Criminal Procedure 2000-2001

by Emanuel, Steven; Knowles, Steven

• ISBN13: 9781565420588
• ISBN10: 1565420586
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-08-01
• Publisher: Wolters Kluwer

Summary

This book covers Constitutional Criminal Procedure, including Arrest, Searches, Electronic Surveillance, Confessions, Line-ups, and other aspects of police work. In this subject, The law is what the Supreme Court says it is. So we meticulously cover the detailed facts, holding, concurrences and dissents of every major case. And we've tracked every Supreme Court development through the end of the Supreme Court term in late June, 1999, especially vital in this fast-changing, politically controversial area. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Special features: Detailed treatment of all major cases -- facts, holding, dissent, and significance an up-to-date capsule summary summarizing the entire subject for night-before-the-exam review Essay, short-answer, and multiple-choice exam questions and answers to completely drill the concepts into your head Tables and Subject-Matter Index At the end of each chapter, special Exam Tips on how to spot the key issues, what's most frequently tested, how to structure and phrase your answers . . . And more --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Table of Contents

Capsule Summary	1	(1)
Constitutional Criminal Procedure Generally
Introduction	1	(1)
State Procedures and the Federal Constitution	2	(5)
Nature of the Bill of Rights	2	(1)
Applicability of Bill of Rights to states	2	(1)
Pre-1960's use of fundamental fairness doctrine	3	(2)
Bill of Rights applies only to governmental conduct	5	(1)
Raising of constitutional claims in federal court	5	(1)
Independent state grounds	6	(1)
Steps in a Criminal Proceeding	7	(5)
Quiz Yourself on Constitutional Criminal Procedure Generally (Entire Chapter)	9	(2)
Exam Tips on Criminal Procedure Generally	11	(1)
Arrest; Probable Cause; Search Warrants
General Principles	12	(2)
Fourth Amendment	12	(1)
Applicable to both searches and arrests	13	(1)
Two clauses of Fourth Amendment	13	(1)
Areas Protected by the Fourth Amendment	14	(19)
Generally	14	(1)
``Protected places'' approach	14	(1)
Katz and the ``reasonable expectation of privacy'' doctrine	14	(4)
Plain view doctrine	18	(7)
Transfer to third person	25	(1)
``Yes/no'' test for contraband	26	(2)
``Controlled delivery'' doctrine	28	(1)
Trash and other abandoned property	29	(1)
Jail cells	30	(1)
Social guests	31	(1)
Overnight guest	31	(1)
Brief business purpose	31	(1)
Limited to area to which guest has access	32	(1)
Foreign nationals and foreign territories	33	(1)
Probable Cause Generally	33	(4)
Applicability of probable cause	33	(1)
Basic requirements for probable cause	34	(1)
No admissibility limitation	34	(1)
Only evidence heard by magistrate used	35	(1)
Facts as reasonably believed by police	36	(1)
Required degree of probability	36	(1)
Appellate review of probable cause	36	(1)
Particular Information Establishing Probable Cause	37	(7)
Evidence from officer's own observation	37	(1)
Information from informants	38	(4)
Suspect's criminal reputation	42	(1)
Information from non-criminal sources	42	(2)
Search Warrants--Issuance and Execution	44	(13)
Who may issue	44	(1)
Affidavit	45	(1)
Ex parte nature of warrant	46	(1)
Requirement of particular description	46	(1)
What may be seized	47	(2)
Warrants against non-suspects	49	(1)
Execution of warrants	50	(1)
Period within which warrant must be executed	50	(1)
Time of day	50	(1)
Entry without notice	51	(2)
Where no response from inhabitants	53	(1)
Search of persons on premises	53	(1)
Restricted area of search	54	(1)
Seizure of unnamed items	54	(1)
Presence of media	55	(1)
Instrusions into body	55	(1)
``Good faith'' exception	56	(1)
Arrest Warrants	57	(11)
Quiz Yourself on Arrest; Probable Cause; Search Warrants (Entire Chapter)	58	(7)
Exam Tips on Arrest; Probable Cause; Search Warrants	65	(3)
Warrantless Arrests and Searches
Introduction	68	(1)
Necessity for warrants generally	68	(1)
Warrantless Arrests	69	(3)
Constitutional requirement	69	(1)
Statutory requirements	70	(1)
Post-arrest probable cause hearing	71	(1)
Use of deadly force to make arrest	71	(1)
Search Incident to Arrest	72	(12)
Pre-1969 law on search incident to arrest	72	(1)
Chimel	73	(1)
Interpretations of Chimel	74	(1)
Automobile search	74	(2)
Protective sweeps	76	(1)
Destruction of evidence	77	(1)
Contemporaneity of search	77	(2)
Legality of arrest	79	(1)
Application to minor crimes	80	(2)
Subterfuge arrests	82	(1)
Right of police to accompany arrestee	82	(2)
Exigent Circumstances	84	(4)
Exigent circumstances generally	84	(1)
Destruction of evidence	84	(1)
Need for fast action	85	(1)
Hot pursuit	86	(1)
Entry to arrest non-resident	87	(1)
The ``Plain View'' Doctrine	88	(2)
Automobile Searches	90	(12)
Relation of care searches to other kinds of searches	90	(1)
Exigent circumstances	90	(1)
Incident to arrest	91	(1)
Search at station after arrest	91	(1)
Where warrant obtainable beforehand	92	(1)
Search at place where vehicle is stopped	93	(1)
Use of pretext to make stop	93	(1)
Traffic tickets	94	(1)
Extended to closed containers	94	(3)
Probable cause for container only	97	(1)
Search for Vehicle Identification Number	98	(1)
Impoundment search where no probable cause	98	(2)
Actions directed at passengers	100	(1)
Search not always valid	101	(1)
Consent Searches Generally	102	(6)
Consent generally	102	(1)
Schneckloth	102	(2)
Importance of probable cause	104	(1)
Consent given in custody	104	(1)
Claims of authority to search	104	(2)
Other kinds of deception	106	(1)
Physical scope of search	106	(1)
Second search	107	(1)
Consent by Third Persons	108	(5)
Importance of problem	108	(1)
Joint authority	108	(1)
Other theories	109	(1)
Husbands, wives, and lovers	109	(1)
Parents and children	110	(1)
Schools and students	111	(1)
Landlords, tenants, and co-tenants	111	(1)
Employers and employees	112	(1)
Bailors and bailees	112	(1)
Ignorance of consenter	113	(1)
``Stop-and-Frisk'' and Other Brief Detention	113	(26)
Nature of ``stop-and-frisk''	113	(1)
Terry	114	(2)
Adams	116	(1)
Degree of probability required for stop	117	(1)
Vague suspicion not sufficient	117	(1)
Modest degree of suspicion	118	(2)
Flight as a cause for suspicion	120	(1)
Tip from informant	120	(2)
What constitutes a ``stop''	122	(1)
``Reasonable person'' test	122	(4)
``Stop'' vs. arrest	126	(1)
Reasonableness of detention	126	(1)
No more intrusive than necessary	126	(1)
Emphasis on ``reasonableness''	127	(1)
On-scene fingerprinting	128	(1)
Alimentary canal smugglers	128	(2)
Frisk permissible under Terry	130	(1)
Limited purpose of frisk	130	(1)
Reason to fear danger	131	(1)
Search of automobile	132	(1)
Brief detention at the station	133	(2)
Detention during house search	135	(1)
Investigation of completed crime	136	(1)
Detention of property	136	(2)
Extensions of Terry	138	(1)
Inspections and Regulatory Searches	139	(29)
Focus of this section	139	(1)
Inspections	139	(1)
Immigration searches	140	(2)
Protection of borders	142	(1)
Routine traffic stops	143	(1)
Sobriety checkpoints on highways	143	(1)
Supervision of parolees and probationers	144	(1)
Pre-trial detainees may be searched	144	(1)
Searches in schools	144	(1)
School official acting alone	144	(1)
Warrantless search for violation of school rules	145	(1)
Drug tests for student-athletes	146	(1)
Open questions	147	(1)
Office of government employee	148	(1)
Quiz Yourself on Warrantless Arrests and Searches (Entire Chapter)	149	(13)
Exam Tips on Warrantless Arrests and Searches	162	(6)
Electronic Surveillance and Secret Agents
Historical Background	168	(1)
Olmstead	168	(1)
Eavesdropping	169	(1)
Fourth Amendment Protection of Katz	169	(1)
Katz	169	(1)
The reliance test	170	(1)
Participant monitoring	170	(1)
The Federal Wiretapping Statute	170	(3)
Title III of the Crime Control Act	170	(1)
Operation of Title III	170	(1)
Covert entry allowed	171	(1)
Consenting party exception	172	(1)
Title III in practice	172	(1)
Foreign threats	173	(1)
The Use of Secret Agents	173	(3)
Problem generally	173	(1)
Pre-Katz view of ``bugged agents''	173	(1)
Pre-Katz use of unbugged agents	174	(1)
Reaffirmation after Katz	175	(1)
Title III	176	(1)
Right to counsel	176	(1)
Entrapment	176	(4)
Quiz Yourself on Electronic Surveillance and Secret Agents (Entire Chapter)	177	(1)
Exam Tips on Electronic Surveillance & Secret Agents	178	(2)
Confessions and Police Interrogation
Introduction	180	(2)
Pre-Miranda Confession Cases	182	(2)
Brown v. Mississippi	182	(1)
The ``voluntariness'' test	182	(1)
Criticism of the voluntariness test	183	(1)
Pre-Miranda rules for federal prosecutions	184	(1)
Escobedo and the Right to Counsel	184	(2)
Pre-Escobedo cases	184	(1)
Escobedo	185	(1)
Miranda Generally	186	(5)
Impact of Miranda	186	(1)
General setting of Miranda	186	(1)
Holding of Miranda	186	(1)
Custodial questioning only	187	(1)
May be exercised at any time	187	(1)
Waiver	187	(1)
Right to counsel	187	(1)
Inadmissibility	188	(1)
Fifth Amendment basis for Miranda	188	(1)
Congress did not successfully substitute for the Miranda warnings (Dickerson)	189	(2)
What is a ``Custodial'' Interrogation	191	(6)
Language of Miranda	191	(1)
``Focus of investigation'' test abandoned	191	(1)
Objective ``reasonable suspect'' test	192	(2)
Place of interrogation	194	(2)
Purpose of interrogation	196	(1)
Minor Crimes	197	(1)
No ``minor crimes'' exemption	197	(1)
What Constitutes Interrogation	197	(5)
Volunteered statements	197	(1)
Non-custodial statements	197	(1)
Voluntary custodial statements	197	(1)
Indirect questioning	198	(1)
Police set up meeting with spouse	199	(1)
Clarifying questions	200	(1)
Identification questions	200	(1)
Emergency questions	200	(1)
Questions by non-police	200	(2)
The ``Public Safety'' Exception	202	(3)
Warnings Required under Miranda	205	(3)
Adequacy of warnings	205	(2)
Where police think suspect aware of rights	207	(1)
What Constitutes a Valid Waiver of Miranda Rights	208	(1)
Valid Waiver of Miranda Rights	208	(17)
Waiver generally	208	(1)
Express waiver	208	(1)
Implied waiver	208	(1)
Burden of proof	208	(1)
Actual relinquishment	208	(2)
Silence can never constitute waiver	210	(1)
Desire to postpone consultation with lawyer	210	(1)
Conflicting signals from suspect	210	(2)
Waiver where retained lawyer not consulted	212	(4)
Suspect's ignorance of charges	216	(1)
Mentally ill defendant	216	(2)
Multiple interrogations	218	(6)
Competency of suspect	224	(1)
Minors	224	(1)
The Miranda Rights of Grand Jury Witnesses	225	(1)
Grand jury questioning generally	225	(1)
Warnings not generally required	225	(1)
Other Admissibility Issues Relating to Miranda	226	(13)
Wong Sun and Miranda	226	(1)
Admissibility for impeachment	226	(1)
Use of defendant's silence	227	(1)
Quiz Yourself on Confessions and Police Interrogation (Entire Chapter)	228	(7)
Exam Tips on Confessions & Police Interrogation	235	(4)
Lineups and Other Pre-Trial Identification Procedures
Identification Procedures Generally	239	(1)
Limitation of the Privilege Against Self-Incrimination	240	(2)
The Right to Counsel	242	(3)
The Wade-Gilbert rule	242	(1)
Wade-Gilbert rule reaffirmed in Moore	243	(1)
Meaning of the right to counsel	244	(1)
Waiver	244	(1)
Substitute counsel	245	(1)
Crime Control Act	245	(1)
Exceptions to the Right to Counsel	245	(2)
Pre-indictment identifications	245	(1)
Photographic identifications	246	(1)
Scientific methods	246	(1)
Due Process Limitations	247	(10)
Stovall	247	(1)
Suggestive identification admissible if reliable	247	(1)
Use of photos	248	(1)
Further leniency in Brathwaite	249	(1)
Present uncertainty of due process doctrine	250	(1)
Quiz Yourself on Lineups & Pre-Trial Identification Procedures (Entire Chapter)	251	(4)
Exam Tips on Lineups & Other Pre-Trial id Procedures	255	(2)
The Exclusionary Rule
Purpose and Function of Exclusionary Rule	257	(2)
Function	257	(1)
Other remedies	258	(1)
Theory behind exclusionary rule	258	(1)
Basis for rule	259	(1)
Future of rule	259	(1)
Topics to be covered	259	(1)
Standing to Assert the Exclusionary Rule	259	(9)
General standing issue	259	(2)
Confession cases	261	(1)
Search and seizure cases	261	(1)
Rakas v. Illinois	262	(1)
Possessory interest in premises	262	(1)
Possessory interest in items seized	262	(1)
Presence at scene of search	263	(2)
Social guest	265	(1)
No automatic standing for co-conspirators	265	(1)
Wiretaps	266	(1)
Automatic standing	266	(2)
Derivative Evidence	268	(20)
Derivative evidence generally	268	(1)
Silverthorne	269	(1)
Independent source exception	269	(1)
Expanded view	270	(2)
Inevitable discovery	272	(1)
The ``purged taint'' exception in general	273	(1)
Wong Sun	274	(1)
Varying views on ``purging the taint''	275	(1)
Illegality leading the police to focus on a particular suspect	275	(1)
Lead to different crime	276	(1)
Leads to witnesses	277	(2)
Confessions as tainted fruit	279	(1)
Confessions in Wong Sun	279	(1)
Brown v. Illinois	279	(3)
Confession where arrest made with probable cause	282	(1)
Second confession as fruit of the first	283	(3)
Confession as a ``poisonous tree''	286	(1)
Guilty pleas as fruits of confession	287	(1)
Defendant's testimony as fruit of confession	287	(1)
Unlawful ``stop'' as a ``poisonous tree''	288	(1)
Collateral use Exceptions	288	(5)
Collateral use exceptions generally	288	(1)
Impeachment at trial	289	(2)
Grand jury testimony	291	(1)
Other contexts	292	(1)
The ``Good Faith'' (``Objectively Reasonable Belief'') Exception	293	(17)
Introduction	293	(1)
The exception in brief	293	(4)
Criticism	297	(2)
Quiz Yourself on The Exclusionary Rule (Entire Chapter)	299	(8)
Exam Tips on The Exclusionary Rule	307	(3)
The Right to Counsel
Introduction	310	(1)
The Indigent's Right to Appointed Counsel	311	(4)
Powell and capital crimes	311	(1)
Betts v. Brady	312	(1)
Gideon	312	(1)
Equal protection	313	(1)
The concept of indigence	314	(1)
Proceedings in which the Right to Counsel Applies	315	(1)
Misdemeanors	315	(1)
Quasi-criminal proceedings	316	(1)
Stages at which Right to Counsel Attaches	316	(5)
Problem generally	316	(1)
Police investigation	317	(1)
Initial appearance	317	(1)
Preliminary hearing	318	(1)
Indictment	318	(1)
Arraignment	318	(1)
Sentencing a ``critical stage''	319	(1)
Psychiatric examination a ``critical stage''	319	(1)
Probation revocation not part of process	319	(1)
Appeals	320	(1)
Collateral proceedings	320	(1)
Waiver	321	(2)
Standards	321	(1)
Entry of plea	322	(1)
Right to conduct one's own defense	322	(1)
Entitlements of the Right to Counsel	323	(13)
Effectiveness of counsel	323	(4)
Expert assistance	327	(1)
Fees and transcripts	327	(1)
Secret agents	328	(3)
Quiz Yourself on The Right to Counsel (Entire Chapter)	331	(3)
Exam Tips on The Right to Counsel	334	(2)
Formal Proceedings
Grand Jury Proceedings	336	(3)
Grand jury indictment generally	336	(1)
Nature of grand jury proceedings	337	(1)
Use of evidence	337	(1)
The privilege against self-incrimination, and immunity	338	(1)
Witness' right to counsel	339	(1)
Bail and Preventive Detention	339	(3)
Plea Bargaining	342	(5)
Plea bargains generally	342	(1)
Promises by prosecutor	343	(2)
Sixth Amendment right to counsel	345	(1)
Receiving of plea	345	(1)
Withdrawal of plea by defendant	346	(1)
Rights waived by plea	346	(1)
Right to Speedy Trial	347	(2)
Pre-Trial Motions to Suppress Evidence	349	(1)
Pre-Trial Discovery	350	(4)
Discovery for the defense	350	(3)
Discovery for the prosecution	353	(1)
The Trial	354	(5)
Trial procedure generally	354	(1)
Defendant's right to be present	355	(1)
Defendant's Confrontation Clause rights	356	(1)
Compulsory process	356	(1)
D's right to cross-examine witnesses against him	356	(1)
D1's confession used against D2	357	(1)
Defendant's right to remain silent	358	(1)
Double Jeopardy	359	(8)
The guarantee generally	359	(1)
Proceedings to which guarantee attaches	359	(1)
When jeopardy attaches	360	(1)
Reprosecution after mistrial	361	(1)
Reprosecution after acquittal	362	(1)
Reprosecution after conviction	362	(1)
Reprosecution by different sovereign	363	(1)
Overlapping offenses	363	(1)
Use of prior conviction under ``persistent offender'' laws	364	(1)
Exam Tips on Formal Proceedings	365	(2)
Essay Exam Questions and Answers	367	(10)
Table of Cases	377	(5)
Subject Matter Index	382