Crowd Simulation

There has been a growing interest in crowd simulation particularly in the commercial sector where it is used in security, defence, entertainment and the movie industry. This field is now reaching maturity and there is a need for a book that focuses entirely on methods and techniques for crowd simulation, this book fills that gap. The topics covered include: Modelling of populations, Virtual Human Animation, Behavioural Animation of Crowds, Crowd Rendering, Populated Environments.

Daniel Thalmann is Professor and Director of the Virtual Reality Lab (VRlab) at EPFL Switzerland. Soraia Raupp Musse was his PhD student and she developed her thesis on human crowd simulation. Since 2000 they have continued to work with crowd simulation in computer graphics and virtual reality.

Introduction	p. 1
Requirements and Constraints for Crowd Modeling	p. 2
Crowd Simulation Areas	p. 3
State-of-the-Art	p. 5
Crowd Management Training Systems	p. 6
Sociological Models of Crowds	p. 7
Group Behavior in Robotics and Artificial Life	p. 7
Crowds in Virtual Worlds	p. 8
Behavioral Animation of Groups and Crowds	p. 9
Environment Modeling for Crowds	p. 11
Crowd Rendering	p. 12
Crowds in Non-Real-Time Productions	p. 14
Crowds in Games	p. 15
Crowd Scenario Authoring	p. 16
Modeling of Populations	p. 19
Introduction	p. 19
Creative Methods	p. 20
Body Shape Capture	p. 21
Interpolated Techniques	p. 22
A Model for Generation of Population	p. 24
Definition of the Initial Data	p. 26
Choice of a Template	p. 26
Definition of New Somatotypes	p. 27
Calculation of Influence of Sample Somatotypes	p. 28
Calculation of Mesh Variation	p. 29
Body Parts' Deformation	p. 30
Results and Discussion	p. 31
Crowd Appearance Variety	p. 35
Variety at Three Levels	p. 36
Color Variety	p. 38
Accessories	p. 46
Final Remarks	p. 58
Virtual Human Animation	p. 59
Introduction	p. 59
Related Work in Locomotion Modeling	p. 60
Kinematic Methods	p. 60
Physically Based Methods	p. 61
Motion Interpolation	p. 62
Statistical Models	p. 64
Principal Component Analysis	p. 65
Motion Capture Data Process	p. 65
Full-Cycle Model	p. 65
Motion Extrapolation	p. 68
Walking Model	p. 72
Motion Interpolation and Extrapolation	p. 72
Motion Retargeting and Timewarping	p. 75
Motion Generation	p. 76
Speed Control	p. 77
Type of Locomotion Control	p. 78
Personification Control	p. 78
Motion Transition	p. 78
Results	p. 79
Animation Variety	p. 81
Accessory Movements	p. 81
Steering	p. 84
The Need for a Fast Trajectory Control	p. 84
The Seek and Funneling Controllers	p. 84
Final Remarks	p. 87
Behavioral Animation of Crowds	p. 89
Introduction	p. 89
Related Work	p. 89
Crowd Behavioral Models	p. 93
PetroSim's Behavioral Model	p. 94
A Physically Based Behavioral Model	p. 99
Crowds Navigation	p. 106
Robot Motion Planning	p. 107
Crowd Motion Planning	p. 109
A Decomposition Approach for Crowd Navigation	p. 116
Final Remarks	p. 123
Relating Real Crowds with Virtual Crowds	p. 125
Introduction	p. 125
Studying the Motion of Real Groups of People	p. 125
Crowd Characteristics	p. 125
Crowd Events	p. 128
Parameters for Simulating Virtual Crowds Using Real Crowd Information	p. 129
Simulating Real Scenes	p. 130
Sociological Aspects	p. 134
Computer Vision for Crowds	p. 135
A Brief Overview on People Tracking	p. 136
An Approach for Crowd Simulation Using Computer Vision	p. 138
Using Computer Vision for People Tracking	p. 138
Clustering of Coherent Trajectories	p. 141
Generation of Extrapolated Velocity Fields	p. 143
Simulation Based on Real Data	p. 143
Some Examples	p. 145
Final Remarks	p. 147
Crowd Rendering	p. 149
Introduction	p. 149
Virtual Human Representations	p. 150
Human Template	p. 150
Deformable Mesh	p. 151
Rigid Mesh	p. 152
Impostor	p. 152
Architecture Pipeline	p. 155
Human Data Structures	p. 157
Pipeline Stages	p. 158
Motion Kits	p. 165
Data Structure	p. 165
Architecture	p. 167
Database Management	p. 169
Shadows	p. 172
Some Results	p. 174
Final Remarks	p. 176
Populated Environments	p. 177
Introduction	p. 177
Terrain Modeling	p. 178
Plants and Lakes	p. 180
Sky and Clouds	p. 181
Informed Environment	p. 181
Data Model	p. 184
Topo Mesh	p. 186
Building Modeling	p. 188
Landing Algorithms	p. 189
Ontology-Based Simulation	p. 191
Using Ontology for Crowd Simulation in Normal Life Situations	p. 191
Applying Ontology to VR Environment	p. 193
The Prototype of UEM	p. 193
Simulation Results	p. 185
Real-Time Rendering and Visualization	p. 199
Implementation Aspects	p. 199
Final Remarks	p. 200
Applications: Case Studies	p. 201
Introduction	p. 201
Crowd Simulation for Virtual Heritage	p. 201
Virtual Population of Worshippers Performing Morning Namaz Prayer inside a Virtual Mosque	p. 202
Virtual Roman Audience in the Aphrodisias Odeon	p. 204
Crowdbrush	p. 209
Brushes	p. 211
Safety Systems	p. 216
Final Remarks	p. 218
Book Contribution	p. 219
References	p. 221
Index	p. 241
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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