial Charging and the Defense Attorney	295	(1)
Pleading Guilty	295	(5)
Plea Bargaining in the Criminal Justice System	295	(1)
Motivations for Plea Bargaining	296	(2)
Plea Bargaining and the Adversary System	298	(1)
Is Plea Bargaining Inevitable?	299	(1)
Going to Trial	300	(1)
Criminal Justice in Action: Is Justice for Sale?	301	(7)
Chapter Summary
Stories from the Street
Key Terms
Questions for Critical Analysis
Test Preparation Online
Suggested Readings
Notes	303	(5)
The Criminal Trial	308	(38)
Introduction: Same Story, Different Ending	310	(1)
Special Features of Criminal Trials	311	(3)
A ``Speedy'' Trial	311	(2)
The Role of the Jury	313	(1)
The Privilege against Self-Incrimination	313	(1)
The Presumption of a Defendant's Innocence	314	(1)
A Strict Standard of Proof	314	(1)
Jury Selection	314	(8)
Initial Steps: The Master Jury List and Venire	315	(2)
Voir Dire	317	(2)
Race and Gender Issues in Jury Selection	319	(2)
Alternate Jurors	321	(1)
The Trial	322	(8)
Opening Statements	322	(1)
The Role of Evidence	322	(4)
The Prosecution's Case	326	(1)
Cross-Examination	327	(1)
Motion for a Directed Verdict	327	(1)
The Defendant's Case	328	(2)
Rebuttal and Surrebuttal	330	(1)
Closing Arguments	330	(1)
The Final Steps of the Trial and Postconviction Procedures	330	(8)
Jury Instructions	330	(2)
Jury Deliberation	332	(1)
The Verdict	332	(2)
Appeals	334	(2)
Habeas Corpus	336	(2)
Criminal Justice in Action: Rape Shield Laws	338	(8)
Chapter Summary
Stories from the Street
Key Terms
Questions for Critical Analysis
Test Preparation Online
Suggested Readings
Notes	340	(6)
Punishment and Sentencing	346	(42)
Introduction: Dealing with Drunk Driving	348	(1)
The Purpose of Sentencing	349	(3)
Retribution	349	(1)
Deterrence	349	(2)
Incapacitation	351	(1)
Rehabilitation	351	(1)
The Structure of Sentencing	352	(2)
Legislative Sentencing Authority	352	(2)
Judicial Sentencing Authority	354	(1)
Administrative Sentencing Authority	354	(1)
Individualized Justice and the Judge	354	(5)
Forms of Punishment	355	(1)
The Sentencing Process	356	(2)
Factors of Sentencing	358	(1)
Inconsistencies in Sentencing	359	(2)
Sentencing Disparity	360	(1)
Sentencing Discrimination	360	(1)
Sentencing Reform	361	(7)
Sentencing Guidelines	362	(2)
Mandatory Sentencing Guidelines	364	(1)
Opposition to Determinate Sentencing	365	(1)
Sentencing and the Jury	366	(1)
Victim Impact Evidence	367	(1)
Capital Punishment--The Ultimate Sentence	368	(12)
The American Tradition of Capital Punishment	369	(2)
The Death Penalty and the Supreme Court	371	(4)
Debating the Sentence of Death	375	(3)
Discriminatory Effect and the Death Penalty	378	(1)
The Immediate Future of the Death Penalty	379	(1)
Criminal Justice in Action: The Gender Factor	380	(8)
Chapter Summary
Stories from the Street
Key Terms
Questions for Critical Analysis
Test Preparation Online
Suggested Readings
Notes	382	(6)
PART FOUR Corrections
Probation and Community Corrections	388	(30)
Introduction: A Light Rap for 50 Cent?	390	(1)
The Justification for Community Corrections	391	(2)
Reintegration	391	(1)
Diversion	391	(2)
The ``Low-Cost Alternative''	393	(1)
Probation: Doing Time in the Community	393	(10)
The Roots of Probation	394	(1)
Sentencing Choices and Probation	395	(1)
Conditions of Probation	396	(2)
The Supervisory Role of the Probation Officer	398	(2)
Revocation of Probation	400	(2)
Does Probation Work?	402	(1)
Intermediate Sanctions	403	(7)
Judicially Administered Intermediate Sanctions	404	(1)
Day Reporting Centers	405	(2)
Intensive Supervision Probation	407	(1)
Shock Incarceration	407	(1)
Home Confinement and Electronic Monitoring	408	(2)
Widening the Net	410	(1)
The Paradox of Community Corrections	410	(2)
Criminal Justice in Action: Drug Courts---Rehab Revisited	412	(6)
Chapter Summary
Stories from the Street
Key Terms
Questions for Critical Analysis
Test Preparation Online
Suggested Readings
Notes	414	(4)
Prisons and Jails	418	(34)
Introduction: The Largest Corrections System in the World	420	(1)
A Short History of American Prisons	421	(2)
Walnut Street Prison: The First Penitentiary	421	(1)
The Great Penitentiary Rivalry: Pennsylvania versus New York	421	(1)
The Reformers and the Progressives	422	(1)
The Reassertion of Punishment	423	(1)
The Prison Population Bomb	423	(3)
Factors in Prison Population Growth	424	(2)
The Prison Construction Boom	426	(1)
The Role of Prisons in Society	426	(1)
Types of Prisons	427	(4)
Maximum-Security Prisons	428	(2)
Medium- and Minimum-Security Prisons	430	(1)
Prison Administration	431	(3)
Formal Prison Management	432	(1)
Informal Prison Management	433	(1)
The Emergence of Private Prisons	434	(3)
Why Privatize?	434	(2)
The Argument against Private Prisons	436	(1)
The Future of Privatization in the Corrections Industry	436	(1)
Jails	437	(6)
The Function of Jails	438	(1)
The Jail Population	438	(1)
Jail Administration	439	(2)
New-Generation Jails	441	(2)
The Consequences of Our High Rates of Incarceration	443	(1)
Criminal Justice in Action: The End of the Line---Supermax Prisons	444	(8)
Chapter Summary
Stories from the Street
Key Terms
Questions for Critical Analysis
Test Preparation Online
Suggested Readings
Notes	446	(6)
Behind Bars: The Life of an Inmate	452	(36)
Introduction: The ``No Frills'' Movement	454	(1)
Prison Culture	455	(2)
Who Is in Prison?	456	(1)
Adapting to Prison Society	456	(1)
Prison Violence	457	(4)
Violence in Prison Culture	458	(1)
Riots	458	(2)
Rape	460	(1)
Inside a Women's Prison	461	(2)
Characteristics of Female Inmates	461	(1)
The Motherhood Problem	462	(1)
Violence in Women's Prisons	462	(1)
The Pseudo-Family	463	(1)
Correctional Officers and Discipline	463	(3)
Rank and Duties of Correctional Officers	464	(2)
Discipline	466	(1)
Protecting Prisoners' Rights	466	(3)
The ``Hands-On'' Approach	467	(1)
Limiting Prisoners' Rights	468	(1)
Parole and Release From Prison	469	(7)
Other Types of Prison Release	470	(1)
Discretionary Release	471	(2)
The Emergence of Mandatory Release	473	(1)
Parole Supervision	474	(2)
Reentry into Society	476	(4)
Barriers to Reentry	476	(1)
Reentry in Action	477	(1)
Evaluating Reentry Programs	478	(2)
Criminal Justice in Action: Protecting the Community from Sex Offenders	480	(8)
Chapter Summary
Stories from the Street
Key Terms
Questions for Critical Analysis
Test Preparation Online
Suggested Readings
Notes	482	(6)
PART FIVE Special Issues
The Juvenile Justice System	488	(36)
Introduction: Old Enough to Do the Crime . . .	490	(1)
The Evolution of American Juvenile Justice	491	(2)
The Child-Saving Movement	491	(1)
The Illinois Juvenile Court	492	(1)
Constitutional Protections and the Juvenile Court	492	(1)
Determining Delinquency Today	493	(3)
The Age Question	494	(1)
The Competency Question	495	(1)
First Contact: Delinquents and the Police	496	(3)
Police Discretion and Juvenile Crime	496	(2)
Juveniles and the Constitution	498	(1)
Pretrial Procedures in Juvenile Justice	499	(3)
Intake	499	(1)
Pretrial Diversion	500	(1)
Transfer to Adult Court	501	(1)
Detention	502	(1)
Juveniles on Trial	502	(4)
Adjudication	504	(1)
Disposition	504	(2)
Juvenile Corrections	506	(1)
Probation and Residential Treatment Programs	506	(1)
Institutionalizing Juveniles	507	(1)
Recent Trends in Juvenile Delinquency	507	(4)
Delinquency by the Numbers	507	(1)
Is Juvenile Crime Leveling Off?	508	(1)
Girls in the Juvenile Justice System	509	(2)
Factors in Juvenile Delinquency	511	(4)
The Age-Crime Relationship	511	(1)
Substance Abuse	512	(1)
Child Abuse and Neglect	512	(1)
Gangs	513	(1)
Guns	514	(1)
Keeping Juvenile Delinquency Under Control	515	(1)
Criminal Justice in Action: The Bully Problem	516	(8)
Chapter Summary
Stories from the Street
Key Terms
Questions for Critical Analysis
Test Preparation Online
Suggested Readings
Notes	518	(6)
The Ongoing War against Illegal Drugs	524	(30)
Introduction: The Meth ``Monster''	526	(1)
Drugs Defined	527	(3)
Types of Psychoactives	527	(2)
Illicit and Licit Drugs	529	(1)
Outlawing Drugs	530	(3)
The Harrison Act	531	(1)
The National Prohibition Act	532	(1)
The Marijuana Tax Act	532	(1)
The Gateway Drug	533	(1)
The Abuse of Drugs	533	(3)
Drug Use Examined	533	(1)
Drug Addiction and Dependency	534	(1)
The Drug-Crime Relationship	535	(1)
Fighting the War on Drugs	536	(6)
Law Enforcement Efforts	537	(1)
Legislative Efforts	537	(1)
Prospects for Success	538	(1)
Reducing the Supply of Illegal Drugs	539	(1)
Illegal Drugs and America's Inner Cities	540	(2)
Alternatives to Proscription	542	(3)
Legalization	542	(1)
Decriminalization	543	(2)
Public Support for the War on Drugs	545	(1)
Criminal Justice in Action: The Global Drug War	546	(8)
Chapter Summary
Stories from the Street
Key Terms
Questions for Critical Analysis
Test Preparation Online
Suggested Readings
Notes	548	(6)
Terrorism, Cyber Crime, and the Future	554
Introduction: Safety Checks	556	(1)
Law Enforcement and the ``War'' on Terrorism	557	(7)
Prosecuting Terrorism	557	(1)
Preventing Terrorism	558	(3)
Challenges for Local Law Enforcement	561	(2)
The Role of Immigration Law	563	(1)
The Double-Edged Sword: Security Versus Civil Liberties	564	(7)
Rights during Wartime	564	(2)
The Fourth Amendment and Monitoring Communications	566	(2)
The Fifth Amendment and Indefinite Detention	568	(1)
The Sixth Amendment and Trial Rights	569	(1)
The Courts Respond	570	(1)
Cyber Crime	571	(10)
Crime and the Internet	572	(1)
Cyber Crimes against Persons and Property	573	(2)
Cyber Crimes in the Business World	575	(3)
Cyber Crimes against the Community	578	(1)
Fighting Cyber Crime	578	(3)
Criminal Justice: Looking to the Future	581	(5)
Reemerging Technology: The Database	582	(1)
Privacy Rights and Fears	583	(1)
Developments and Trends: Predictably Unpredictable	584	(2)
Criminal Justice in Action: Border Insecurity	586
Chapter Summary
Stories from the Street
Key Terms
Questions for Critical Analysis
Test Preparation Online
Suggested Readings
Notes	588
Appendix A The Constitution	1	(1)
Appendix B You Be the Judge: The Courts' Actual Decisions	1	(1)
Appendix C Table of Cases	1	(1)
Glossary	1	(1)
Index	1