Criminological Theories : Traditional and Non-Traditional Voices and Themes

by Imogene Moyer

• ISBN13: 9780803958500
• ISBN10: 0803958501
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-08-03
• Publisher: Sage Publications, Inc

Summary

This comprehensive textbook not only offers a detailed presentation of theoretical perspectives and theorists, but also includes a history of the social environment for each theoretical perspective and biographies of the various theorists. Unlike other comparable criminology texts, Imogene L. Moyer includes discussions of the levels of analysis and the assumptions of the theorists regarding society and people. In addition to covering the traditional theories, the book features currently developing feminist and peacemaking theories, as well as theories from people of color. Exerts from the original sources are frequently incorporated into the chapters.The text features flow charts, photographs, inset biographical sketches, and discussion questions at the end of chapters. Both author and subject indices are included. The book is directed to upper division undergraduate and graduate students in criminology and sociology courses on criminological theories of deviance.

Author Biography

Imogene L. Moyer is Professor Emerita of Criminology and Women's Studies at Indiana University of Pennsylvania (IUP), where she retired in 1998. Cavit S. Cooley is Assistant Professor of Justice Systems at Truman State University in Kirksville, Missouri. He currently is a candidate for a Ph.D. in criminology at Indiana University of Pennsylvania. Ayn Embar-Seddon chairs the Department of Criminal Justice and Paralegal Studies at Florida Metropolitan University in Orlando. Shaun L. Gabbidon is Assistant Professor of Criminal Justice in the School of Public Affairs at Pennsylvania State University, Capital College

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Acknowledgments	xiii
The Expansion of Criminological Theory	1	(12)
Approach to Criminological Theory	1	(7)
The Sociological/Criminological Imagination	2	(1)
What Is Theory?	3	(3)
Assumptions About People and Society	6	(2)
Plan for the Book	8	(5)
The Classical School	13	(16)
Introduction and Historical Setting	13	(1)
Supernaturalists/Naturalists	13	(1)
Challenges to the Church and Aristocracy	14	(1)
Assumptions About People and Society	14	(1)
Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794)	15	(9)
Essays on Crimes and Punishments	15	(2)
Classification of Crimes	17	(1)
The Measure of Crimes	18	(1)
The Origin of Punishments and the Right to Punish	18	(2)
Evidences and Forms of Judgments	20	(1)
Punishments	21	(1)
Critique of Beccaria	22	(2)
Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)	24	(3)
Bentham's Life and Times	24	(1)
Bentham's Economic Writings	25	(1)
Principles of Morals and Legislation	25	(1)
Critique of Bentham	26	(1)
The Neo-Classical School	27	(2)
The Positivist School	29	(24)
Introduction and Historical Setting	29	(1)
The Search for Scientific Evidence	29	(1)
Assumptions About People and Society	30	(1)
Cesare Lombroso (1836-1909)	30	(10)
Contemporary Influences	30	(2)
Lombroso's Criminal Anthropology	32	(3)
Causes of Crime	35	(3)
Crime Prevention and Policy	38	(1)
Critique of Lombroso	39	(1)
Frances Alice Kellor (1873-1952)	40	(10)
Kellor's Critique of Previous Research	42	(1)
Kellor's Research on Women Criminals	43	(1)
Data From Official Records	43	(2)
Psychological Tests	45	(1)
Abuses in Southern Penal Systems	46	(1)
Southern Conditions That Influence Black Criminality	47	(1)
Critique of Kellor	48	(2)
Summary and Conclusions	50	(3)
The Functionalist Perspective	53	(28)
Introduction and Historical Setting	53	(1)
Assumptions About People and Society	54	(1)
Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)	54	(7)
Crime as Social Fact	54	(2)
Crime, Solidarity, and the Division of Labor	56	(3)
Suicide	59	(1)
Critique of Durkheim	60	(1)
Robert K. Merton (1910- )	61	(6)
Anomie and the Social Structure	61	(1)
Modes of Adaptation	62	(2)
Critique of Merton	64	(3)
Studies of Subcultures/Juvenile Gangs	67	(11)
Albert Kircidel Cohen (1918- )	67	(3)
Richard A. Cloward (1926- ) and Lloyd E. Ohlin (1918- )	70	(4)
Ruth Shonle Cavan (1896-1993)	74	(4)
Summary	78	(3)
The Chicago School	81	(50)
Historical Background	81	(5)
Emergence of the University of Chicago and Hull House	82	(4)
Assumptions About People and Society	86	(1)
Frederick M. Thrasher (1892-1962)	86	(7)
The Natural History of the Gang	87	(1)
The Ganging Process	87	(1)
Types of Gangs	88	(2)
The Roles of Girls in the Gangs	90	(1)
Other Research on Delinquency	91	(1)
Critique of Thrasher	92	(1)
Ruth Shonle Cavan (1896-1993)	93	(8)
Suicide	93	(4)
Major Works in Crime and Delinquency	97	(2)
Critique of Cavan	99	(2)
Edward Franklin Frazier (1894-1962)	101	(8)
Research and Professional Activities Prior to the Chicago School	102	(1)
Frazier and the Chicago School	103	(1)
Frazier's Major Publications on Slavery, the Family, and Delinquency/Crime	103	(5)
Critique of Frazier	108	(1)
Clifford R. Shaw (1895-1957) and Henry D. McKay (1899- 1980)	109	(9)
Ecological Studies of Delinquency	111	(1)
Findings on Distribution of Delinquency in Chicago	112	(1)
Theoretical Interpretation of Findings	113	(1)
The Chicago Area Project	114	(1)
The Life Histories of Delinquent Boys	115	(1)
The Jackroller	116	(1)
The Natural History of a Delinquent Career and Brothers in Crime	117	(1)
Critique of Shaw and McKay	118	(1)
Edwin Hardin Sutherland (1883-1950)	118	(9)
Differential Association Theory	120	(1)
The Professional Thief	121	(4)
The Professional Thief and Differential Theory	125	(1)
White-Collar Crime and Differential Association	125	(1)
Critique of Sutherland	126	(1)
Summary	127	(4)
The Control Theoriests	131	(28)
Ayn Embar-Seddon
Introduction and Historical Setting	131	(1)
Edward A. Ross (1866-1951)	131	(2)
Influences on Control Theory	133	(5)
Influence of the Classical School	133	(1)
Influence of Durkheim	133	(1)
Influence of the Chicago School	134	(3)
Influence of Psychology	137	(1)
The Search for Self-Control	138	(1)
Assumptions About People and Society	138	(1)
Containment Theory	139	(3)
Critique of Reckless and Dinitz	142	(1)
Techniques of Naturalization	142	(4)
Critique of the Techniques of Neutralization	145	(1)
Delinquency and Drift	146	(2)
Critique of Matza	147	(1)
Social Bond Theory	148	(3)
Critique of Hirschi	150	(1)
A General Theory of Crime	151	(5)
Critique of Gottfredson and Hirschi	154	(2)
Summary	156	(3)
The Interactionist School	159	(31)
Cavit S. Cooley
Introduction and Historical Setting	159	(1)
Assumptions About People and Society	160	(2)
The Rise of Symbolic Interactionism	162	(1)
Frank Tannenbaum (1893-1969)	163	(3)
Tannenbaum's Early Works	164	(1)
Tannenbaum's ``Tagging'' Process	164	(1)
Negative Effects of the Criminal Justice System	165	(1)
Critique of Tannebaum	166	(1)
Edwin M. Lemert (1912-1996)	166	(4)
Lemert's Concepts of Primary and Secondary Deviance	167	(1)
The Process of Becoming a Secondary Deviant	168	(1)
Lemert's Discussion on the Naive and Secondary Check Forger	168	(1)
Critique of Lemert	169	(1)
Howard S. Becker (1928- )	170	(6)
Contemporary Influences	170	(2)
Becker's Critique of Previous Research	172	(1)
Politicizing Deviance: Labeling the Outsider	172	(1)
Moral Entrepreneurs and the Definition of Deviance	173	(1)
Becker's Sequential Model of Deviant Behavior	174	(1)
Acceptance of the Label as One's Master Status	174	(1)
Critique of Becker	175	(1)
Erving Goffman (1922-1982)	176	(6)
Contemporary Influences	176	(1)
Goffman's View of the Study of Deviance	176	(2)
Goffman's Discussion of the Total Institution	178	(1)
The Moral Career of the Mental Patient	179	(1)
Goffman's Discussion of Stigma	180	(2)
Critique of Goffman	182	(1)
Edwin M. Schur (1930- )	182	(6)
Schur's Critique of Previous Research	183	(1)
Schur's Definition of Deviance	184	(1)
Schur's Discussion of Crimes Without Victims	185	(1)
Schur's Radical Nonintervention Policy Proposal	186	(1)
Schur's Discussion of Women as Deviant	186	(1)
Critique of Schur	187	(1)
Summary	188	(2)
Conflict/Radical/Marxist Theory	190	(52)
Defining the Perspective	190	(2)
The Historical Background	192	(13)
Karl Marx (1818-1883)	192	(2)
Willem Adrian Bonger (1876-1940)	194	(3)
William Edward Burghardt Du Bois (1868-1963)	197	(5)
Edwin Hardin Sutherland (1883-1950)	202	(3)
Assumptions About People and Society	205	(1)
Earl Richard Quinney (1934- )	206	(9)
Conflict Theory	208	(3)
Marxist Theory	211	(2)
Critique of Quinney	213	(2)
William Joseph Chambliss (1933- )	215	(17)
Class and Delinquency/Crime	218	(4)
Bureaucratic and Governmental Crime	222	(5)
The Law of Vagrancy	227	(3)
Critique of Chambliss	230	(2)
Jeffrey H. Reiman (1942- )	232	(6)
A Radical Perspective on Crime	232	(2)
The Criminal Justice System	234	(3)
Critique of Reiman	237	(1)
Summary	238	(4)
Feminist Criminology	242	(52)
The Historical Background	243	(2)
The Feminist Movement	244	(1)
History of Feminism in America	244	(1)
Assumptions About People and Society	245	(21)
History of Feminist Criminology	246	(20)
Coramae Richey Mann (1931- )	266	(14)
Conceptions of Race and Ethnicity	268	(1)
Racism and the Criminal Justice System: The Controversy	269	(4)
Women Who Kill	273	(4)
Critique of Mann	277	(3)
Sally S. Simpson (1954- )	280	(9)
Conflict and Female Correctional Officers in Male Prisons	280	(1)
The Feminist Perspective in Crime and Justice	280	(2)
Race, Class, and Gender	282	(2)
Courtship Violence and Social Control	284	(1)
Bias in Juvenile Offender Arrest Decisions and Type-Scripts	285	(2)
Croporate Victimization of Women	287	(2)
Critique of Simpson	289	(1)
Summary	289	(5)
Peacemaking in Criminology	294	(49)
Postmodernist Criminology	294	(1)
Peacemaking	295	(1)
Cultural and Historical Background for Peacemaking in Criminology	296	(16)
Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948)	296	(4)
Jane Addams (1860-1935)	300	(5)
Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968)	305	(7)
Assumptions About People and Society	312	(1)
Current Peacemaking in Criminology	313	(12)
Spiritual and Religious Traditions	314	(6)
The Feminist Traditions	320	(5)
The Critical Tradition	325	(1)
Harold Eugene Pepinsky (1945- )	325	(11)
Critique of Peacemaking in Criminology	336	(7)
References	343	(18)
Index	361	(14)
About the Authors	375