Criminal Justice in America

by Marion, Nancy E.

• ISBN13: 9780890896334
• ISBN10: 089089633X
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-01-01
• Publisher: Carolina Academic Press

Table of Contents

Cases Cited	xix
Introduction	3	(52)
Introduction	5	(5)
Political Science: Basic Concepts	10	(8)
Power	10	(1)
Structure	11	(2)
Separation of Powers	13	(1)
Checks and Balances	13	(1)
The Policy Process	14	(1)
How a Bill Becomes a Law	14	(3)
Liberal Versus Conservative Approaches to Crime Control	17	(1)
Criminal Justice	18	(9)
Definition	18	(1)
The Criminal Justice System: An Overview	19	(4)
Criminal Justice as a System and as a Nonsystem	23	(1)
Goals of the Criminal Justice System	24	(2)
Crime Control Versus Due Process	26	(1)
The Relationship Between Politics and Criminal Justice	27	(20)
Theoretical Foundations	27	(3)
The Politics---Criminal Justice Connection in Practice	30	(1)
Elected Officials	31	(1)
Executive Branch: Presidents, Governors, and Mayors	31	(3)
Legislative Branch: Congress, State Legislatures, Town Councils	34	(5)
Judicial Branch	39	(1)
Nonelected Officials	39	(1)
Media	39	(2)
Public Opinion	41	(1)
Bureaucracies	42	(1)
Campaigns and Elections	43	(4)
Interest Groups	47	(1)
Intergovernmental Relations	47	(2)
Why a Political Approach to Criminal Justice is Important	49	(2)
Remaining Chapters	51	(1)
Technical Exercises	51	(1)
Hypothetical Exercises	52	(1)
Important Terms	52	(1)
Websites	53	(1)
Review Questions	53	(2)
Crime	55	(40)
Introduction	57	(1)
What is a Crime?	58	(1)
Sources of Law	59	(3)
Theories of Criminal Law Formation	62	(2)
Criminal Justice Theories	62	(1)
Political Theories	63	(1)
Seven Principles of Law	64	(1)
Types of Crime	65	(3)
Measuring Crime	68	(10)
Uniform Crime Report	69	(4)
National Incident-Based Reporting System	73	(3)
National Crime Victimization Survey	76	(2)
Amounts of Crime	78	(3)
Uniform Crime Report	78	(2)
National Crime Victimization Survey	80	(1)
UCR and NCVS	81	(1)
Crime Categories	81	(7)
Hate Crimes	81	(2)
Drug Crimes	83	(1)
Juvenile Crime	84	(2)
Computer Crimes	86	(1)
Gang Crimes	86	(1)
Domestic Violence Crimes	87	(1)
Theories of Crime	88	(3)
Summary	91	(1)
Technical Exercise	92	(1)
Hypothetical Exercises	92	(1)
Important Terms	92	(1)
Websites	93	(1)
Review Questions	94	(1)
Victims of Crime	95	(50)
Introduction	97	(2)
Victimology	99	(3)
The Early Years: Focus on the Offender	99	(1)
A Shift in Focus From the Offender to the Victim	100	(2)
Characteristics of Victims	102	(4)
General Statistics	102	(2)
Elderly Victims	104	(1)
Female Victims	105	(1)
Juvenile Victims	105	(1)
Effects of Becoming a Victim	106	(1)
Victims' Rights	106	(19)
Victims' Bill of Rights	110	(1)
State Legislation	110	(1)
Federal Legislation	111	(1)
Opposition	112	(4)
Victim Compensation Programs	116	(3)
Victim Impact Statements	119	(1)
Victim Services	119	(4)
Mediation	123	(1)
Restitution	123	(1)
``Son of Sam'' Laws	124	(1)
Political Influences	125	(15)
Presidents	125	(2)
Congress	127	(3)
Courts	130	(1)
Public Opinion	131	(1)
Interest Groups	132	(2)
Elections	134	(1)
Bureaucracies	135	(1)
Media	135	(5)
Summary	140	(1)
Technical Exercises	140	(1)
Hypothetical Exercise	140	(2)
Important Terms	142	(1)
Websites	142	(1)
Review Questions	143	(2)
Law Enforcement	145	(50)
Introduction	147	(2)
History of Policing	149	(5)
Reform Era	153	(1)
Community Problem-Solving Era	154	(1)
Types of Policing	154	(5)
Community Policing	154	(3)
Team Policing	157	(1)
Problem-Oriented Policing	157	(1)
Proactive versus Reactive Policing (The Kansas City Experiment)	158	(1)
Police Functions	159	(1)
Police Tasks	160	(1)
Police-Community Relations Programs	161	(1)
Police Training	162	(2)
Recruitment	164	(1)
Minorities	165	(2)
Racial Minorities	165	(1)
Women Officers	166	(1)
The Job	167	(3)
Dangers of police work	167	(1)
Job Stress	167	(2)
Police Personality	169	(1)
Types of Law Enforcement Agencies: Jurisdictions and Functions	170	(16)
Federal Law Enforcement	171	(1)
FBI	171	(2)
United States Marshals Service	173	(5)
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)	178	(1)
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF)	179	(1)
Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) and Border Patrol	180	(1)
United States Customs Service	180	(1)
United States Secret Service	181	(1)
State Law Enforcement Agencies	181	(1)
State Police and State Highway Patrols	181	(2)
County: Sheriffs' departments	183	(1)
Local: Municipal or City Departments	184	(1)
Other Police Departments	185	(1)
Private Police	186	(1)
Political Influences	186	(9)
Summary	190	(1)
Technical Exercises	190	(1)
Hypothetical Exercises	190	(2)
Important Terms	192	(1)
Websites	193	(1)
Review Questions	193	(2)
Constitutional Limits on Police Behavior	195	(44)
Introduction	197	(2)
Power versus Freedom	199	(2)
Discretion	199	(1)
Police Corruption/Brutality	199	(2)
Fourth Amendment	201	(23)
Exclusionary rule	201	(2)
Exceptions to the Exclusionary Rule: Good Faith and Inevitable Discovery	203	(3)
The Right to Privacy	206	(1)
Searches and Seizures	207	(1)
Probable Cause	208	(1)
Searches and Seizures With Search Warrants	209	(1)
Searches and Seizures Without Warrants	209	(1)
Incident to Arrest	210	(1)
Searches with Consent	211	(1)
Searches of Automobiles, Watercraft, Motor Homes	212	(2)
Suspicionless Searches	214	(1)
Plain View Doctrine	215	(2)
Border Searches	217	(1)
Stop and Frisk	217	(2)
Emergency Searches	219	(1)
Electronic Eavesdropping	220	(2)
Arrests	222	(1)
Arrests with Warrant	222	(1)
Arrests without Warrants	223	(1)
Fifth Amendment	224	(9)
Interrogation	225	(1)
The Right to a Lawyer at Interrogation	225	(1)
Confessions: Miranda v. Arizona	226	(3)
Public Safety Exceptions to Miranda	229	(1)
Physical Abuse	230	(1)
Psychological Manipulation	230	(1)
Coercion	231	(1)
Informants	232	(1)
Lineups	233	(1)
Summary	233	(1)
Hypothetical Exercises	234	(1)
Important Terms	234	(1)
Websites	234	(1)
Review Questions	235	(1)
List of Cases Cited	235	(4)
Courts	239	(50)
Introduction	243	(1)
Function of the Courts	244	(1)
Power of the Courts Versus Freedom of Citizens	245	(2)
Structure of the Courts	247	(21)
Federal Courts	248	(1)
U.S. Supreme Court	249	(2)
Process	251	(1)
Members and makeup of the Supreme Court	252	(3)
Lower Federal Courts	255	(1)
U.S. Courts of Appeal	255	(2)
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit	257	(1)
U.S. District Courts	258	(2)
Federal Magistrates	260	(1)
Other Federal Courts	260	(1)
State Courts	260	(1)
State Supreme Courts	261	(1)
Other State Appellate Courts	261	(1)
Trial Courts of General Jurisdiction	261	(1)
Trial Courts of Lower Jurisdiction (Lower Courts)	262	(1)
Magistrates	263	(1)
Specialty Courts	263	(1)
Juvenile Courts	263	(3)
Teen Courts	266	(1)
Juvenile and Family Drug Courts	266	(1)
Drug Courts	267	(1)
Courtroom Personnel	268	(8)
Prosecution	269	(1)
Prosecution and Police	270	(1)
Prosecution and Other Courtroom Actors	270	(1)
Defense	271	(1)
Methods of Providing Public Defenders	272	(1)
Public Defenders	272	(1)
Assigned Counsel	272	(1)
Contract System	272	(1)
Mixed Systems	273	(1)
Judges	273	(1)
Other personnel	274	(1)
Court Clerks	274	(1)
Court Administrators	274	(1)
Bailiff	275	(1)
Court Reporter	275	(1)
Political Influences on the Courts	276	(8)
Selection Process	276	(1)
Federal Selection of Judges	276	(3)
State Selection of Judges	279	(1)
Elections	280	(1)
Appointments	281	(1)
Merit System	282	(1)
Politics and Decisions	282	(1)
Interest Groups: Lobbying the Courts	283	(1)
Elected Officials	283	(1)
Bureaucracies	284	(1)
Summary	284	(2)
Technical Exercises	286	(1)
Hypothetical Exercises	286	(1)
Important Terms	286	(1)
Websites	287	(1)
Review Questions	287	(1)
List of Cases Cited	288	(1)
Trial Process	289	(52)
Introduction	291	(1)
Process	292	(33)
Pretrial stages	292	(1)
Initial Appearance or Hearing	293	(1)
Preliminary Hearing	294	(1)
Bail	294	(2)
Bail Reform Act	296	(2)
Preventive Detention	298	(1)
Grand Jury	298	(1)
Arraignment	299	(2)
Pretrial Motions	301	(1)
Plea Bargaining	301	(6)
Juries	307	(1)
Jury Selection	307	(1)
Size of Jury	308	(1)
Trial	309	(1)
Defenses of Criminal Conduct	310	(7)
Sentencing	317	(1)
Sentencing Hearing	317	(1)
Presentence Investigation	317	(1)
Sentencing Options	318	(1)
Indeterminate Sentencing	318	(1)
Guidelines	319	(1)
Federal Sentencing Guidelines	320	(1)
Determinate Sentencing	321	(1)
Truth in Sentencing	322	(1)
Appeals	323	(1)
Appellate Process	323	(1)
Habeas Corpus	324	(1)
Defendant's Rights	325	(11)
Right to Counsel	325	(1)
Public Trial	326	(4)
Speedy Trial	330	(4)
Right to a Jury Trial and an Impartial Jury	334	(1)
Right to Confront Witnesses	334	(1)
Double Jeopardy	335	(1)
Privilege Against Self-incrimination	336	(1)
Summary	336	(1)
Hypothetical Exercises	337	(1)
Important Terms	337	(1)
Review Questions	338	(1)
List of Cases Cited	338	(3)
Corrections	341	(48)
Introduction	343	(2)
A Short History of Corrections	345	(8)
1700s: Corporal Punishment	345	(1)
1776: Growth of Correctional Institutions	346	(1)
William Penn and the Quakers	346	(1)
Walnut Street jail (Solitary Confinement)	346	(1)
Pennsylvania System	347	(1)
New York System (or Auburn) System	348	(1)
1870: The Post-Civil War Reformers	349	(1)
1900s: The Progressives	350	(1)
1930s: The Rehabilitation Model	350	(2)
1960s: The Community Model	352	(1)
Present: The Crime Control Model	353	(1)
Federal and State Prisons	353	(6)
Federal Prisons	354	(1)
Federal Bureau of Prisons	354	(2)
Federal Inmates	356	(1)
State Prisons	356	(1)
State Administrative Agencies	357	(1)
County Departments of Corrections: Jails	357	(1)
Lockups	358	(1)
State Inmates	358	(1)
Jail Inmates	359	(1)
Types of Correctional Facilities	359	(6)
Supermax Prisons	359	(1)
Maximum Security	360	(1)
Medium Security	361	(1)
Minimum Security	361	(1)
Farms and Camps	362	(1)
Private Prisons	362	(2)
Technocorrections	364	(1)
Community Corrections	365	(11)
Halfway Houses	366	(1)
Boot Camps	367	(2)
Day Reporting Centers	369	(1)
Probation	369	(3)
Probation Officers	372	(1)
Probation Revocation	372	(1)
House Arrest/Home Confinement/Electronic Monitoring	373	(1)
Shock Incarceration	374	(1)
Intermittent Incarceration	374	(1)
Fines and Restitution	374	(1)
Community Service	374	(1)
Work Release	375	(1)
Diversion	375	(1)
Net Widening	376	(1)
Death Penalty	376	(8)
Federal	376	(1)
State	377	(7)
Summary	384	(1)
Hypothetical Exercises	385	(1)
Important Terms	386	(1)
Websites	386	(1)
Review Questions	386	(1)
List of Cases Cited	387	(2)
Prison Environment	389	(42)
Introduction	391	(2)
Number and Profile of Inmates	393	(1)
Prison Environment	394	(6)
Prison Culture	394	(1)
Violence	395	(2)
Overcrowding	397	(3)
Prison Services	400	(4)
Food	400	(1)
Medical Care	400	(1)
HIV/AIDS	401	(2)
TB	403	(1)
Mentally Ill Offenders	404	(1)
STDs and Hepatitis	404	(1)
Prison Programs	404	(8)
Drug and Alcohol Programs	405	(1)
Education	405	(1)
Visitation	406	(1)
Recreation	407	(1)
Religion	407	(1)
Furloughs	408	(1)
Vocational Programs	409	(2)
Life Skills Programs	411	(1)
Prisoners' Rights Movement	412	(2)
Corrections Officers	414	(3)
Other Inmate Populations	417	(5)
Female Offenders and Female Institutions	417	(2)
Coeducational Institutions	419	(1)
Juvenile Institutions	420	(1)
Elderly Inmates	420	(2)
Parole	422	(6)
Parole Board	423	(2)
U.S. Parole Commission	425	(1)
Parole Officers	426	(1)
Parole Hearings	427	(1)
Revocation of Parole	428	(1)
Summary	428	(1)
Technical Exercise	428	(1)
Hypothetical Exercises	429	(1)
Important Terms	429	(1)
Websites	429	(1)
Review Questions	429	(1)
List of Cases Cited	430	(1)
What Works?	431	(24)
Introduction	433	(1)
Families	434	(1)
Schools	435	(4)
Communities	439	(2)
Juveniles	441	(2)
Labor Markets	443	(2)
Places	445	(1)
Policing	446	(2)
Programs That Work	448	(4)
California's Donovan Prison Therapeutic Community Program	448	(1)
Colorado's Intensive Supervision Probation Program	448	(1)
Florida Drug Treatment and Rehabilitation Programs for Offenders	449	(1)
Illinois: Gang Violence Reduction Project	449	(1)
Iowa: Batterer's Education Program	450	(1)
New York: Drug Treatment Alternative to Prison Program	450	(1)
GREAT	450	(1)
Operation Cul de Sac	451	(1)
Federal Government	452	(1)
Summary	453	(1)
Important Terms	453	(1)
Review Questions	454	(1)
Notes	455	(12)
Sources	467	(10)
Index	477