Criminology Today: An Integrative Introduction

by Schmalleger, Frank

• ISBN13: 9780138482688
• ISBN10: 0138482683
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1998-06-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

This book is intended for Introduction to Criminology course taught at sophomore level out of both Criminal Justice and Sociology programs.

Table of Contents

Foreword	xv
Preface	xvii
Acknowledgments	xxi
About the Author	xxiii
PART I THE CRIME PICTURE	1	(144)
What is Criminology?	3	(42)
Introduction	4	(2)
What is Crime?	6	(3)
Crime and Deviance	9	(6)
What do Criminologists Do?	15	(1)
What is Criminology?	16	(4)
Theoretical Criminology	19	(1)
Criminology and Social Policy	20	(5)
Social Policy and the Fear of Crime	21	(4)
The Theme of this Book	25	(5)
The Social Context of Crime	30	(8)
Making Sense of Crime: The Causes and Consequences of the Criminal Event	30	(8)
The Primacy of Sociology	38	(1)
Summary	39	(1)
Web Watch	40	(1)
Discussion Questions	41	(1)
Notes	41	(4)
Patterns of Crime	45	(60)
Introduction	47	(1)
A History of Crime Statistics	47	(2)
Adolphe Quetelet and Andre Michel Guerry	48	(1)
Crime Statistics Today	49	(33)
The UCR Program	50	(5)
Data Gathering Under the NCVS	55	(7)
Criminal Homicide	62	(4)
Forcible Rape	66	(3)
Robbery	69	(2)
Aggravated Assault	71	(1)
Burglary	72	(4)
Larceny	76	(1)
Motor Vehicle Theft	77	(1)
Arson	78	(2)
Part II Offenses	80	(1)
Unreported Crimes	80	(2)
The Social Dimensions of Crime	82	(14)
What are ``Social Dimensions''?	82	(1)
Age and Crime	83	(4)
Gender and Crime	87	(4)
Ethnicity and Crime	91	(4)
Social Class and Crime	95	(1)
The Costs of Crime	96	(1)
Summary	97	(1)
Discussion Questions	98	(1)
Web Watch	99	(1)
Notes	100	(5)
Research Methods and Theory Development	105	(40)
Introduction	106	(1)
The Science of Criminology	107	(3)
Theory Building	110	(1)
The Role of Research	111	(18)
Problem Identification	113	(1)
Research Designs	114	(4)
Techniques of Data Collection	118	(8)
Quantitative vs. Qualitative Methods	126	(3)
Values and Ethics in the Conduct of Research	129	(2)
Writing the Research Report	131	(7)
Writing for Publication	134	(4)
Social Policy and Criminological Research	138	(2)
Summary	140	(1)
Web Watch	141	(1)
Discussion Questions	142	(1)
Notes	142	(3)
PART II CRIME CAUSATION	145	(212)
The Classical Thinkers	147	(40)
Introduction	148	(1)
Major Principles of the Classical School	149	(1)
Forerunners of Classical Thought	150	(8)
The Demonic Era	151	(1)
Early Sources of the Criminal Law	152	(2)
The Enlightenment	154	(4)
The Classical School	158	(5)
Cesare Beccaria (1738--1794)	158	(2)
Jeremy Bentham (1748--1832)	160	(2)
Heritage of the Classical School	162	(1)
Neoclassical Criminology	163	(13)
Free Will in Neoclassical Thought	166	(1)
Punishment and Neoclassical Thought	167	(9)
Policy Implications of the Classical School	176	(4)
A Critique of Classical Theories	180	(2)
Summary	182	(1)
Web Watch	183	(1)
Discussion Questions	183	(1)
Notes	184	(3)
Biological Roots of Behavior	187	(40)
Introduction	189	(1)
Major Principles of Biological Theories	190	(1)
Biological Roots of Human Aggression	191	(15)
Early Biological Theories	193	(5)
Body Types	198	(3)
Chemical and Environmental Precursors of Crime	201	(2)
Hormones and Criminality	203	(3)
Genetics and Crime	206	(9)
Criminal Families	206	(1)
The XYY ``Supermale''	207	(1)
Chromosomes and Modern-Day Criminal Families	208	(1)
Twin Studies	209	(1)
Male-Female Differences in Criminality	209	(4)
Sociobiology	213	(2)
Crime and Human Nature: A Contemporary Synthesis	215	(1)
Policy Issues	216	(2)
Critiques of Biological Theories	218	(1)
Summary	219	(1)
Discussion Questions	219	(1)
Web Watch	220	(1)
Notes	220	(7)
Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behavior	227	(42)
Introduction	229	(2)
Major Principles of Psychological Theories	231	(1)
Early Psychological Theories	232	(6)
The Psychopathic Personality	232	(4)
Personality Types and Crime	236	(1)
Early Psychiatric Theories	237	(1)
Criminal Behavior as Maladaption	238	(6)
The Psychoanalytic Perspective	238	(3)
The Psychotic Offender	241	(2)
The Link Between Frustration and Aggression	243	(1)
Crime as Adaptive Behavior	244	(2)
Social Learning Theory	246	(3)
Behavior Theory	249	(2)
Insanity and the Law	251	(6)
The McNaughten Rule	252	(1)
The Irresistible Impulse Test	253	(1)
The Durham Rule	254	(1)
The Substantial Capacity Test	255	(1)
The Brawner Rule	255	(1)
Guilty but Insane	255	(1)
Federal Provisions for the Hospitalization of Individuals Found ``Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity''	256	(1)
Social Policy and Forensic Psychology	257	(4)
Social Policy and the Psychology of Criminal Conduct	260	(1)
Psychological Profiling	261	(1)
Summary	262	(1)
Discussion Questions	262	(1)
Web Watch	263	(1)
Notes	263	(6)
Crime and the Role of the Social Environment	269	(50)
Introduction	271	(1)
Major Principles of Sociological Theories	272	(1)
Sociological Theories	272	(32)
The Chicago School	275	(5)
Culture Conflict	280	(1)
Subcultural Theory	281	(4)
Violent Subcultures	285	(5)
Crime and Social Structure	290	(10)
Differential Association	300	(1)
Criminal Careers and Life Course Theory	301	(3)
Social Control Theories	304	(3)
Containment Theory	304	(2)
Social Bond Theory	306	(1)
Policy Implications	307	(4)
Critique of Social-Structural Theories	311	(1)
Summary	311	(1)
Web Watch	312	(1)
Discussion Questions	313	(1)
Notes	313	(6)
The Meaning of Crime---Social Process Perspectives	319	(38)
Introduction	320	(1)
Major Principles of Social Process Perspectives	321	(1)
Social Process Perspectives	322	(29)
The Group Perspective: Labeling	322	(6)
Reintegrative Shaming	328	(1)
Dramaturgy	329	(4)
Phenomenology	333	(4)
Victimology: The Study of the Victim	337	(13)
Policy Implications	350	(1)
Summary	351	(1)
Web Watch	352	(1)
Discussion Questions	353	(1)
Notes	353	(4)
PART III CRIME IN THE MODERN WORLD	357	(156)
Political Realities and Crime	359	(32)
Introduction: Politics and Crime	360	(1)
Law and Social Order Perspectives	361	(8)
The Consensus Perspective	362	(1)
The Pluralistic Perspective	363	(2)
The Conflict Perspective	365	(4)
Radical-Critical Criminology	369	(8)
Radical Criminology Today	369	(5)
Critical Criminology	374	(1)
Radical-Critical Criminology and Policy Issues	375	(1)
Critiques of Radical-Critical Criminology	376	(1)
Terrorism	377	(7)
Countering the Terrorist Threat	381	(3)
State-Organized Crime	384	(2)
Summary	386	(1)
Discussion Questions	386	(1)
Web Watch	387	(1)
Notes	388	(3)
White-Collar and Organized Crime	391	(40)
Introduction	392	(1)
White-Collar Crime	393	(11)
Corporate Crime	396	(3)
Definitional Evolution of White-Collar Crime	399	(2)
Causes of White-Collar Crime	401	(2)
Dealing with White-Collar Crime	403	(1)
Organized Crime	404	(21)
History of Organized Crime in the United States	405	(1)
A Rose by Any Other Name---The Cosa Nostra	406	(2)
Prohibition and Official Corruption	408	(1)
Centralization of Organized Crime	409	(3)
Cosa Nostra Today	412	(1)
Activities of Organized Crime	412	(3)
Code of Conduct	415	(2)
Other Organized Criminal Groups	417	(1)
Organized Crime and the Law	418	(5)
Policy Issues: The Control of Organized Crime	423	(2)
Summary	425	(1)
Web Watch	426	(1)
Discussion Questions	427	(1)
Notes	427	(4)
Drug Abuse and Crime	431	(40)
Introduction	432	(1)
History of Drug Abuse in the United States	433	(8)
Extent of Abuse	435	(3)
Costs of Abuse	438	(3)
Types of Illegal Drugs	441	(12)
Stimulants	447	(2)
Depressants	449	(1)
Cannabis	449	(1)
Narcotics	450	(1)
Hallucinogens	450	(1)
Anabolic Steroids	451	(1)
Inhalants	451	(1)
Pharmaceutical Diversion and Dangerous Drugs	452	(1)
Drug Trafficking	453	(2)
Drugs and Crime	455	(3)
Illegal Drugs and Official Corruption	457	(1)
Social Policy and Drug Abuse	458	(8)
Recent Legislation and Current Policy	460	(3)
Policy Consequences	463	(1)
Alternative Drug Policies	464	(2)
Summary	466	(1)
Discussion Questions	466	(1)
Web Watch	467	(1)
Notes	467	(4)
The High-Tech Offender	471	(42)
Introduction	472	(1)
Crime and Technology	473	(2)
High Technology and Criminal Opportunity	475	(11)
Technology and Criminal Mischief	479	(2)
Computer Crime and the Law	481	(5)
A Profile of Computer Criminals	486	(8)
The History and Nature of Hacking	489	(4)
Computer Crime as a Form of White-Collar Crime	493	(1)
The Information Superhighway and Data Security	494	(2)
Technology in the Fight Against Crime	496	(7)
DNA Fingerprinting	498	(3)
Computers as Crime-Fighting Tools	501	(2)
Combating Computer Crime	503	(3)
Police Investigation of Computer Crime	504	(1)
Dealing with Computer Criminals	505	(1)
Policy Issues	506	(2)
Personal Freedoms in the Information Age	506	(2)
What the Future Holds	508	(1)
Summary	509	(1)
Web Watch	510	(1)
Discussion Questions	510	(1)
Notes	511	(2)
PART IV RESPONDING TO CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR	513	(80)
Criminology and Social Policy	515	(40)
Introduction	516	(2)
Federal Anticrime Initiatives	518	(6)
The Hoover Administration	519	(2)
Federal Policy Following World War II	521	(2)
The Reagan-Bush Years	523	(1)
Crime-Control Philosophies Today	524	(7)
Types of Crime-Control Strategies	527	(4)
Recent Federal Policy Initiatives	531	(8)
The Brady Law	531	(2)
The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994	533	(5)
``Three-Strikes'' Legislation	538	(1)
International Policies	539	(1)
Can We Solve the Problem of Crime?	540	(8)
Symbolism and Public Policy	542	(6)
Summary	548	(1)
Web Watch	549	(1)
Discussion Questions	550	(1)
Notes	550	(5)
Future Directions in Criminology	555	(38)
Introduction to the Future	556	(2)
Future Crimes	558	(2)
The New Criminologies	560	(19)
Postmodern Criminology	562	(2)
Rational Choice Theory	564	(4)
Feminist Theory	568	(5)
Peacemaking Criminology	573	(3)
Realist Criminology	576	(1)
Theory Integration	577	(2)
Policies of the Future	579	(5)
Summary	584	(1)
Web Watch	585	(1)
Discussion Questions	586	(1)
Notes	586	(7)
Glossary	593	(16)
Subject Index	609	(12)
Name Index	621