Criminal Law

by Emanuel, Steven L.

• ISBN13: 9781565420410
• ISBN10: 1565420411
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-08-01
• Publisher: Wolters Kluwer

Summary

Most first-year students think that the substantive side of Criminal Law is easy. But as many students find out every year, The subject can be very subtle indeed. Our Criminal Law book helps you spot and understand these subtleties. Virtually every Model Penal Code provision is analyzed in detail. A capsule summary is provided. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Special features: A Casebook Correlation Chart which helps you pinpoint what parts of our outline cover what parts of your casebook A capsule summary summarizing the entire subject for night-before-the-exam review Essay, short-answer, and MBE-style multiple-choice exam questions and answers to completely drill the concepts into your head Tables (Cases, Model Penal Code References) and Subject-Matter Index --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Table of Contents

Capsule Summary	1	(1)
Actus Reus And Mens Rea
Actus Reus	1	(10)
Significance of ``actus reus'' concept	1	(1)
Distinguished from thoughts, words, possession and status .	1	(1)
Statement of intent made to third party	1	(1)
Possession as criminal act	1	(2)
Act must be voluntary	3	(1)
Model Penal Code examples	3	(1)
Reflex or convulsion	3	(1)
Unconsciousness	3	(1)
Hypnotism	4	(1)
Self induced state	4	(1)
Omissions	5	(1)
Distinguished from affirmative acts	5	(1)
Limited liability for omissions	5	(4)
Quiz Yourself on Actus Reus	9	(2)
Mens Rea	11	(24)
Introduction	11	(1)
General versus specific intent	12	(1)
``General intent''	12	(1)
Specific intent	13	(1)
Common law vs. statutory crimes	13	(1)
Statutory offenses not existing at common law	14	(1)
Presumption of intent	14	(1)
Different states of mind	14	(1)
``Purposely''	14	(2)
``Knowingly''	16	(3)
``Recklessly''	19	(1)
``Negligently''	20	(1)
Strict liability	21	(1)
Constitutionality	21	(1)
Interpretation	22	(1)
Typical strict-liability provisions	23	(1)
Vicarious liability	24	(2)
Mistakes of fact or law	26	(1)
Grounds for confusion	26	(1)
General mental state	26	(1)
Mistake must be ``reasonable''	27	(1)
Mistake of law	27	(1)
Modern view	27	(1)
Unreasonable mistake	28	(1)
``Lesser crime'' theory retained	29	(1)
Mistake of law as to collateral fact	29	(1)
Mistaken belief that conduct is not a crime	30	(1)
Exceptions to general rule	31	(2)
Quiz Yourself on Mens Rea	33	(2)
Concurrence	35	(9)
Concurrence generally	35	(1)
Concurrence between mind and act (``temporal concurrence'')	35	(1)
Mental state must cause act	36	(1)
Voluntary intoxication	36	(1)
Concurrence must be with act, not results	36	(1)
Concurrence may be with any act that is legal cause of harm	36	(1)
Concurrence between mind and result	37	(1)
Different crime occurs	37	(1)
Recklessly- or negligently-caused result	38	(1)
Felony-murder and misdemeanor-manslaughter rules	38	(1)
Same kind of harm but different degree	39	(1)
Manner of harm	39	(1)
Different victim	40	(1)
Quiz Yourself on Concurrence	40	(1)
Exam Tips on Actus Reas and Mens Rea	41	(3)
Causation
Introduction	44	(1)
Cause in Fact	44	(2)
Cause in fact generally	44	(1)
Expansive test	44	(1)
``Substantial factor'' test	44	(1)
Shortening of life	45	(1)
Murder victim must have been alive at time of act	45	(1)
Two people working together	46	(1)
Proximate Cause Generally	46	(1)
Proximate cause, in general	46	(1)
No mechanical principles	46	(1)
Year-and-a-day rule in homicide	47	(1)
Proximate Cause --- Unintended Victims	47	(4)
Unintended victims generally	47	(1)
Resulting crime is more serious	48	(1)
Application where different property destroyed	48	(1)
Actual victim not foreseeable	49	(1)
Must be linked to ``manner of harm'' problems	49	(1)
Defense assertable against intended victim	49	(1)
Mistake of identity	49	(1)
Crimes of recklessness or negligence	50	(1)
Proximate Cause --- Unintended Manner of Harm	51	(16)
Unintended manner of harm generally	51	(1)
No liability for bizarre results	51	(1)
Direct causation	51	(1)
Small differences in type of injury	51	(1)
Slightly different mechanism	52	(1)
Pre-existing weakness	52	(1)
Death caused without physical impact	52	(1)
``Come to rest in apparent safety''	53	(1)
Recklessness and negligence crimes	53	(1)
Intervening acts	53	(1)
Dependent vs. independent intervening acts	54	(1)
Four kinds of acts	54	(1)
Intervening acts by third person	54	(3)
Act by victim	57	(2)
Act by defendant	59	(1)
Non-human event	60	(1)
Recklessness or negligence crime	60	(1)
Causation in felony-murder and misdemeanor-manslaughter cases	60	(1)
Strict liability crimes	61	(1)
Quiz Yourself on Causation (Entire Chapter)	61	(3)
Exam Tips on Causation	64	(3)
Responsibility
The Insanity Defense	67	(13)
General purpose	67	(1)
Tests for insanity	68	(1)
M'Naghten ``right-wrong'' rule	68	(2)
``Irresistible impulse''	70	(1)
The Durham ``product'' test	70	(1)
Model Penal Code standard	70	(1)
Similarity to older tests	71	(1)
Only ``substantial capacity'' might be lacking	71	(1)
Emotional awareness of wrongful conduct	71	(1)
Psychopaths and sociopaths	71	(1)
The federal standard	72	(1)
Raising and establishing the defense	73	(1)
Who raises defense	73	(1)
Burden of persuasion	73	(1)
When defense must be raised	74	(1)
Psychiatric examination	74	(1)
Role of the jury	75	(1)
Bifurcated trial	76	(1)
Insanity defense as ``all or nothing''	76	(1)
XYY chromosome defense	77	(1)
Commitment following insanity acquittal	77	(1)
Fitness to stand trial	78	(1)
Insanity at time set for execution	79	(1)
Quiz Yourself on The Insanity Defense	79	(1)
Diminished Responsibility	80	(3)
Meaning of diminished responsibility	80	(1)
Insanity defense sometimes held to be superseding	81	(1)
Specific applications	82	(1)
Murder reduced to manslaughter	82	(1)
``Heat of passion'' manslaughter	83	(1)
Automatism	83	(1)
Nature of automatism defense	83	(1)
Defense sometimes superseded by insanity	83	(1)
Generally allowed in America	83	(1)
People v. Grant	83	(1)
Low blood sugar	83	(1)
Premenstrual Syndrome defense	84	(1)
Post-traumatic stress disorder	84	(1)
Intoxication	84	(10)
The problem generally	84	(1)
Voluntary intoxication	84	(1)
Effect upon mental state	85	(1)
``Specific intent'' crimes	85	(1)
Categories abandoned	85	(1)
Defense to traditional ``general intent'' crimes	86	(1)
Recklessness	87	(1)
Negligence	88	(1)
Self-defense	89	(1)
Insanity	89	(1)
Involuntary intoxication	89	(1)
Several kinds of involuntary intoxication	89	(2)
Alcoholism and narcotics addiction	91	(1)
Quiz Yourself on Intoxication	92	(2)
Infancy	94	(4)
Common-law treatment	94	(1)
Effect of legislation	94	(1)
Exam Tips on Responsibility	95	(3)
Justification and Excuse
General Principles	98	(2)
Justification vs. excuse	98	(1)
Effect of mistake of fact	98	(1)
Overlapping of defenses	99	(1)
Duress	100	(3)
Nature of duress	100	(1)
Elements of the defense	100	(1)
Rationale for defense	100	(1)
Homicide cases	100	(1)
Justifications	100	(1)
Felony-murder	101	(1)
Imminence of threatened harm	101	(1)
Rule breaking down	101	(1)
Death or serious bodily injury	101	(1)
Threat directed at person other than defendant	101	(1)
Effect of mistake	102	(1)
Defendant who voluntarily subjects himself to danger	102	(1)
Wife coerced by husband	102	(1)
Military orders	102	(1)
Guilt of coercer	102	(1)
Relation to ``choice of evils'' or ``necessity'' defense	103	(1)
Necessity	103	(4)
The necessity defense generally	103	(1)
Choice of evils	103	(1)
Requirements for defense	104	(1)
Greater harm	104	(1)
No alternative	104	(1)
Imminence	104	(1)
Situation not caused by defendant	104	(1)
Nature of harm	104	(1)
Illustrative examples	104	(1)
Homicide	105	(1)
Economic necessity not sufficient	106	(1)
Civil disobedience	106	(1)
Prevention of ``possible future harm'' not sufficient	106	(1)
Self-Defense	107	(14)
Self defense generally	107	(1)
Requirements	107	(1)
What constitutes unlawful force	107	(1)
Excessive force	107	(1)
Force which would be excused	108	(1)
Effect of mistake	108	(1)
Consent	108	(1)
Degree of force	108	(1)
Use of non-deadly force	108	(1)
Deadly force	108	(1)
Imminence of harm	109	(1)
Not unduly strict standard	109	(1)
Withdrawal by aggressor	110	(1)
Aggressor may not defend himself	110	(1)
Aggression without use of actual force	110	(1)
Two exceptions	111	(1)
Retreat	112	(1)
No retreat required before non-deadly force	112	(1)
Only required where it can be safely done	112	(1)
Retreat in defendant's dwelling	112	(1)
Effect of mistake	113	(2)
Battered women and self-defense	115	(3)
Resisting arrest	118	(1)
Injury to third person	119	(1)
``Imperfect'' self-defense	120	(1)
Burden of proof	120	(1)
Defense of Others	121	(2)
Right to defend others in general	121	(1)
Relation between defendant and aided person	121	(1)
Requirements for defense	121	(1)
Danger to other	121	(1)
Degree of force	121	(1)
Belief in another person's right to use force	121	(1)
Retreat	121	(1)
Home of either party	121	(1)
Mistake as to who is aggressor	122	(1)
Defense of Property	123	(2)
Right to defend property generally	123	(1)
Non-deadly force	123	(1)
Limited to reasonable degree	123	(1)
Subsequent use of deadly force	123	(1)
Deadly force not generally allowed	123	(1)
Defense of dwelling	123	(1)
Use of mechanical devices	124	(1)
Recapture of chattel and of re-entry on land	125	(1)
Prevention of Escape & Crime	125	(5)
Law Enforcement privilege generally	125	(1)
Use of force	126	(1)
Arrest	126	(1)
Summary of arrest rules	126	(1)
Arrest resisted	126	(1)
Suspect fleeing	127	(2)
Arrest by private citizen	129	(1)
Prevention of escape	129	(1)
Crime prevention	129	(1)
Reasonable non-deadly force	129	(1)
Deadly force	130	(1)
Maintaining Authority	130	(1)
Right to maintain authority generally	130	(1)
Parents of minor	130	(1)
School teacher	131	(1)
Consent	131	(2)
Effect of consent by victim	131	(1)
Incapacity to consent	132	(1)
Deception	132	(1)
Contributory negligence of victim	132	(1)
Guilt of victim	132	(1)
Condonation and compromise	132	(1)
Entrapment	133	(13)
Entrapment generally	133	(1)
Evidence	134	(1)
Danger of prejudice	134	(1)
Distinguish from ``missing element'' cases	134	(1)
Quiz Yourself on Justification and Excuse (Entire Chapter)	135	(6)
Exam Tips on Justification and Excuse	141	(5)
Attempt
Introduction	146	(2)
Concept of attempt generally	146	(2)
Mental State	148	(2)
Intent usually required	148	(1)
Specific crime in question	148	(1)
Knowledge of likely consequences	148	(1)
Crimes defined by recklessness, negligence or strict liability	149	(1)
Proving intent by circumstantial evidence	149	(1)
Intent as to surrounding circumstances	149	(1)
The Act --- Attempt vs. ``Mere Preparation''	150	(7)
Attempt distinguished from mere preparation	150	(1)
The proximity approach	150	(3)
The ``equivocality'' test	153	(1)
Model Penal Code's ``substantial step'' test	154	(3)
Impossibility	157	(5)
Nature of ``impossibility'' defense	157	(1)
Factual impossibility	157	(1)
Not accepted as defense	157	(1)
``True legal'' impossibility	158	(1)
Mistake of fact governing legal relationship	158	(3)
``Inherent'' impossibility (inaptness and superstition)	161	(1)
Renunciation	162	(3)
Renunciation of criminal purpose	162	(1)
Modern view accepts defense	163	(1)
Voluntariness requirement	164	(1)
Attempt-Like Crimes	165	(1)
Inchoate crimes generally	165	(1)
Attempt to commit attempt-like crimes	165	(1)
Assault	166	(1)
Burglary	166	(1)
Constitutional objections to attempt-like crimes	166	(1)
Mechanics of Trial; Punishment	166	(8)
Relation between charge and conviction	166	(1)
Substantive crime charged, attempt proved	167	(1)
Attempt charged, completed crime proved	167	(1)
Penalties	167	(1)
Quiz Yourself on Attempt (Entire Chapter)	167	(4)
Exam Tips on Attempt	171	(3)
Conspiracy
Introduction	174	(1)
Definition of ``conspiracy''	174	(1)
Purposes of conspiracy law	174	(1)
Procedural advantages	175	(1)
Joint trial	175	(1)
Admission of hearsay	175	(1)
The Agreement	175	(3)
``Meeting of the minds'' not required	175	(1)
Implied agreement	176	(1)
Proof by circumstantial evidence	176	(1)
Aiding and abetting	176	(1)
Parties do not agree to commit object crime	177	(1)
Feigned agreement	177	(1)
Traditional view that there is no conspiracy	177	(1)
Modern view allows conspiracy finding	177	(1)
Knowledge of the identity of other conspirator	178	(1)
Mens Rea	178	(4)
The intent requirement generally	178	(1)
Intent to commit object crime	178	(1)
Must have intent to achieve objective	179	(1)
Crime of recklessness or negligence	179	(1)
Strict-liability crimes	179	(1)
Attendant circumstances	179	(1)
Supplying of goods and services	180	(1)
Mere knowledge usually insufficient	180	(1)
Differing mental states	181	(1)
The Conspiratorial Objective	182	(3)
Non-criminal objectives	182	(1)
Overt act requirement	183	(1)
Rationale	183	(1)
Model Penal Code limits requirement	183	(1)
Kind of act required	183	(1)
Act of one attributable to all	183	(1)
Impossibility	184	(1)
Substantive liability for crimes of other conspirators	184	(1)
Pinkerton case imposes liability	184	(1)
Modern view limits Pinkerton	185	(1)
Scope: Multiple Parties	185	(3)
Parties not in contact with each other	185	(1)
``Wheel'' conspiracies	186	(1)
``Community of interest'' test	186	(1)
``Chain'' conspiracies	187	(1)
``Community of interest'' test	187	(1)
Organized crime	187	(1)
Party who comes late or leaves early	188	(1)
Party who leaves early	188	(1)
Party who joins late	188	(1)
Duration of the Conspiracy	188	(3)
Significance of issue	188	(1)
Abandonment	189	(1)
Abandonment by all	189	(1)
Withdrawal by individual conspirator	189	(1)
Crime completed	190	(1)
Plurality	191	(4)
Significance of plurality requirement	191	(1)
Wharton's Rule	191	(1)
Degree of acceptance	191	(1)
Rationale	191	(1)
More persons than necessary	191	(1)
Only one participant punishable	192	(1)
Merely a presumption	192	(1)
Model Penal Code rejects Rule	193	(1)
Statutory purpose not to punish one party	193	(1)
Spouses and corporations	194	(1)
Inconsistent disposition	194	(1)
Same trial	194	(1)
Different trials	194	(1)
One conspirator not brought to justice	195	(1)
Punishment	195	(10)
Typical penalty schemes	195	(1)
Cumulative sentencing	195	(1)
Quiz Yourself on Conspiracy (Entire Chapter)	196	(5)
Exam Tips on Conspiracy	201	(4)
Accomplice Liability and Solicitation
Parties to Crime	205	(1)
Various parties	205	(1)
``Principal in first degree''	205	(1)
Principal in second degree	205	(1)
Accessory before the fact	205	(1)
Accessory after the fact	206	(1)
Procedural effects of classification	206	(1)
Accomplices --- The Act Requirement	206	(3)
Aiding and abetting	206	(1)
Words may be enough	206	(1)
Mere presence not sufficient	206	(1)
Failure to intervene	207	(1)
Aid not crucial	207	(1)
Not a defense	207	(1)
Attempted aid	208	(1)
Attempts to aid where no crime occurs	208	(1)
Conspiracy as meeting the act requirement	208	(1)
Accomplices --- Mental State	209	(3)
General confusion	209	(1)
Intentional aid	209	(1)
Must have purpose to further crime	209	(1)
Knowledge not usually enough	209	(1)
Mens rea of underlying crime	209	(1)
Knowledge, but not intent, as to criminal result	210	(1)
Assistance with crime of recklessness or negligence	211	(1)
Lending car to drunk driver	211	(1)
Strict liability	212	(1)
Accomplices --- Additional Crimes By Principal	212	(4)
Results that are ``natural and probable'' but not intended	212	(1)
Majority rule	213	(1)
Trial court's duty to identify ``target'' crime	213	(1)
Model Penal Code rejects extended liability	214	(1)
Felony-murder and misdemeanor-manslaughter	214	(2)
Guilt of the Principal	216	(2)
Principal must generally be guilty	216	(1)
Principal's conviction not necessary	216	(1)
Inconsistent verdicts in same trial	216	(1)
Collateral estoppel to aid accomplice	216	(1)
Principal without required mental state	217	(1)
Withdrawal by the Accomplice	218	(1)
Withdrawal as defense	218	(1)
Effect of aid must be undone	219	(1)
Verbal withdrawal sometimes sufficient	219	(1)
Warning to authorities	219	(1)
Not required that crime be thwarted	219	(1)
Withdrawal motivated by fear of detection	219	(1)
Other Exceptions to Accomplice Liability	219	(1)
Victims and Other Exceptions to Accomplice Liability	219	(2)
Defendant who could not be liable as principal	219	(1)
Exceptions for certain classes	220	(1)
Victims	220	(1)
Crime logically requiring second person	220	(1)
Post-Crime Assistance	221	(1)
Accessory after the fact	221	(1)
Elements of the offense	221	(1)
Commission of a felony	221	(1)
Knowledge of felony	221	(1)
Knowledge of the felon's identity	221	(1)
Failure to inform not sufficient	221	(1)
Misprision of felony	221	(1)
Compounding crime	222	(1)
Solicitation	222	(8)
Solicitation defined	222	(1)
No overt act required	222	(1)
No corroboration required	222	(1)
Mental state	222	(1)
Solicitation of accomplice	223	(1)
Communication not received	223	(1)
Defenses	223	(1)
Renunciation	223	(1)
Crime requiring two parties	223	(1)
Impossibility	223	(1)
Solicitation as an attempted crime	223	(1)
Quiz Yourself on Accomplice Liability and Solication (Entire Chapter)	224	(3)
Exam Tips on Accomplice Liability and Solicitation	227	(3)
Homicide, and Other Crimes against the Person
Homicide --- Introduction	230	(1)
Different grades of homicide	230	(1)
Murder	230	(7)
Taking of life	230	(1)
When life begins	231	(1)
When life ends	232	(1)
Elements of murder	232	(1)
Actus reus	232	(1)
Corpus delicti	232	(1)
Mens rea	233	(1)
Proximate cause	233	(1)
Intent-to-kill murder	233	(1)
Substantial certainty of death	233	(1)
Ill will not needed	234	(1)
Intent proved by circumstantial evidence	234	(1)
Voluntary manslaughter	234	(1)
Degrees of intent-to-kill murder	234	(1)
Intent to do serious bodily injury	234	(1)
Knowledge that injury is highly likely	235	(1)
Standard is generally subjective	235	(1)
What constitutes ``serious bodily injury''	235	(1)
Model Penal Code rejects	235	(1)
Reckless indifference to value of human life (``depraved heart'')	235	(2)
Felony-Murder	237	(9)
Felony-murder generally	237	(1)
Dangerous vs. non-dangerous felonies	237	(1)
Causal relationship	238	(1)
Illustration	238	(1)
``Natural and probable'' consequences	239	(1)
Arson cases	239	(1)
Robberies and gunfights	239	(2)
Accomplice liability of co-felons	241	(1)
``In the commission of'' a felony	242	(1)
Mere coincidence not enough	242	(1)
Escape as part of felony	242	(1)
Killing followed by a felony	243	(1)
Felony is includible in homicide	243	(1)
Manslaughter	243	(1)
Batteries and assaults	243	(1)
Burglary with intent to assault	244	(1)
Armed robbery	244	(1)
Future of the felony-murder rule	244	(2)
Degrees of Murder	246	(4)
Degrees of murder	246	(1)
Death Penalty	246	(2)
First-degree murder	248	(1)
Time required for premeditation	248	(1)
Elements which must be shown	249	(1)
Intoxication as negating deliberation	249	(1)
Criticism of distinction	249	(1)
Lying in wait, torture and poison	250	(1)
Felony-murder	250	(1)
Second-degree murder	250	(1)
Manslaughter --- Voluntary	250	(7)
Manslaughter generally	250	(1)
Voluntary manslaughter based on ``heat of passion''	250	(1)
Requirements for voluntary manslaughter	250	(1)
Reasonable provocation	251	(1)
Characteristics of the reasonable person	251	(3)
Actual provocation	254	(1)
Reasonable ``cooling off period''	254	(1)
Actual cooling off	254	(1)
Killing of one other than provoker	255	(1)
Other kinds of voluntary manslaughter	255	(1)
``Imperfect'' self-defense	255	(1)
``Imperfect'' defense of others	255	(1)
``Imperfect'' crime-prevention	255	(1)
``Imperfect'' coercion or necessity	256	(1)
Other killings	256	(1)
Manslaughter --- Involuntary	257	(9)
Involuntary manslaughter based on criminal negligence	257	(2)
Vehicular homicide	259	(1)
Unlawful-act manslaughter (``misdemeanor-manslaughter'')	259	(1)
What constitutes ``unlawful act''	259	(1)
Proximate cause	260	(1)
Criticism of doctrine	261	(1)
Quiz Yourself on Homicide (All Forms)	261	(5)
Assault, Battery and Mayhem	266	(2)
Battery	266	(1)
Assault	267	(1)
Mayhem	268	(1)
Rape	268	(4)
Definition of rape	268	(1)
Intercourse	268	(1)
The spousal exemption	269	(1)
Without consent	269	(1)
Force	269	(2)
Corroboration	271	(1)
Statutory rape	271	(1)
Kidnapping	272	(11)
Definition of kidnapping	272	(1)
Asportation	272	(1)
Quiz Yourself on Non-Homicide Crimes against the Person	272	(2)
Exam Tips on Homicide and Other Crimes	274	(9)
Theft Crimes
Historical Overview	283	(1)
Larceny was judge-made crime	283	(1)
Larceny	284	(10)
Definition	284	(1)
Trespassory taking	284	(1)
Trapped by owner	285	(1)
Taking by employee	286	(1)
Transaction in owner's presence	286	(1)
Bailee who breaks bulk	287	(1)
Finders of lost or mislaid property	287	(1)
Larceny by trick	288	(1)
Carrying away (``asportation'')	289	(1)
Personal property of another	289	(1)
Tangible personal property	289	(1)
Modern expansion	289	(1)
Property of another	290	(1)
Intent to steal	291	(1)
Intent to permanently deprive owner	291	(1)
Intent to return equivalent property	291	(1)
Claim of right	292	(1)
Concurrence of taking and intent; mistake	293	(1)
Degrees of larceny	294	(1)
Embezzlement	294	(5)
Definition	294	(1)
Need for embezzlement crime	294	(1)
Conversion	295	(1)
Property of another	295	(1)
Kind of property which may be embezzled	295	(1)
Property ``of another''	295	(2)
By one in lawful possession	297	(1)
Limited to certain classes of persons	297	(1)
Employees	297	(1)
Finders	298	(1)
Fraudulent taking	298	(1)
Claim of right	298	(1)
Collection of debt	298	(1)
Intent to repay	299	(1)
False Pretenses	299	(6)
Definition	399
False representation of present or past fact	300	(1)
Non-disclosure and concealment	300	(1)
False promises not sufficient	301	(1)
Reliance	301	(1)
Representation must be ``material''	301	(1)
Passing of title	302	(1)
The victim has only possession	302	(1)
Sale as opposed to loan or lease	302	(1)
Purchase of goods on conditional sale	302	(1)
Handing over of money	302	(1)
Property of another	303	(1)
Property that qualifies	303	(1)
Joint ownership	303	(1)
Defendant's mental state	303	(1)
Practical significance	303	(1)
Reasonable belief in truth of representation	303	(1)
Intent to defraud	304	(1)
Defenses	304	(1)
Gullibility of victim	304	(1)
No pecuniary loss	304	(1)
Crimes related to false pretenses	304	(1)
Bad checks	304	(1)
Mail fraud	304	(1)
Forgery	305	(1)
Confidence games	305	(1)
Consolidation of Theft Crimes	305	(1)
Receiving Stolen Property	306	(1)
Need for punishing receipt	306	(1)
Elements of offense	306	(1)
Burglary	307	(1)
Common-law burglary	307	(1)
Breaking	307	(1)
Entry	307	(1)
Dwelling of another	308	(1)
Nighttime	308	(1)
Intent to commit a felony	308	(1)
Robbery	308	(2)
Definition of robbery	308	(1)
From the person or presence of owner	309	(1)
Use of violence or intimidation	309	(1)
Violence	309	(1)
Intimidation	309	(1)
Taking must concur with violence or intimidation	309	(1)
Aggravated robbery	309	(1)
Blackmail and Extortion	310	(12)
Nature of offense	310	(1)
Nature of threat	310	(1)
Attempt to recover property	310	(1)
Quiz Yourself on Theft Crimes (Entire Chapter)	310	(5)
Exam Tips on Theft Crimes	315	(7)
Essay Exam Questions and Answers	322	(9)
Multistate-Style Questions and Answers	331	(16)
Tables and Indexes	347