Cultural Anthropology (Book Alone)

by Harris, Marvin; Johnson, Orna

• ISBN13: 9780205454433
• ISBN10: 0205454437
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-05-11
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

Using a cultural materialist approach, the seventh edition ofCultural Anthropologyprovides a framework for explaining how the parts of sociocultural systems are interrelated and how they change over time. "Marvin Harris'lifelong commitment to a scientific anthropology shines through in this comprehensive and well-written textbook," praises one reviewer. Described as accessible, engaging, well-illustrated, and comprehensive, this text covers a wide range of Western and non-Western cultures for analysis and comparison. "Marvin Harris can continue to bring new insights to the field of anthropology and provide ways to inspire students new to this discipline," writes a long-time user. "Cultural Anthropologyexcels in making anthropology accessible and relevant to today's students. The authors succeed in showing not only what the current status of anthropology is but also the potential of anthropology to explain human culture in all of its diversity and magnificence," writes another. For the seventh edition, rReadings from Spradley/McCurdy, Conformity and Conflict: Readings in Cultural Anthropology, 12/e have been integrated with wherever possible through emic and etic interpretations within the levels of infrastructure, structure and superstructure. Chapter 9, "Descent, Locality, and Kinship," has been rewritten to provide more streamlined coverage. Increased use of the universal pattern model through graphics and new content throughout each chapter. The universal pattern model is introduced in Chapter 2 and applied throughout the text to reinforce how differences in civilization impact infrastructure and adaptive patterns. Enhanced problem-orientation in the new edition capitalizes on this growing trend through interim questions after each section in each chapter.

Table of Contents

In Memory of Marvin Harris	xi
Preface	xiii
Introduction	1	(8)
The Five Fields of Anthropology	2	(1)
What Is Distinctive about Cultural Anthropology?	2	(4)
Holism	2	(1)
Fieldwork and Participant Observation	3	(2)
Ethnography	5	(1)
Ethnology	5	(1)
Anthropology and Science	6	(1)
Why Study Anthropology?	6	(2)
Summary	8	(1)
Questions to Think About	8	(1)
Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism
Ethnography and Culture	8	(1)
The Nature of Culture	9	(23)
Definitions of Culture	10	(1)
Society, Subculture, and Sociocultural System	10	(3)
Enculturation	11	(1)
Cultural Relativism	12	(1)
Science and the Relativity of Truth	13	(4)
Limitations of the Enculturation Concept	13	(1)
Diffusion	14	(3)
Fieldwork and the Mental and Behavioral Aspects of Culture	17	(3)
Emic and Etic Aspects of Culture	18	(1)
Emics, Etics, and Sacred Cows	18	(2)
The Universal Pattern	20	(3)
The Diversity of Anthropological Theories	23	(1)
Cultural Materialism	23	(1)
Anthropology's Origins	24	(4)
Nineteenth-Century Evolutionism and Social Darwinism	24	(1)
Marxist Evolutionism	24	(2)
Historical Particularism	26	(1)
British Functionalism and Structural Functionalism	26	(1)
Culture and Personality	27	(1)
Cultural Ecology	27	(1)
Biological Anthropology and Evolutionary Psychology	27	(1)
Symbolic and Interpretive Anthropology	28	(1)
Postmodernism	28	(1)
Summary	28	(2)
Questions to Think About	30	(1)
Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism
Shakespeare in the Bush	30	(1)
Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism
How to Ask for a Drink	31	(1)
The Evolution of the Capacity for Culture	32	(11)
Genes and Natural Selection	33	(2)
Natural Selection and the ``Struggle for Survival''	33	(1)
Natural Selection and Behavior	34	(1)
Nonhuman Culture	35	(3)
Tools and Learning	35	(1)
Is It Culture?	36	(2)
Apes and Language	38	(2)
Cultural ``Takeoff''	40	(1)
Cultural Transmission	40	(1)
Summary	41	(1)
Questions to Think About	42	(1)
Language and Culture	43	(16)
Universal Features of Language	44	(1)
Semantic Universality	44	(1)
Linguistics: The Elements of Language Analysis	45	(2)
Phonetics and Phones	45	(1)
Phonemics and Phonemes	45	(1)
Morphemes	46	(1)
Syntax	46	(1)
Language and Symbolic Representation	47	(1)
Language Issues and Theories	47	(3)
Innate Grammatical Knowledge	48	(1)
Are There Superior and Inferior Languages?	48	(1)
No, There Are No ``Primitive'' Languages	48	(1)
Language, Thought, and Causality	49	(1)
Linguistic Naming Categories	49	(1)
Sociolinguistics	50	(6)
Language and Gender	50	(2)
Language, Social Class, and Ethnicity	52	(1)
Code Switching	52	(1)
Profile African American Vernacular English (AAVE)	53	(1)
Communicating Respect in Interethnic Encounters	54	(1)
Linguistic Change	55	(1)
Summary	56	(1)
Questions to Think About	57	(1)
Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism
The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: Worlds Shaped by Words	57	(1)
Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism
Conversation Style: Talking on the Job	58	(1)
Production	59	(22)
The Evolution of Energy Production	60	(1)
The Influence of the Environment and Ecology	61	(1)
Carrying Capacity and the Law of Diminishing Returns	62	(3)
Law of the Minimum	63	(1)
Depletion and New Modes of Production	63	(1)
Profile Hunters and Gatherers---The !Kung San	64	(1)
Major Modes of Production	65	(1)
Hunting and Gathering	65	(2)
Horticulture	67	(5)
The Problem of Meat	68	(1)
Plow Agriculture	68	(1)
Profile Slash-and-Burn Horticulture with Hunting and Gathering---The Machiguenga	69	(1)
Profile -- Plow Agriculture in Northern India	70	(1)
Irrigation Agriculture	71	(1)
Profile Irrigation Agriculture---Luts'un	72	(1)
Pastoralism	72	(2)
Profile Pastoralism---The Turkana	73	(1)
Energy and the Evolution of Culture	74	(1)
Industrial Agriculture	75	(1)
Postindustrialism	76	(1)
Summary	77	(1)
Questions to Think About	78	(1)
Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism
The Hunters: Scarce Resources in the Kalahari	79	(1)
Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism
Adaptive Failure: Easter's End	80	(1)
Reproduction	81	(16)
The Relation between Production and Reproduction	82	(1)
Population Pressure versus Population Growth	83	(1)
Preindustrial Reproductive Practices	83	(3)
Treatment of Fetuses and Children	84	(1)
Treatment of Women	84	(1)
Lactation	85	(1)
Coital Frequency and Scheduling	85	(1)
The Influence of Disease and Other Natural Factors	85	(1)
The Costs and Benefits of Rearing Children	86	(3)
Measuring the Costs and Benefits of Rearing Children	87	(2)
The Poverty Trap	89	(1)
The Contraception, Abortion, and Infanticide Debate	89	(1)
Industrial Modes of Reproduction	90	(2)
Profile Indirect Infanticide in Northeast Brazil	91	(1)
Women's Status, Education, and Fertility	92	(3)
Profile Raising Children in Rural China	92	(1)
Fertility and the World's Most Expensive Children	93	(1)
Reproductive Technologies, Embryos, and Designer Babies	94	(1)
Summary	95	(1)
Questions to Think About	95	(1)
Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism
Mother's Love: Death without Weeping	96	(1)
Economic Organization	97	(22)
Definition of Economy	98	(1)
Exchange	98	(4)
Generalized Reciprocity	98	(1)
Reciprocity and the Freeloader	99	(1)
Balanced Reciprocity	99	(1)
Trade in the Kula Ring	100	(2)
Redistributive Exchange	102	(5)
Potlatches	104	(1)
Reciprocity and Redistribution	104	(1)
The Origin of Destructive Potlatches	104	(1)
Profile Complex Hunter-Gatherers---The Kwakiutl	105	(2)
Stratified Redistribution	107	(1)
Price Market Exchange: Buying and Selling	108	(4)
Money	108	(1)
Capitalism	109	(1)
Property Ownership	110	(1)
Profile Primitive Capitalism? The Kapauku Case	111	(1)
Patterns of Work	112	(2)
Emergent Varieties of Capitalism	114	(2)
Summary	116	(1)
Questions to Think About	117	(1)
Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism
Eating Christmas in the Kalahari	117	(1)
Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism
Reciprocity and the Power of Giving	118	(1)
Domestic Life	119	(23)
The Household and the Domestic Sphere of Culture	120	(1)
Family Groups and the Mode of Production and Reproduction	121	(7)
The Nuclear Family	121	(1)
Polygamous Families	121	(2)
The Extended Family	123	(1)
Profile The Nyinba---A Polyandrous Society	124	(2)
Profile Traditional Chinese Extended Families---Costs and Benefits	126	(1)
One-Parent Domestic Groups	127	(1)
Marriage	128	(7)
Is Marriage Universal?	128	(1)
Profile The Flats	129	(2)
Legitimacy	131	(1)
Economic Aspects of Marriage	131	(1)
Profile U.S. Household Organization---1970 versus 2000	132	(3)
Domestic Groups and the Avoidance of Incest	135	(4)
Advantages of Exogamy	136	(1)
Natural Aversion	137	(1)
Motivations for Incest Avoidance	137	(1)
Evidence of Incest Avoidance	137	(2)
Summary	139	(1)
Questions to Think About	140	(1)
Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism
Family and Kinship in Village India	141	(1)
Descent, Locality, and Kinship	142	(15)
Kinship	143	(1)
Descent	143	(6)
Kinship Diagrams	144	(1)
Cognatic and Unilineal Descent	145	(2)
Kindreds versus Cognatic Lineages	147	(1)
Unilineal Descent Groups	148	(1)
Postmarital Residence Patterns	149	(2)
Unilocal Residence	149	(1)
Causes of Patrilocality	150	(1)
Causes of Matrilocality	150	(1)
Causes of Avunculocality	150	(1)
Kinship Terminologies	151	(1)
Inuit Terminology	151	(1)
Hawaiian Terminology	151	(1)
Iroquois Terminology	152	(1)
Kin Terms Are Negotiated, Not Written in Stone	152	(1)
The Changing Family in North America	153	(1)
Summary	154	(1)
Questions to Think About	155	(1)
Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism
Uterine Families and the Women's Community	155	(2)
Law, Order, and War in Nonstate Societies	157	(20)
Law and Order in Band and Village Societies	158	(3)
The Subsistence Economy versus the Political Economy	158	(1)
Primitive Communism?	159	(1)
Mobilizing Public Opinion	160	(1)
Shamans and Public Opinion	161	(1)
Headmanship	161	(4)
The Leopard Skin Chief	163	(1)
Profile The Mehinacu---Maintaining Peace	164	(1)
Nonkin Associations: Sodalities	165	(1)
Warfare among Hunters and Gatherers	166	(1)
Warfare among Sedentary Village Societies	167	(1)
Why War?	167	(5)
Yanomami Resource Scarcity	168	(1)
Yanomami Trekking	169	(1)
Warfare and Female Infanticide	169	(1)
Profile The Yanomami---Warfare and Game Animals	170	(2)
Warfare and Trade Goods	172	(1)
Warfare, the Politics of Prestige, and the ``Big Man'' System	172	(2)
Profile The Mae Enga---A ``Big Man'' Society	173	(1)
Summary	174	(1)
Questions to Think About	175	(1)
Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism
Life without Chiefs	175	(2)
Origins of Chiefdoms and the State	177	(15)
The Evolution of Political Systems	178	(1)
From ``Big Man'' Systems into Chiefdoms	178	(3)
Profile: The Suiai---``Big Men'' and Warfare	179	(2)
Infrastructural and Structural Aspects of Political Control	181	(2)
Profile The Trobriand Chiefdoms---Ranked Leadership	182	(1)
The Origins of States	183	(1)
Ideology as a Source of Power	184	(3)
Profile Hawaii---On the Threshold of the State	185	(2)
The State and Physical Coercion	187	(4)
Profile The Inca---A Native American Empire	188	(3)
Summary	191	(1)
Questions to Think About	191	(1)
Class and Caste	192	(15)
Class and Power	193	(2)
Emics, Etics, and Class Consciousness	193	(1)
Class and Lifestyle	194	(1)
Peasant Classes	195	(1)
The Image of Limited Good	196	(1)
Poverty	197	(3)
A ``Culture of Poverty''?	198	(1)
Poverty in Naples	199	(1)
Causes of Income Inequality	200	(1)
Castes in India	200	(3)
Profile Poverty in the United States	201	(1)
Caste from the Top Down and Bottom Up	202	(1)
Is There a Ruling Class in the United States?	203	(1)
Summary	204	(1)
Questions to Think About	205	(1)
Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism
Office Work and the Crack Alternative	205	(2)
Ethnicity, Race, and Racism	207	(18)
Ethnicity	208	(3)
Ethnic Empowerment	208	(1)
Profile Diversity among Hispanic Americans	209	(1)
Confronting Ethnocentrism	210	(1)
Biological Races versus Social Races versus Ethnic Groups	211	(3)
The One-Drop Rule	212	(1)
Biological Race and Culture	213	(1)
The Competitive Dynamics of Ethnic and Racial Groups	214	(2)
Ethnic Chauvinism	214	(2)
Defining Racism	216	(4)
Profile Elmhurst-Corona---Joining Forces across Ethnic and Racial Lines	217	(1)
Profile Black/Korean Tension in South Central Los Angeles	218	(1)
The Wages of Racism	218	(1)
Why Africa Lags	219	(1)
Multiethnicity in the United States	219	(1)
Race, Poverty, Crime, Drugs, and Welfare in the United States	220	(2)
Summary	222	(1)
Questions to Think About	223	(1)
Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism
Mixed Blood	223	(2)
Sexuality and Gender Stratification	225	(26)
Sex versus Gender	226	(1)
Male and Female Sexual Strategies	226	(3)
Profile Mehinacu Extramarital Affairs	228	(1)
Sex in Mangaia versus Sex in Inis Beag	229	(1)
Restrictive versus Permissive Cultures	229	(1)
Homosexuality	230	(4)
Male Homosexuality	230	(1)
``Two-Spirit'' People	231	(1)
Profile Sambia Boy-Inseminating Rituals	232	(1)
Female Homosexuality	232	(2)
Gender Ideologies	234	(2)
The Relativity of Gender Ideologies	234	(2)
Gender Stratification	236	(6)
Variations in Gender Stratification	236	(3)
Causes of Variation in Gender Stratification	239	(2)
Hoes, Plows, and Gender Stratification	241	(1)
Gender and Exploitation	242	(1)
Gender and Hyperindustrialism	242	(1)
A Theory of Gender Stratification Change	243	(3)
Summary	246	(1)
Questions to Think About	247	(1)
Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism
Symbolizing Roles: Behind the Veil	248	(1)
Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism
Society and Sex Roles	248	(2)
Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism
A Woman's Curse?	250	(1)
Psychological Anthropology	251	(19)
Culture and Personality	252	(5)
Freud's Influence	252	(1)
The Oedipus Complex	252	(2)
How Culture Constructs Personality	254	(1)
National Character	255	(1)
Profile Japanese National Character	256	(1)
Socialization Practices and the Mode of Production	257	(5)
Male Initiation Rites	259	(1)
Socialization of Children	259	(1)
Profile Childhood in Alor	260	(1)
Effects of Social Environment on Children	261	(1)
Adult Personality and Subsistence	262	(1)
Schemas and Cognition	263	(1)
Culture and Mental Illness	264	(4)
Schizophrenia	265	(1)
Depression	265	(1)
Profile Schizophrenia in Rural Ireland	266	(1)
Culture-Specific Psychoses	267	(1)
Summary	268	(1)
Questions to Think About	269	(1)
Religion	270	(28)
Animism	271	(1)
Animatism and Mana	272	(1)
Natural and Supernatural	272	(1)
Magic and Religion	273	(1)
The Organization of Religious Beliefs and Practices	273	(11)
Individualistic Cults	274	(1)
Shamanistic Cults	275	(3)
Communal Cults	278	(2)
Ecclesiastical Cults	280	(1)
Profile Ndembu Communal Rites of Circumcision	281	(1)
Profile The Religion of the Aztecs	282	(2)
Religion and Political Economy: High Gods	284	(1)
Revitalization Movements	284	(4)
Native American Revitalizations	285	(1)
Profile Melanesian Cargo Cults	286	(2)
Religion and Society	288	(3)
Incest Taboo	289	(1)
Taboos against Eating Pork	289	(1)
The Sacred Cow	290	(1)
Summary	291	(2)
Questions to Think About	293	(1)
Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism
Taraka's Ghost	293	(1)
Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism
Baseball Magic	294	(1)
Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism
Run for the Wall: An American Pilgrimage	295	(1)
Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism
Cargo Beliefs and Religious Experience	296	(2)
Art	298	(12)
What Is Art?	299	(1)
Art as a Cultural Category	299	(6)
Art and Invention	301	(1)
Art and Cultural Patterning	301	(1)
Art and Religion	302	(2)
Art and Politics	304	(1)
The Evolution of Music and Dance	305	(1)
Verbal Arts	306	(1)
Myth and Binary Contrasts	306	(1)
The Complexity of Primitive Art: Campa Rhetoric	306	(1)
Summary	307	(1)
Questions to Think About	308	(1)
Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism
Body Art as Visual Language	308	(2)
Applied Anthropology	310	(21)
What Is Applied Anthropology?	311	(1)
Research, Theory, and Action	311	(1)
What Do Applied Anthropologists Have to Offer?	311	(2)
Detecting and Controlling Ethnocentrism	311	(1)
A Holistic View	312	(1)
Etic and Emic Views of Organizations	312	(1)
Applied Anthropology and Development	313	(3)
Without Holism: Merino Sheep Fiasco	313	(1)
The Haitian Agroforestry Project	314	(1)
Archeological Knowledge and Agricultural Development	315	(1)
Medical Anthropology	316	(3)
The Humoral Theory of Medicine	316	(1)
Treatment Choice in Medically Pluralistic Settings	317	(1)
AIDS	317	(1)
Profile Why the Machiguenga Prefer Native Curers to Biomedical Health Care Providers	318	(1)
Forensics	319	(1)
Business and Anthropology	319	(1)
Poverty and Health	320	(2)
Witnessing for the Hungry and Homeless	320	(2)
Anthropological Advocacy	322	(1)
To Advocate or Not to Advocate: Is That the Question?	322	(1)
Summary	323	(1)
Questions to Think About	324	(1)
Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism
Fieldwork on Prostitution in the Era of AIDS	324	(1)
Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism
Forest Development the Indian Way	325	(2)
Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism
Cross-Cultural Law: The Case of the Gypsy Offender	327	(1)
Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism
Notes from an Expert Witness	328	(1)
Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism
Medical Anthropology: Improving Nutrition in Malawi	329	(1)
Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism
Using Anthropology	330	(1)
Globalization	331	(17)
What Is Globalization?	332	(1)
Colonialism and Underdevelopment	332	(1)
Sociocultural Evolution and Development	333	(1)
The Industrial Revolution	333	(1)
The Green Revolution	334	(1)
Limits to Technification and Industrial Growth	334	(3)
Bullock versus Tractor	334	(1)
Profile The Green Revolution in Java	335	(1)
Profile Priests and Irrigation Technology in Bali	336	(1)
Free Market versus Antimarket Forces	337	(1)
The Effect of Globalization on Indigenous Peoples	338	(3)
Profile The Machiguenga Today	340	(1)
Assimilation	341	(1)
Resistance to Oppression	341	(2)
The Zapatista Rebellion	342	(1)
Preserving Indigenous Cultures	343	(1)
Indigenous Peoples Today	343	(1)
Profile The Yanomami Today	343	(1)
Profile The !Kung Today	344	(1)
Vanishing Knowledge	344	(1)
Summary	345	(1)
Questions to Think About	345	(1)
Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism
The Kayapo Resistance	346	(2)
Glossary	348	(8)
References	356	(15)
Index	371