Criminology: Theory, Research, and Policy

by Vito, Gennaro F.

• ISBN13: 9780763730017
• ISBN10: 0763730017
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-05-15
• Publisher: Jones & Bartlett

Summary

Take the Interactive Tour! Across America, crime is a constant public concern. Criminology: Theory, Research, and Policy, Second Edition provides comprehensive coverage of the leading criminological theories using sociology, psychology, biology, and ecology to explain how and why crime occurs. The text combines classical criminology with timely topics including substance abuse, gang violence, Internet crimes, and terrorism. Using a social sciences approach, The authors discuss how criminology influences public policy throughout the text. Preview several sample chapters for this text now! Click on the additional information link for access to download sample chapters, or on the supplements tab on the left to download sample instructor's ancillaries. Preview sample chapters for this text now! Files are in PDF format, requiring Adobe Reader. Samples are for professional review purposes only. Copying or redistributing these files is strictly prohibited. Chapter 1 - Crime and Criminology Chapter 3 - Neo-Classical Criminology Chapter 5 - Psychology and Crime Chapter 8 - Social Conflict and Crime Chapter 15 - Crimes of the Powerful

Table of Contents

Crime and Criminology	p. 2
Introduction	p. 4
Defining Criminology	p. 4
Criminology and Academics	p. 5
The Role of Criminologists	p. 6
A Primer on the Criminal Law	p. 7
A Brief History of the Criminal Law	p. 7
Defining the Criminal Law	p. 7
Perspectives on the Criminal Law	p. 8
Theories of Crime	p. 9
Defining a Scientific Theory	p. 9
Evaluating Theory	p. 10
Organizing Theories of Crime	p. 13
Theories of "Law Making, Law Breaking, and Reaction to Law Breaking"	p. 14
Macro- and Micro-Level Explanations	p. 14
Academic Disciplines and Theoretical Traditions	p. 14
The Origins of Criminological Theory	p. 14
The Classical School of Crime	p. 15
The Positive School of Crime	p. 16
The Classical and Positive School - Where Do We Stand Now?	p. 17
Crime Policy	p. 17
Policy Without Theory - The Case of Intensive Supervision	p. 18
Theoretically Informed Policy - The Case of Multisystemic Therapy	p. 18
Limitations of Criminological Research	p. 18
Studies of Felony Probation	p. 19
Experiments on the Impact of Mandatory Arrest in Domestic Violence Cases	p. 19
Theory Versus Streetwise Criminology	p. 20
Politics: The "Left" and "Right" of Criminal Justice Policy	p. 21
The Influence of Social Context - The "Martinson Report" as a Case Study	p. 23
Crime as a Normal Phenomenon	p. 23
How to Study Crime	p. 24
Conclusion	p. 25
Wrap Up	p. 26
The Incidence of Crime	p. 32
Introduction	p. 34
Sources of Crime Statistics	p. 35
The Uniform Crime Report	p. 35
Limitations of the UCR	p. 36
The National Incident-Based Reporting System	p. 37
National Crime Victimization Survey	p. 39
Attributes of Victimization Patterns, 2003	p. 40
Categories of Victims and Victimization	p. 41
Limitations of the NCVS	p. 43
Criminal Justice System Statistics	p. 43
Jail Population	p. 44
Prison Population	p. 45
Probation and Parole Figures	p. 45
Conclusion	p. 47
Wrap Up	p. 48
Neoclassical Criminology	p. 52
Introduction	p. 54
The Rise of Neoclassical Theory	p. 55
Deterrence Theory	p. 56
Empirical Tests of Deterrence Theory	p. 56
General Deterrence	p. 57
Specific Deterrence	p. 63
Celerity	p. 66
Summary of Deterrence Theory	p. 66
Rational Choice Theory	p. 67
Cornish and Clarke's Rational Choice Theory	p. 67
Routine Activities Theory and the Lifestyle Approach	p. 69
Routine Activities Theory	p. 69
The Lifestyle Approach	p. 70
Policy Implications: Situational Crime Prevention	p. 71
Conclusion	p. 74
Wrap Up	p. 76
Biology and Crime	p. 80
Introduction	p. 82
Early Biological Theories	p. 82
Lombroso's "Born Criminal"	p. 83
Further Study of Physical "Deficiencies"	p. 84
Sheldon's Somatotype Theory	p. 85
The XYY "Supermale"	p. 86
The Policy Implications and Legacy of Early Biological Research	p. 87
A Modern Biological Approach to Crime	p. 88
Behavioral Genetics	p. 89
Biological Correlates of Crime	p. 93
Biosocial Theory	p. 100
Sociobiology and Evolutionary Explanations	p. 102
Conclusion	p. 103
Wrap Up	p. 106
Psychology and Crime	p. 112
Introduction	p. 115
Psychoanalytic Theory	p. 115
Freudian Elements of Personality	p. 115
Freudian Explanations of Delinquency	p. 117
Policy Implications of Freudian Theory	p. 117
Behavioral Psychology	p. 118
Principles of Learning	p. 118
Policy Implications of Behaviorism	p. 123
Cognitive Psychology	p. 123
Cognitive Structure	p. 124
Cognitive Content	p. 124
Policy Implications of Cognitive Psychology: Cognitive-Behavioral Programs	p. 125
Personality and Crime	p. 125
Personality Traits and Crime	p. 127
Criminal Personality: The Psychopath	p. 128
Policy Implications of Personality Theory	p. 130
Intelligence and Crime	p. 131
A Brief History of Intelligence Testing	p. 131
IQ and Crime	p. 132
Policy Implications of the IQ-Crime Relationship	p. 133
Summary of IQ and Crime	p. 133
Conclusion	p. 134
Wrap Up	p. 136
Social Structure and Crime	p. 142
Introduction	p. 144
Emile Durkheim and Crime	p. 145
Social Disorganization and Social Ecology	p. 146
Early Social Ecology: Concentric Zone Theory	p. 147
Social Disorganization Theory	p. 148
Race, Place, and Poverty: The Underclass	p. 150
Stark's "Deviant Places" Theory	p. 151
Hot Spots of Criminal Behavior	p. 151
Policy Implications: Social Ecology and Social Disorganization	p. 152
The Strain/Anomie Theoretical Tradition	p. 154
Critique of Anomie Theory	p. 156
General Strain Theory	p. 157
Institutional Anomie Theory	p. 158
Policy Implications of Anomie and Strain Theories	p. 160
Subcultural Explanations of Crime	p. 160
Cohen: Status Frustration and Reaction Formation	p. 160
Cloward and Ohlin: Differential Opportunity	p. 161
Miller: Focal Concerns of the Lower Class	p. 162
A General Critique of Subcultural Explanations	p. 163
Policy Implications of Subcultural Theories	p. 163
Conclusion	p. 164
Wrap Up	p. 168
Social Process and Crime	p. 174
Introduction	p. 176
Differential Association and Social Learning Theory	p. 177
Tarde's Law of Imitation	p. 177
Sutherland's Theory of Differential Association	p. 179
From Differential Association to Social Learning	p. 181
Policy Implications: Social Learning Theory	p. 184
Informal Social Control Theory	p. 184
Three Types of Informal Social Control	p. 184
Early Control Theory: Walter Reckless and "Containment"	p. 185
Hirschi's Social Bond Theory	p. 186
Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory of Crime	p. 188
An Age-Graded Theory of Informal Social Control	p. 190
What's Love Got to Do with It? Social Support and Altruism	p. 191
Policy Implications for Theories of Informal Social Control	p. 191
Can't We All Just Get Along? Social Control, Social Learning, and Behaviorism	p. 192
Labeling Theory	p. 192
The Roots of the Labeling Perspective	p. 192
Putting the Pieces Together - The Labeling Process	p. 193
A Critique of Labeling Theory	p. 195
Policy Implications of Labeling Theory	p. 196
Extensions of Labeling Theory	p. 196
Conclusion	p. 198
Wrap Up	p. 200
Social Conflict and Crime	p. 206
Introduction	p. 208
Conflict Theory	p. 209
Conflict Theory and the Law	p. 210
Conflict Theory and the Criminal Justice System	p. 210
Research on Race and Criminal Justice Processing	p. 212
Conflict Theory as an Explanation of Criminal Behavior	p. 217
A Critique of Conflict Theory	p. 218
Radical Criminology	p. 218
Karl Marx and Crime	p. 218
Engels and the Social Revolution	p. 219
Bonger and Egoistic Capitalism	p. 219
Rusche and Kirchheimer and Penal Systems	p. 220
Richard Quinney: Class, Crime, and the State	p. 221
Radical Explanations of the Law and the Criminal Justice System	p. 221
Historical Support for Marxist Criminology	p. 222
A Radical Critique of "Traditional" Criminologists	p. 224
A Critique of Radical Criminology	p. 224
Extensions of Radical Criminology	p. 225
Feminist Criminology	p. 226
The Gender Ratio	p. 227
The Generalizability Issue	p. 228
Gender and the Criminal Justice System	p. 229
Conclusion	p. 231
Wrap Up	p. 232
Crime and Criminal Careers	p. 238
Introduction	p. 240
Crime Over the Life Course	p. 241
Case Studies of Criminal Careers	p. 244
The Professional Thief	p. 244
The Professional Fence	p. 244
Fraud Masters and Stoopers	p. 245
A Career Criminal Typology	p. 245
A Typology of Criminal Behavior	p. 245
Cohort Research	p. 246
The Philadelphia Birth Cohort Studies	p. 247
The 1958 Birth Cohort	p. 248
The Racine Birth Cohort Studies	p. 249
The Cambridge (United Kingdom) Study of Delinquent Development	p. 249
The Violent Juvenile Offender	p. 250
Serious Habitual Offender/Drug-Involved Program	p. 253
Career Patterns in Crime	p. 253
The Federal Armed Career Criminal Study	p. 254
The Rand Corporation Habitual Offender Research	p. 255
The Criminal Careers of Women	p. 258
The Crime Patterns of Females	p. 258
Females in the 1958 Philadelphia Birth Cohort	p. 259
Females in Criminality Studies	p. 261
Policies for Career Criminals	p. 261
Repeat Offender Programs	p. 261
"Three-Strikes" Laws	p. 262
Policies Other than Incapacitation	p. 263
Wrap Up	p. 264
Crimes of Violence	p. 270
Introduction	p. 272
Violent Crime Trends in the United States	p. 273
Homicide	p. 273
Murder Levels and Trends	p. 274
Weapons in Homicide	p. 275
Circumstances Leading to Homicide	p. 275
Offender and Victim Characteristics	p. 275
Explaining America's Homicide Rate	p. 276
Explaining Homicide Rates in the South	p. 279
Rape and Sexual Assault	p. 279
Rape Incidence, Prevalence, and Trends	p. 280
Date Rape	p. 280
Marital Rape	p. 281
Victims of Rape	p. 282
Explaining Rape and Sexual Assault	p. 283
Rape and Correctional Intervention	p. 286
The Criminal Justice Response to Rape	p. 286
Robbery	p. 287
Characteristics of Robbery and Robbers	p. 287
Explaining Robbery	p. 288
Assault	p. 290
General Explanations for Violent Crime	p. 291
Neighborhood-Level Explanation of Violence	p. 291
Individual-Level Explanations of Violence	p. 292
Gender and Violence	p. 292
Explaining the Drop in Violent Crime	p. 293
Conclusion	p. 294
Wrap Up	p. 296
Emerging Forms of Violence	p. 302
Introduction	p. 304
Domestic Violence	p. 304
Intimate Partner Abuse	p. 305
Stalking	p. 307
Child Abuse	p. 310
Pedophilia	p. 311
Characteristics of Pedophiles	p. 311
Treatment of Pedophiles	p. 312
Law Enforcement Approach to Pedophilia	p. 312
Hate Crimes	p. 312
Ku Klux Klan	p. 313
Identity Churches	p. 313
Skinheads	p. 315
Responding to Hate Crimes	p. 315
Terrorism	p. 316
Types of Terrorists	p. 316
Incidence of Terrorism	p. 316
Characteristics of Terrorism	p. 316
The Response to Terrorism	p. 318
Multicide	p. 319
Mass Murder	p. 319
Serial Murder	p. 320
Conclusion	p. 321
Wrap Up	p. 322
Property Crimes	p. 328
Introduction	p. 330
Property Crime Trends	p. 330
Burglary	p. 332
Burglary Trends	p. 333
Nature and Extent of Burglary	p. 333
Research on Burglars and Burglary	p. 333
Response to Burglary	p. 335
Arson	p. 335
Nature and Extent of Arson	p. 335
Research on Arson and Arsonists	p. 336
Larceny-Theft	p. 336
Larceny-Theft Trends	p. 336
Nature and Extent of Larceny-Theft	p. 337
Research on Larceny-Theft: A Focus on Shoplifting	p. 337
Response to Shoplifting	p. 338
Motor Vehicle Theft	p. 338
Research on Motor Vehicle Theft	p. 338
Forgery	p. 339
Common Types of Forgery	p. 339
Combating Forgery	p. 340
Credit Card Fraud	p. 341
Characteristics of Credit Card Fraud	p. 341
Combating Credit Card Fraud	p. 341
Identity Theft	p. 341
Techniques Used by Identity Thieves	p. 342
What Victims Can Do	p. 342
Confidence Games	p. 342
Conclusion	p. 345
Wrap Up	p. 346
Public Order Crimes	p. 350
Introduction	p. 352
The Morality Perspective	p. 353
Moral Entrepreneurs	p. 353
Drugs, Alcohol, Moral Entrepreneurs, and Interest Groups	p. 356
The Law-and-Order Perspective	p. 358
Wilson and Kelling: Broken Windows Theory	p. 358
Gambling	p. 360
The Morality Perspective: Compulsive Gambling	p. 361
The Law-and-Order Perspective: Casinos and Crime	p. 361
Prostitution	p. 362
Prevalence of Prostitution	p. 362
Types of Prostitutes	p. 364
Entry to the Profession	p. 364
The Morality Perspective	p. 364
The Law-and-Order Perspective	p. 366
Conclusion	p. 367
Wrap Up	p. 368
Drugs and Crime	p. 372
Introduction	p. 374
Drug Use: A Historical Perspective	p. 375
Drugs and Criminal Behavior	p. 376
The Incidence of Substance Abuse Among Offenders	p. 376
The Goldstein Models	p. 379
Women, Drug Abuse, and Crime	p. 380
Delinquency and Drug Abuse	p. 382
Types of Illegal Drugs: Drug Abuse and Trends	p. 382
Trends in Use	p. 383
The Impact of Treatment	p. 383
The Economics of Drugs and Crime	p. 384
Legalization of Drugs	p. 385
Arguments in Favor of Legalization	p. 386
Arguments Against Legalization	p. 386
The War on Drugs	p. 390
Conclusion	p. 391
Wrap Up	p. 392
Crimes of the Powerful: Organized and White-Collar Crime	p. 398
Introduction	p. 400
Organized Crime	p. 401
Similarities Between Organized Crime and Legitimate Business Enterprises	p. 401
Theories of Organized Crime	p. 404
The Alien Conspiracy Model	p. 404
The Local, Ethnic Group Model	p. 406
The Mafia: La Cosa Nostra	p. 407
Law Enforcement Methods to Combat Organized Crime	p. 409
Headhunting: The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Statute	p. 409
The Federal Witness Protection Program (WITSEC)	p. 410
Impact of Law Enforcement Methods on Organized Crime	p. 410
Russian Organized Crime	p. 410
White-Collar Crime	p. 411
The Sutherland Definition of White-Collar Crime	p. 411
The Impact of White-Collar Crime	p. 412
Expanded Definitions of White-Collar Crime	p. 415
Occupational Crime	p. 415
Corporate Crime	p. 416
The Criminal Careers of Corporations	p. 417
Other Categories of White-Collar Crimes	p. 419
The Careers of Individual White-Collar Criminals	p. 420
Prosecution of White-Collar Criminals	p. 420
Sentencing of White-Collar Criminals	p. 421
Conclusion	p. 425
Wrap Up	p. 426
The Future of Criminal Justice and Criminology	p. 432
Introduction	p. 434
The Changing Character of Crime	p. 434
Identity Theft	p. 435
Narcoterrorism	p. 435
Methamphetamine-Related Crimes	p. 436
Future Trends in Policing	p. 437
Community Policing	p. 437
Problem-Oriented Policing	p. 438
The Effectiveness of Community Policing and Problem Solving	p. 438
Compstat	p. 439
Future Trends in Corrections	p. 442
Criminological Theory	p. 443
The Utility of Criminological Theory	p. 443
Future Trends in Criminological Theory	p. 444
Conclusion	p. 449
Wrap Up	p. 450
Glossary	p. 454
Index	p. 463
Photo Credits	p. 495
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.