What is included with this book?
Concepts of Crime, Law, and Criminology | |
Crime and Criminology | p. 2 |
Introduction | p. 3 |
The Study of Criminology | p. 4 |
What Is Criminology? | p. 4 |
A Brief History of Criminology | p. 4 |
Classical Criminology | p. 5 |
Nineteenth-Century Positivism | p. 6 |
The Development of Sociological Criminology | p. 7 |
The Foundations of Sociological Criminology | p. 7 |
The Chicago School and Beyond | p. 8 |
Conflict Criminology | p. 9 |
Criminology Today | p. 9 |
Criminology and Criminal Justice | p. 10 |
The Distinction Between Criminology and Criminal Justice | p. 10 |
The Distinction Between Criminology and Deviance | p. 10 |
What Criminologists Do: The Criminological Enterprise | p. 11 |
Criminal Statistics | p. 12 |
Sociology of Law | p. 12 |
Theory Construction | p. 12 |
Criminal Behavior Systems | p. 13 |
race, culture, gender, and criminology: The Changing Face of International Crime Rates | p. 14 |
Penology | p. 14 |
Victimology | p. 15 |
How Criminologists View Crime | p. 16 |
The Consensus View of Crime | p. 17 |
The Conflict View of Crime | p. 17 |
The Interactionist View of Crime | p. 18 |
Defining Crime | p. 19 |
Criminology Research Methods | p. 20 |
Survey Research | p. 20 |
Cohort Research | p. 20 |
Aggregate Data Research | p. 21 |
Experimental Research | p. 21 |
Observational and Interview Research | p. 22 |
Ethical Issues in Criminology | p. 23 |
Summary | p. 24 |
Thinking Like a Criminologist | p. 24 |
Key Terms | p. 24 |
Notes | p. 25 |
Criminal Law and Its Processes | p. 26 |
Introduction | p. 27 |
The Origin of Law | p. 28 |
Early Crime, Punishment, and Law in Chaos | p. 29 |
Origins of Common Law | p. 30 |
Compensation for Crime | p. 30 |
The Norman Conquest | p. 30 |
Common Law | p. 31 |
Policy and praotice in criminology Origin of the Jury Trial | p. 32 |
Common Law and Statutory Law | p. 32 |
Common Law and Statutory Law in America | p. 33 |
Common Law in Other Cultures | p. 34 |
Classification of Law | p. 34 |
Crimes and Torts | p. 34 |
Felonies and Misdemeanors | p. 35 |
Mala in Se and Mala Prohibitum | p. 35 |
Functions of Criminal Law | p. 36 |
Enforcing Social Control | p. 36 |
Discouraging Revenge | p. 37 |
Expressing Public Opinion and Morality | p. 37 |
Deterring Criminal Behavior | p. 38 |
Punishing Wrongdoing | p. 38 |
Maintaining Social Order | p. 39 |
The Legal Definition of a Crime | p. 39 |
Actus Reus | p. 39 |
Mens Rea | p. 40 |
Criminal Defenses | p. 41 |
Ignorance or Mistake | p. 41 |
Insanity | p. 42 |
Intoxication | p. 43 |
Duress | p. 43 |
Policy and practice in criminology: The Insanity Controversy | p. 44 |
Necessity | p. 45 |
Self-Defense | p. 45 |
Entrapment | p. 45 |
Exotic Defenses | p. 46 |
Changing Criminal Law | p. 46 |
Summary | p. 47 |
Thinking Like A Criminologist | p. 48 |
Key Terms | p. 48 |
Notes | p. 49 |
The Nature and Extent of Crime | p. 50 |
Introduction | p. 51 |
The Uniform Crime Report | p. 51 |
Collecting the Uniform Crime Report | p. 51 |
How Accurate Are the Uniform Crime Reports? | p. 52 |
The Future of the Uniform Crime Report | p. 54 |
Victim Surveys | p. 55 |
The National Crime Victimization Survey | p. 55 |
Is the NCVS Valid? | p. 55 |
Self-Report Surveys | p. 56 |
The Focus of Self-Reports | p. 56 |
Are Self-Reports Accurate? | p. 57 |
The "Missing Cases" | p. 58 |
Are Crime Statistics Sources Compatible? | p. 58 |
Crime Trends | p. 59 |
The Criminological Enterprise: Explaining Crime Trends | p. 60 |
Trends in Violent Crime | p. 62 |
Trends in Property Crime | p. 62 |
Trends in Self-Reports and Victimization | p. 62 |
What the Future Holds | p. 63 |
Crime Patterns | p. 64 |
The Ecology of Crime | p. 64 |
Use of Firearms | p. 65 |
Policy and practice in criminology: Gun Control Practices | p. 66 |
Social Class and Crime | p. 67 |
Age and Crime | p. 69 |
Gender and Crime | p. 72 |
Race and Crime | p. 74 |
Criminal Careers | p. 77 |
Delinquency in a Birth Cohort | p. 77 |
Implications of the Chronic Offender Concept | p. 78 |
Summary | p. 79 |
Thinking Like A Criminologist | p. 79 |
Key Terms | p. 79 |
Notes | p. 80 |
Victims and Victimization | p. 84 |
Introduction | p. 85 |
Problems of Crime Victims | p. 85 |
Loss | p. 85 |
Suffering | p. 86 |
Fear | p. 87 |
Antisocial Behavior | p. 87 |
The Nature of Victimization | p. 88 |
The Social Ecology of Victimization | p. 89 |
The Victim's Household | p. 90 |
Victim Characteristics | p. 90 |
The Victims and Their Criminals | p. 93 |
The Criminological Enterprise: Victims of Stalking | p. 94 |
Theories of Victimization | p. 95 |
Victim Precipitation Theory | p. 95 |
The Criminological Enterprise: Parents Who Get Killed and the Children Who Kill Them | p. 96 |
Lifestyle Theories | p. 97 |
Routine Activities Theory | p. 98 |
The Criminological Enterprise: Crime and Everyday Life | p. 100 |
Caring for the Victim | p. 101 |
The Government's Response | p. 101 |
Victim Service Programs | p. 102 |
Victims' Rights | p. 103 |
Self-Protection | p. 104 |
Community Organization | p. 105 |
Summary | p. 105 |
Thinking Like a Criminologist | p. 106 |
Key Terms | p. 107 |
Notes | p. 107 |
Theories of Crime Causation | |
Choice Theory | p. 112 |
Introduction | p. 113 |
The Development of Rational Choice Theory | p. 113 |
The Classical Theory of Crime | p. 114 |
Choice Theory Emerges | p. 114 |
The Concepts of Rational Choice | p. 115 |
Rational Choice and Routine Activities | p. 118 |
Is Crime Rational? | p. 120 |
Are Street Crimes Rational? | p. 121 |
Is Drug Use Rational? | p. 122 |
Can Violence Be Rational? | p. 122 |
The Criminological Enterprise: In the Drug Business | p. 123 |
The Seductions of Crime | p. 125 |
Eliminating Crime | p. 125 |
Situational Crime Prevention | p. 126 |
Policy and practice in criminology: Reducing Subway Crime | p. 128 |
General Deterrence | p. 129 |
Specific Deterrence | p. 134 |
race, culture, gender, and criminology: Deterring Domestic Violence | p. 136 |
Rethinking Deterrence | p. 138 |
Incapacitation | p. 138 |
Policy Implications of Choice Theory | p. 140 |
Just Desert | p. 140 |
Summary | p. 141 |
Thinking Like A Criminologist | p. 142 |
Key Terms | p. 142 |
Notes | p. 143 |
Trait Theories | p. 148 |
Introduction | p. 149 |
Foundations of Biological Trait Theory | p. 150 |
Impact of Sociobiology | p. 151 |
Modern Trait Theories | p. 151 |
The Criminological Enterprise: The Nature Assumption | p. 152 |
Biological Trait Theories | p. 153 |
Biochemical Conditions and Crime | p. 154 |
Neurophysiological Conditions and Crime | p. 157 |
Genetics and Crime | p. 160 |
Evolutionary Views of Crime | p. 162 |
Evaluation of the Biological Branch of Trait Theory | p. 163 |
Psychological Trait Theories | p. 164 |
Theory of Imitation | p. 164 |
Psychodynamic Perspective | p. 165 |
Behavioral Theories | p. 167 |
Cognitive Theory | p. 168 |
The Criminological Enterprise: The Media and Violence | p. 170 |
Crime and Mental Illness | p. 172 |
Personality and Crime | p. 172 |
The Criminological Enterprise: The Antisocial Personality | p. 174 |
Intelligence and Crime | p. 174 |
Social Policy Implications | p. 177 |
Summary | p. 179 |
Thinking Like A Criminologist | p. 179 |
Key Terms | p. 179 |
Notes | p. 180 |
Social Structure Theories | p. 186 |
Introduction | p. 187 |
Sociological Criminology | p. 187 |
Economic Structure and Crime | p. 188 |
Lower-Class Culture | p. 188 |
Are the Poor Undeserving? | p. 190 |
race, culture, gender, and criminology: When Work Disappears | p. 191 |
Social Structure Theories | p. 192 |
Branches of Social Structure Theory | p. 192 |
Social Disorganization Theory | p. 193 |
The Work of Shaw and McKay | p. 193 |
The Social Ecology School | p. 196 |
Strain Theories | p. 200 |
Anomie | p. 200 |
Theory of Anomie | p. 201 |
Institutional Anomie Theory | p. 202 |
Relative Deprivation Theory | p. 204 |
General Strain Theory (GST) | p. 205 |
Cultural Deviance Theory | p. 209 |
Conduct Norms | p. 209 |
Focal Concerns | p. 209 |
Theory of Delinquent Subcultures | p. 210 |
Theory of Differential Opportunity | p. 211 |
Evaluation of Social Structure Theories | p. 213 |
Is the Structural Approach Valid? | p. 213 |
Social Structure Theory and Social Policy | p. 213 |
Policy and practice in criminology: Operation Weed and Seed | p. 214 |
Summary | p. 215 |
Thinking Like A Criminologist | p. 217 |
Key Terms | p. 217 |
Notes | p. 217 |
Social Process Theories | p. 222 |
Introduction | p. 223 |
Socialization and Crime | p. 224 |
Family Relations | p. 224 |
Educational Experience | p. 226 |
Peer Relations | p. 226 |
Institutional Involvement and Belief | p. 227 |
The Effects of Socialization on Crime | p. 227 |
Social Learning Theories | p. 228 |
Differential Association Theory | p. 228 |
Differential Reinforcement Theory | p. 233 |
Neutralization Theory | p. 234 |
Are Learning Theories Valid? | p. 236 |
Social Control Theories | p. 236 |
Self-Concept and Crime | p. 237 |
Social Control Theory | p. 238 |
Elements of the Social Bond | p. 238 |
Testing Social Control Theory | p. 239 |
Social Reaction Theory | p. 241 |
Crime and Labeling Theory | p. 242 |
Differential Enforcement | p. 243 |
Becoming Labeled | p. 243 |
Consequences of Labeling | p. 243 |
Primary and Secondary Deviance | p. 244 |
Research on Social Reaction Theory | p. 245 |
Is Labeling Theory Valid? | p. 246 |
An Evaluation of Social Process Theory | p. 247 |
Social Process Theory and Social Policy | p. 248 |
Policy and practice in criminology: Head Start | p. 249 |
Summary | p. 250 |
Thinking Like A Criminologist | p. 251 |
Key Terms | p. 251 |
Notes | p. 251 |
Conflict Theory | p. 256 |
Introduction | p. 257 |
Marxist Thought | p. 257 |
Productive Forces and Productive Relations | p. 258 |
Surplus Value | p. 259 |
Marx on Crime | p. 260 |
Developing a Conflict Theory of Crime | p. 260 |
The Contribution of Willem Bonger | p. 260 |
The Contribution of Ralf Dahrendorf | p. 261 |
The Contribution of George Vold | p. 262 |
Conflict Theory | p. 262 |
Conflict Criminology | p. 262 |
Research on Conflict Theory | p. 265 |
Analysis of Conflict Theory | p. 265 |
Marxist Criminology | p. 266 |
The Development of a Radical Criminology | p. 266 |
Fundamentals of Marxist Criminology | p. 267 |
Instrumental Marxism | p. 269 |
Structual Marxism | p. 270 |
Research on Marxist Criminology | p. 271 |
The Criminological Enterprise: Marxist Theories of Crime | p. 272 |
Critique of Marxist Criminology | p. 274 |
Emerging Forms of Conflict Theory | p. 274 |
Left Realism | p. 274 |
Radical Feminist Theory | p. 275 |
Power-Control Theory | p. 277 |
Postmodern Theory | p. 278 |
Peacemaking Criminology | p. 279 |
Social Conflict Theory and Social Policy | p. 279 |
The Criminological Enterprise: Restorative Justice | p. 280 |
Summary | p. 281 |
Thinking Like A Criminologist | p. 282 |
Key Terms | p. 282 |
Notes | p. 283 |
Integrated Theories: Latent Trait and Developmental Theories | p. 287 |
Introduction | p. 288 |
Developing Complex Theories | p. 289 |
The Criminological Enterprise: The Crime Prism | p. 290 |
Latent Trait Theories | p. 291 |
Human Nature Theory | p. 292 |
General Theory of Crime | p. 294 |
The Criminological Enterprise: Mating Habits and Crime | p. 298 |
Control-Balance Theory | p. 299 |
Developmental Theories | p. 299 |
The Glueck Research | p. 301 |
Developmental Concepts | p. 301 |
Theories of Criminal Development | p. 305 |
race, culture, gender, and criminology: Violent Female Criminals | p. 306 |
The Social Development Model | p. 306 |
Elliott's Integrated Theory | p. 309 |
Farrington's Theory of Delinquent Development | p. 309 |
Interactional Theory | p. 311 |
Sampson and Laub: Age-Graded Theory | p. 313 |
Commonalities and Distinctions | p. 316 |
Summary | p. 316 |
Thinking Like A Criminologist | p. 316 |
Key Terms | p. 317 |
Notes | p. 317 |
Crime Typologies | |
Violent Crime | p. 324 |
Introduction | p. 325 |
The Roots of Violence | p. 326 |
Personal Traits | p. 326 |
The Criminological Enterprise: Violent Land | p. 327 |
Ineffective Families | p. 328 |
race, culture, gender, and criminology: Mothers Who Kill Their Children | p. 329 |
Evolutionary Factors/Human Instinct | p. 329 |
Exposure to Violence | p. 330 |
Substance Abuse | p. 330 |
Firearm Availability | p. 330 |
Cultural Values | p. 331 |
Forcible Rape | p. 333 |
History of Rape | p. 333 |
Incidence of Rape | p. 334 |
Types of Rape/Rapists | p. 334 |
TheCauses of Rape | p. 337 |
Rape and the Law | p. 338 |
Murder and Homicide | p. 339 |
Degrees of Murder | p. 340 |
The Nature and Extent of Murder | p. 340 |
Murderous Relations | p. 341 |
Types of Murders | p. 343 |
The Criminological Enterprise: Mass Murder and Serial Killing | p. 344 |
Assault and Battery | p. 346 |
Patterns of Assault | p. 346 |
The Nature and Extent of Assaults | p. 347 |
Assault in the Home | p. 347 |
Robbery | p. 350 |
The Criminological Enterprise: Armed Robbers in Action | p. 352 |
Emerging Forms of Interpersonal Violence | p. 353 |
Hate Crimes | p. 353 |
Workplace Violence | p. 354 |
Political Violence | p. 356 |
Terrorism | p. 356 |
Forms of Terrorism | p. 357 |
Extent of Terrorism | p. 360 |
Who Is the Terrorist? | p. 360 |
Responses to Terrorism | p. 361 |
Summary | p. 361 |
Thinking Like A Criminologist | p. 362 |
Key Terms | p. 362 |
Notes | p. 362 |
Property Crimes | p. 368 |
Introduction | p. 369 |
A Brief History of Theft | p. 370 |
Modern Thieves | p. 370 |
Occasional Criminals | p. 370 |
race, culture, gender, and criminology: Catching Thieves in Eighteenth-Century England | p. 371 |
Professional Criminals | p. 372 |
The Criminological Enterprise: Transforming Theft: Train Robbers and Safe Crackers | p. 374 |
Larceny/Theft | p. 375 |
Larceny Today | p. 376 |
Varieties of Larceny | p. 377 |
Shoplifting | p. 377 |
Bad Checks | p. 378 |
Credit Card Theft | p. 379 |
Auto Theft | p. 379 |
False Pretenses or Fraud | p. 380 |
Confidence Games | p. 381 |
Embezzlement | p. 381 |
Burglary | p. 381 |
The Nature and Extent of Burglary | p. 382 |
Careers in Burglary | p. 383 |
race, culture, gender, and criminology: The Female Burglar | p. 385 |
The Criminological Enterprise: What Motivates Juvenile Firesetters? | p. 386 |
Arson | p. 387 |
Summary | p. 387 |
Thinking Like A Criminologist | p. 388 |
Key Terms | p. 388 |
Notes | p. 388 |
White-Collar and Organized Crime | p. 390 |
Introduction | p. 391 |
White-Collar Crime | p. 392 |
Redefining White-Collar Crime | p. 392 |
The White-Collar Crime Problem | p. 393 |
International White-Collar Crime | p. 393 |
Components of White-Collar Crime | p. 394 |
Stings and Swindles | p. 394 |
Chiseling | p. 395 |
Individual Exploitation of Institutional Position | p. 397 |
Influence Peddling and Bribery | p. 397 |
Embezzlement and Employee Fraud | p. 400 |
Client Fraud | p. 400 |
The Criminological Enterprise: The Savings and Loan Cases | p. 402 |
Corporate Crime | p. 404 |
High-Tech Crime | p. 407 |
The Cause of White-Collar Crime | p. 409 |
Greedy or Needy? | p. 409 |
White-Collar Law Enforcement Systems | p. 411 |
Corporate Policing | p. 412 |
Controlling White-Collar Crime | p. 412 |
Organized Crime | p. 415 |
The Criminological Enterprise: Can Corporations Commit Murder? | p. 416 |
Characteristics of Organized Crime | p. 417 |
Activities of Organized Crime | p. 417 |
The Concept of Organized Crime | p. 418 |
Organized Crime Groups | p. 421 |
Controlling Organized Crime | p. 422 |
The Future of Organized Crime | p. 422 |
Summary | p. 423 |
Thinking Like A Criminologist | p. 424 |
Key Terms | p. 424 |
Notes | p. 424 |
Public Order Crimes | p. 429 |
Introduction | p. 430 |
Law and Morality | p. 430 |
Debating Morality | p. 431 |
Homosexuality | p. 433 |
Attitudes Toward Homosexuality | p. 435 |
Homosexuality and the Law | p. 435 |
Paraphilias | p. 436 |
Prostitution | p. 438 |
Incidence of Prostitution | p. 438 |
Types of Prostitutes | p. 439 |
Becoming a Prostitute | p. 440 |
Legalize Prostitution? | p. 441 |
Pornography | p. 442 |
The Dangers of Pornography | p. 442 |
Does Pronography Cause Violence? | p. 443 |
Pornography and the Law | p. 444 |
Controlling Sex for Profit | p. 445 |
Substance Abuse | p. 446 |
When Did Drug Use Begin? | p. 446 |
Alcohol and Its Prohibition | p. 447 |
Commonly Abused Drugs | p. 447 |
The Extent of Substance Abuse | p. 451 |
AIDS and Drug Use | p. 453 |
The Causes of Substance Abuse | p. 454 |
Types of Drug Users | p. 456 |
Drugs and Crime | p. 458 |
Drugs and the Law | p. 460 |
The Criminological Enterprise: How Substance Abuse Provokes Violence | p. 461 |
Drug Control Strategies | p. 462 |
Policy and practice in oriminology: Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE) | p. 466 |
Summary | p. 469 |
Thinking Like A Criminologist | p. 469 |
Key Terms | p. 470 |
Notes | p. 470 |
Glossary | p. 475 |
Table of Cases | p. 493 |
Name Index | p. 494 |
Subject Index | p. 508 |
Photo Credits | p. 523 |
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