Criminal Justice in America

by Shelden, Randall G.; Brown, William B.

• ISBN13: 9780205374649
• ISBN10: 0205374646
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

Finally, an alternative critical approach to introductory criminal justice! Criminal Justice in America: A Critical View paves the way for discussions on controversial issues of racial and economic inequities found in our criminal justice system. This text helps students understand the perspective of the typical subjects of the criminal justice system: the poor, the minorities, women, and the youngall of whom comprise the majority of both victims and victimizers. In the words of one reviewer, Nowhere have I read an intro ductory text that simply tells it like it is. A text of this kind is long overdue. Another reviewer describes Criminal Justice in America: A Critical View as a well-written introductory criminal justice text that clearly delineates itself from the other leading texts. Most important, the critical perspective taken by the authors is an excellent depiction of crime and justice in America.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
An Overview of the Criminal Justice System	1	(21)
The Constitutional Basis of the Criminal Justice System	3	(1)
The Crime Control Industry	4	(2)
A Thumbnail Sketch of the Criminal Justice System	6	(2)
The Police	6	(1)
The Courts	7	(1)
The Prison System	8	(1)
Two Traditional Models of the Criminal Justice System	8	(2)
The President's Commission Model	8	(1)
The Wedding Cake Model	9	(1)
The Criminalization Model	10	(6)
The Process of Criminalization	10	(2)
Stages in the Criminalization Process	12	(4)
Social Inequality and Class Structure in the United States	16	(2)
Summary	18	(1)
Key Terms	19	(1)
Notes	19	(3)
The Problem of Crime in American Society	22	(32)
Definitions of Crime	22	(2)
Classifications of Crime	24	(5)
Felonies and Misdemeanors	24	(1)
Mala in Se and Mala Prohibita Crimes	25	(1)
Classification by Governmental Jurisdiction	25	(1)
FBI Classifications of Crime	25	(1)
Typologies of Criminal Behavior	26	(3)
Measuring Crime	29	(8)
The FBI Uniform Crime Reports	30	(1)
Critique of the FBI Uniform Crime Reports	30	(3)
Victimization Surveys	33	(3)
Self-Report Studies	36	(1)
The Extent of Crime	37	(13)
The Official Crime Picture Painted by the Department of Justice	37	(8)
The Other Side of the Crime Picture: Corporate, White-Collar, and State Crimes	45	(5)
Summary	50	(1)
Key Terms	51	(1)
Notes	51	(3)
Perspectives on Criminal Justice and Law	54	(35)
The Classical School	55	(2)
The Positivist School	57	(3)
A Critical Perspective on Criminal Justice	60	(3)
Key Assumptions of the Critical Perspective	61	(1)
Is the Criminal Justice System Designed to Fail?	61	(2)
Perspectives on Criminal Law	63	(5)
Consensus/Pluralist Model	64	(1)
Interest-Group/Conflict Model	65	(1)
A Critical/Marxist Model	66	(1)
Some Concluding Thoughts on Critical Law Perspectives	67	(1)
The Nature of Criminal Law	68	(2)
Law: What Is It?	68	(1)
Law and Social Norms	69	(1)
Formal Social Control	70	(1)
Types of Law	70	(7)
Civil Law	71	(1)
Criminal Law	72	(1)
Procedural Law: The Rights of the Accused	73	(1)
Key Constitutional Amendments that Apply to Criminal Justice	74	(2)
Other Forms of Law	76	(1)
Essential Elements of Crime	77	(3)
A Voluntary Act: Actus Reus	77	(1)
Omission: Failure to Comply with the Legal Duty to Act	78	(1)
Culpable Intent: Mens Rea	79	(1)
Criminal Defenses	80	(5)
Infancy	81	(1)
Duress	81	(1)
Intoxication	82	(1)
Entrapment	82	(1)
Use of Force in Defense of Self, Others, and Property	83	(1)
Insanity	83	(1)
Battered-Person Syndrome	84	(1)
Summary	85	(1)
Key Terms	86	(1)
Notes	86	(3)
Theories of Crime	89	(25)
Biological Theories	89	(2)
Lombroso's Views	90	(1)
Variations of Lombroso's Views	90	(1)
Rational Choice Theory	91	(1)
Psychological Theories	92	(2)
Feeblemindedness and Crime	92	(1)
Psychoanalytic Theories	93	(1)
Personality Trait Theories	93	(1)
Mental Illness and Crime	94	(1)
Sociological Theories	94	(16)
Social Disorganization/Social Ecology Theory	94	(5)
Strain Theories	99	(4)
Cultural-Deviance Theory	103	(2)
Control/Social Bond Theory	105	(1)
Social Learning Theory	106	(1)
Labeling Theory	107	(2)
Critical/Marxist Theory	109	(1)
Summary	110	(1)
Key Terms	111	(1)
Notes	111	(3)
A Historical Overview of American Policing	114	(28)
Early Police Systems	117	(1)
A Police Institution Emerges in England	118	(1)
The Metropolitan Police of London: Modern Roots of Policing	119	(4)
The Bow Street Runners: Managing Class Struggle	120	(1)
Bobby Peel and Preventive Policing	121	(2)
American Policing Emerges	123	(5)
The Colonial and Pre-Post Revolution Period	124	(1)
Politics and Police: The Political Era of Policing (1840--1920)	125	(3)
The Professional Model Era (1920--1970s)	128	(1)
Early Leaders in Modern American Policing	128	(6)
August Vollmer	128	(1)
Orlando Winfield Wilson	129	(1)
J. Edgar Hoover: Targeting ``Subversives''	130	(3)
The Whole World Is Watching	133	(1)
The Supreme Court and American Policing: Policing the Police	134	(2)
Mapp v. Ohio	134	(1)
The Escobedo, Gideon, and Miranda Decisions	135	(1)
The Erosion of Constitutional Rights	136	(1)
The Early Police State Era	136	(2)
Unions as a Means to Protect Law Enforcement from the Courts	137	(1)
Police Accountability---Selling It to the Public	137	(1)
High-Tech Advancements: New Toys for the Boys	138	(1)
Summary	138	(1)
Key Terms	139	(1)
Notes	139	(3)
American Law Enforcement in the Twenty-First Century	142	(28)
Promoting Fear and Selling the Illusion of Protection	144	(2)
American Policing: The Fifth Armed Force?	146	(1)
Jurisdictional Considerations	147	(1)
American Law Enforcement: Structure, Composition, and Personnel	148	(17)
Local Law Enforcement	150	(2)
County Law Enforcement	152	(1)
State Law Enforcement	153	(4)
Federal Law Enforcement	157	(8)
Summary	165	(1)
Key Terms	166	(1)
Notes	166	(4)
Police Functions and Problems	170	(21)
Enforcing the Law or Order Maintenance?	171	(1)
Policing Styles	172	(1)
Special Units	173	(1)
The Police Subculture	174	(2)
Police Corruption	176	(3)
Public Servants or Public Thugs? The Rampart Scandal in Los Angeles	178	(1)
Police Abuse of Power	179	(2)
The Police and the War on Drugs	181	(1)
The Police and the War on Gangs	182	(4)
Can the Police Prevent Crime?	186	(2)
The Kansas City Experiment	187	(1)
Summary	188	(1)
Key Terms	188	(1)
Notes	188	(3)
Criminal Courts: The System and Participants	191	(20)
A Brief History	194	(1)
The Criminal Court System: An Overview	195	(3)
Federal Courts	196	(1)
State Courts	197	(1)
Participants in the Court System	198	(10)
The Courtroom Workgroup	198	(1)
The Prosecutor: Gatekeeper of the Court System	199	(2)
The Defense Attorney	201	(5)
The Judge	206	(1)
Judicial Selection and Judicial Careers	207	(1)
Summary	208	(1)
Key Terms	208	(1)
Notes	208	(3)
Criminal Courts: The Process	211	(29)
Pretrial Court Processes	211	(12)
Deciding Whether to Prosecute	212	(1)
The Initial Appearance	213	(6)
The Preliminary Hearing	219	(2)
The Arraignment	221	(2)
Plea Bargaining: Maintaining Bureaucratic Efficiency	223	(5)
Historical Development of Plea Bargaining	224	(1)
The Plea-Bargaining Process	225	(2)
The Consequences of Plea Bargaining	227	(1)
Trial Juries	228	(3)
Jury Selection	229	(1)
Jury Decisions	230	(1)
Stages in the Criminal Trial	231	(1)
Pretrial Motions	232	(1)
The Traditional Criminal Trial	233	(1)
Challenging the System: Radical-Criminal Trials	233	(3)
Summary	236	(1)
Key Terms	237	(1)
Notes	237	(3)
Sentencing	240	(24)
Justifications for Punishment	241	(1)
Retribution	241	(1)
Isolation/Incapacitation	241	(1)
Deterrence	241	(1)
Rehabilitation	241	(1)
The Sentencing Process	242	(1)
The Sentencing Authority	242	(1)
The Presentence Investigation Report	242	(1)
Sentences in Felony Cases	243	(5)
Imprisonment: Types of Sentences	243	(3)
Sentencing Guidelines	246	(1)
Actual Sentences in Felony Cases	247	(1)
Capital Punishment: Legalized Homicide	248	(4)
A Brief History	248	(1)
The Race Factor	249	(1)
The Controversy Continues: McCleskey v. Kemp	250	(2)
Class and Racial Differences in Sentencing: The Impact of the ``War on Drugs''	252	(4)
Alternatives to Incarceration	256	(5)
Probation	257	(1)
Fines	258	(1)
Restitution and Community Service	259	(1)
Home Confinement/House Arrest	259	(1)
Drug and Alcohol Treatment	259	(1)
Boot Camps	260	(1)
Summary	261	(1)
Key Terms	261	(1)
Notes	261	(3)
The Modern Prison System	264	(26)
Early American Prisons, 1790--1830	264	(1)
The Pennsylvania and Auburn Systems of Penal Discipline, 1830--1870	265	(1)
The Reformatory, 1870--1900	266	(2)
The ``Big House,'' 1900--1946	268	(1)
The ``Correctional Institution,'' 1946--1980	269	(2)
The Modern Era and Into the Twenty-First Century	271	(14)
Prisons as a Growth Industry	271	(2)
Jails: Temporary Housing for the Poor	273	(4)
The New American Apartheid: The Incarceration of African Americans	277	(3)
The American ``Gulag''	280	(3)
The Privatization of Prisons: More Profits for Private Industry	283	(2)
Summary	285	(1)
Key Terms	286	(1)
Notes	286	(4)
Doing Time in American Prisons	290	(32)
The Prison World	290	(12)
Who Goes to Prison and for What Crimes?	290	(2)
A Look inside the Prison World	292	(6)
Doing Time and Prisonization	298	(2)
The Sub-Rosa Economy	300	(1)
Inmate Views of the ``Outside''	301	(1)
Prison Violence	302	(7)
Prison Riots	303	(2)
Prison Gangs	305	(4)
Prisoners' Rights	309	(2)
Getting Out of Prison on Parole	311	(7)
Granting Parole	312	(1)
Success on Parole	313	(1)
The Increase of Parole Failures: Why?	314	(1)
Being on Parole	315	(1)
Coping with the Parole System	316	(1)
Drug Testing	317	(1)
Summary	318	(1)
Key Terms	318	(1)
Notes	319	(3)
The Juvenile Justice System	322	(35)
Youth Crime in America	322	(3)
A Brief History of the Juvenile Justice System in America	325	(4)
The Rights of Juveniles	329	(1)
Juvenile Court: The Structure	330	(1)
Juvenile Court: The Process	331	(13)
Who Is Referred to Juvenile Court and for What?	331	(4)
Race and Juvenile Court Processing	335	(1)
The Police Response	335	(1)
The Effect of the ``War on Drugs'' on Referrals to Juvenile Court	336	(1)
Case Study: The ``Saints'' and the ``Roughnecks''	337	(2)
The Intake Process and the Decision to Detain	339	(3)
Adjudication	342	(2)
Juvenile Institutions	344	(3)
Racial Composition of Juvenile Institutions	345	(1)
Some Effects of Incarceration	346	(1)
Giving Up on Delinquent Youth: Transfer to the Adult System	347	(2)
Juveniles Incarcerated in Adult Prisons	349	(1)
Applying the Death Penalty to Juveniles	350	(2)
Summary	352	(1)
Key Terms	353	(1)
Notes	353	(4)
Women and the Criminal Justice System	357	(25)
Women and the Law: A Historical Overview	357	(3)
Women and Crime	360	(3)
Patterns of Female Crime	360	(2)
Class, Race, and Women Offenders	362	(1)
Sentencing Patterns, The ``War on Drugs,'' and Women	363	(2)
Women's Prisons	365	(7)
Historical Origins	365	(3)
Women's Prisons Today	368	(1)
A Profile of Women in Prison	368	(2)
The ``Concrete Womb''	370	(2)
Young Women and the Juvenile Justice System	372	(6)
Keeping Girls in Their Place: The Development of Institutions for Girls	372	(1)
The Ex Parte Crouse Case	373	(1)
The Child-Saving Movement, the Juvenile Court, and Girls	373	(3)
Controlling Girls	376	(1)
Juvenile Court and the Double Standard of Juvenile Justice	376	(2)
Summary	378	(1)
Key Terms	379	(1)
Notes	379	(3)
Making Changes: Reforming Criminal Justice and Seeking Social Justice	382	(19)
What Doesn't Work	383	(1)
Addressing the Problem of Social Inequality	384	(1)
Ending the ``War on Drugs''	384	(4)
Myths and Realities about Drugs and Crime	386	(1)
A Modest Proposal	387	(1)
Expanding Diversion Programs, Avoiding Net Widening	388	(3)
Broad-based National Strategies to Reduce Crime	391	(4)
Restorative Justice	395	(1)
Some Concluding Thoughts	396	(2)
Key Terms	398	(1)
Notes	398	(3)
Index	401