Cultural Anthropology (with CD-ROM and InfoTrac)

by Nanda, Serena; Warms, Richard L.

• ISBN13: 9780534614799
• ISBN10: 0534614795
• Edition: 8th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-07-25
• Publisher: Cengage Learning

Summary

This is a mainstream comprehensive cultural anthropology text with a balanced theoretical perspective. The text has always had as its signature, the extended ethnographies within each chapter as well as excellent coverage of gender and ethnicity. The Eighth Edition features a new companion CD, packaged for free with new copies of the text as well as a robust and content-rich Web site to accompany the text.

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
List of Features	xxix
PART ONE: Introduction to Cultural Anthropology
Anthropology and Human Diversity	2	(20)
Specialization in Anthropology	4	(2)
Cultural Anthropology	4	(1)
Linguistic Anthropology	5	(1)
Archaeology	5	(1)
Perspectives in Anthropology
Franz Boas and the History of Anthropology	6	(2)
Physical or Biological Anthropology	8	(1)
Applied Anthropology	8	(2)
Anthropology Makes a Difference
Medical Anthropology	10	(1)
What We Learn from Anthropology: Understanding Human Differences	10	(5)
Ethnocentrism	10	(2)
Human Biological Diversity	12	(3)
Anthropological Approaches to Culture	15	(1)
Anthropology and Cultural Relativism	15	(1)
Emic and Etic Approaches to Culture	15	(1)
In the Field: Ethnography
Body Ritual Among the Nacirema	16	(1)
Anthropology in a Changing World	16	(2)
Global Connections
Stone Age Tribes	18	(1)
Summary	19	(1)
Key Terms	20	(1)
Suggested Readings	20	(1)
Multimedia	21	(1)
Human Evolution	22	(28)
Darwin and Natural Selection	24	(3)
The Theory of Natural Selection	25	(1)
Evolution, Politics, and Religion	26	(1)
Humans and Our Nearest Relatives	27	(2)
Our Shared Ancestor and Common Characteristics	27	(1)
Primate Social Life	28	(1)
Global Connections
Disappearing Primates	29	(1)
Tool Use among Primates	30	(1)
The Evolution of Humans	30	(1)
A Closer Look
There's Evidence!	31	(1)
Naming Names	31	(1)
The Earliest Human Ancestors	32	(1)
The Australopithecines	33	(2)
Homo habilis and rudolfensis	35	(1)
In the Field: Ethnography
Fossil Hunters	36	(2)
Homo erectus	38	(2)
Homo sapiens	40	(1)
Homo sapiens Culture	41	(2)
Human Variation	43	(3)
Anthropology Makes a Difference
Forensic Anthropology	46	(1)
Summary	46	(2)
Key Terms	48	(1)
Suggested Readings	48	(1)
Multimedia	49	(1)
Doing Cultural Anthropology	50	(20)
Ethnography and Fieldwork	52	(1)
Ethnography in Historical Perspective	53	(2)
Global Connections
Ethnographic Data in the Global Economy	55	(1)
Changing Directions in Ethnography: Postmodernism and Beyond	55	(1)
The Influence of Feminist Anthropology on Ethnography	56	(1)
Cross-Cultural Comparison	57	(1)
In the Field: Ethnography
An Ethnographic Field Study in India	58	(4)
Special Problems in Contemporary Ethnography	62	(2)
Studying One's Own Society	62	(2)
Anthropology Makes A Difference
Anthropologists Study the Use of Illegal Drugs	64	(1)
Ethical Considerations in Fieldwork	64	(2)
Perspectives in Anthropology
The African American Burial Ground	66	(1)
New Roles for the Ethnographer	67	(1)
Summary	67	(1)
Key Terms	68	(1)
Suggested Readings	68	(1)
Multimedia	69	(1)
The Idea of Culture	70	(24)
Defining Culture	72	(1)
Culture Is the Way Human Beings Adapt to the World	73	(1)
Global Connections
Understanding 9/11	74	(2)
In the Field: Ethnography
Building a House in Northwestern Thailand	76	(1)
Culture Is the Way Humans Organize the World	77	(2)
Culture Is the Way Humans Give Meaning to Their Lives	79	(1)
Perspectives in Anthropology
Native American Cultural Resources	80	(1)
Culture Is an Integrated System---Or Is It?	81	(2)
Culture Is a Shared System of Norms and Values---Or Is It?	83	(1)
Anthropology Makes a Difference
Culture and HIV	84	(3)
Culture Is Constantly Changing	87	(2)
A Closer Look
Diffusion: 100% American	89	(2)
Rethinking Culture	91	(3)
Summary	91	(1)
Key Terms	92	(1)
Suggested Readings	92	(1)
Multimedia	93	(1)
Language	94	(26)
Origins and Development of Human Language	96	(1)
Characteristics of Human Language	96	(1)
Acquiring Language	97	(1)
Perspectives in Anthropology
Nonhuman Primate Communication	98	(3)
The Structure of Language	101	(4)
Phonology	101	(2)
Morphology	103	(1)
Syntax	104	(1)
Semantics: The Lexicon	104	(1)
Language and Culture	105	(1)
The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis	105	(1)
Global Connections
Endangered Languages	106	(1)
A Closer Look
Genderlects	107	(1)
The Ethnography of Communication	108	(1)
Languages and Dialects	109	(1)
In the Field: Ethnography
The Indian and the Whiteman	110	(1)
African American Vernacular English (AAVE)	111	(2)
Anthropology Makes a Difference
Ebonics	113	(1)
Nonverbal Communication	114	(2)
Language Change	116	(4)
Changing Sounds	116	(1)
Changing Syntax	116	(1)
Changing Lexicon	117	(1)
Summary	118	(1)
Key Terms	118	(1)
Suggested Readings	119	(1)
Multimedia	119	(1)
Learning Culture Throughout Life	120	(18)
Becoming a Social Person	122	(1)
A Closer Look
Culture and Personality Studies: An Historical Perspective	123	(1)
Cross-Cultural Variation in Child Rearing	124	(1)
In the Field: Ethnography
Preschools in Japan, China, and the United States	125	(3)
Coming of Age in Cross-Cultural Perspective	128	(4)
Male Initiation Rituals	129	(1)
Female Initiation	130	(1)
College and Coming of Age in the United States	131	(1)
Learning Culture in Adulthood	132	(1)
Old Age	133	(1)
Anthropology Makes a Difference
Aging among the Ju/'hoansi of Botswana	134	(1)
Death and Dying	135	(3)
Summary	136	(1)
Key Terms	137	(1)
Suggested Readings	137	(1)
Multimedia	137	(1)
PART TWO: Families in Society
Making a Living	138	(24)
Human Adaptation and the Environment	140	(1)
Global Connections
Where's the Beef?	141	(1)
Anthropology Makes a Difference
Indigenous Healing in South Africa	142	(1)
Major Types of Subsistence Strategies	143	(2)
Foraging	144	(1)
In the Field: Ethnography
The Complex Strategy of Australian Foragers	145	(2)
Pastoralism	147	(1)
In the Field: Ethnography
The Maasai of East Africa: A Transhumant Pastoral Adaptation	148	(3)
Horticulture	151	(1)
In the Field: Ethnography
The Lua': Swidden Cultivators in Thailand	152	(2)
Agriculture	154	(1)
In the Field: Ethnography
A Peasant Village in Upper Egypt	155	(2)
Perspectives in Anthropology
A Successful Agricultural Intervention in Bolivia	157	(1)
Making a Living in the Industrial and Postindustrial Global Economy	158	(4)
Taiwan: Transition to Industrialism in the Global Economy	158	(1)
Characteristics of Industrial and Postindustrial Society	159	(1)
Summary	160	(1)
Key Terms	160	(1)
Suggested Readings	161	(1)
Multimedia	161	(1)
Economics	162	(26)
Economic Systems	164	(1)
Economic Behavior	164	(1)
Production	165	(4)
Allocating Resources	165	(3)
Organizing Labor	168	(1)
Perspectives in Anthropology
Plantation Archaeology	169	(4)
Distribution: Systems of Exchange	173	(2)
Reciprocity	173	(2)
A Closer Look
The Kula Ring	175	(1)
Redistribution	176	(3)
Anthropology Makes a Difference
Anthropologists in Business	179	(1)
Market Exchange	179	(1)
Global Connections
West African Traders in New York City	180	(2)
In the Field: Ethnography
Women and Labor in Urban Turkey	182	(3)
Summary	185	(1)
Key Terms	186	(1)
Suggested Readings	186	(1)
Multimedia	187	(1)
Marriage, Family, and Domestic Groups	188	(24)
Functions of Marriage and the Family	190	(1)
Global Connections
International Rights of Children	191	(1)
Marriage Rules	192	(6)
Incest Taboos	192	(1)
Exogamy	193	(1)
Endogamy	194	(1)
Preferential Marriages	194	(1)
The Levirate and the Sororate	195	(1)
Number of Spouses	196	(2)
Choosing a Mate	198	(1)
Exchange of Rights and Goods at Marriage	198	(4)
Bride Service and Bridewealth	199	(2)
Dowry	201	(1)
Families, Domestic Groups, and Rules of Residence	202	(1)
The Nuclear Family and Neolocal Residence	202	(1)
Anthropology Makes a Difference
Family Violence and the Cultural Defense	203	(1)
Composite Families	204	(1)
Extended Families	205	(1)
In the Field: Ethnography
Matrilineal Families among the Minangkabau of Sumatra	206	(4)
Summary	210	(1)
Key Terms	210	(1)
Suggested Readings	211	(1)
Multimedia	211	(1)
Kinship	212	(20)
Kinship: Relationships through Blood and Marriage	214	(1)
Rules of Descent and the Formation of Descent Groups	214	(1)
Unilineal Descent Groups	215	(3)
Patrilineal Descent Groups	216	(1)
Matrilineal Descent Groups	217	(1)
A Closer Look
Rules and Realities: Conflict over Inheritance in a Korean Village	218	(2)
Double Descent	220	(1)
Global Connections
Kinship and Transmigration	221	(1)
Nonunilineal Kinship Systems	221	(1)
The Classification of Kin	222	(2)
Principles for Classifying Kin	223	(1)
Types of Kinship Terminologies	223	(1)
In the Field: Ethnography
Kinship Classification Systems in Action: A Comparison between North America and North India	224	(5)
Summary	229	(1)
Key Terms	230	(1)
Suggested Readings	230	(1)
Multimedia	231	(1)
PART THREE: Equalities and Inequalities
Gender	232	(20)
The Cultural Construction of Gender	234	(2)
The Pioneering Work of Margaret Mead	234	(1)
Alternative Sexes, Alternative Genders	235	(1)
In the Field: Ethnography
The Hijras: An Alternative Gender Role in India	236	(2)
Cultural Variation in Sexual Behavior	238	(1)
Sexuality and the Cultural Construction of Gender	239	(2)
The Construction of Masculinity in Spain	240	(1)
Proving Manhood: A Cultural Universal?	240	(1)
Gender Roles and the Status of Women	241	(1)
Global Connections
Female Circumcision: An International Human Rights Issue	242	(1)
Gender Relations: Complex and Variable	243	(2)
Challenging ``Man the Hunter''	244	(1)
Women and the Distribution of Power in Foraging Societies	244	(1)
Perspectives in Anthropology
Men, Women, and the Evolution of Bipedalism	245	(1)
Gender Relations in Horticultural Societies	246	(2)
Economic Development and the Status of Women	248	(1)
Technology and Gender Roles	248	(1)
Anthropology Makes a Difference
Advocating for Female Workers in the Global Economy	249	(1)
Summary	250	(1)
Key Terms	250	(1)
Suggested Readings	250	(1)
Multimedia	251	(1)
Political Organization	252	(24)
Social Differentiation	254	(1)
Egalitarian Societies	254	(1)
Rank Societies	254	(1)
Stratified Societies	254	(1)
Power and Social Control	254	(4)
Formal and Informal Sources of Power and Authority	256	(1)
Law: Social Control and Conflict Management	257	(1)
Types of Political Organization	258	(5)
Band Societies	258	(2)
Tribal Societies	260	(3)
Anthropology Makes a Difference
Alternative Forms of Conflict Resolution	263	(2)
Perspectives in Anthropology
Violence and ``Human Nature''	265	(1)
Chiefdoms	266	(2)
State Societies	268	(2)
In the Field: Ethnography
Wealth and Power in the Precolonial Asante State	270	(3)
Global Connections
The Economic Power of Political Borders	273	(1)
Summary	274	(1)
Key Terms	275	(1)
Suggested Readings	275	(1)
Multimedia	275	(1)
Social Stratification in Contemporary Societies: Class, Caste, and Race	276	(20)
Explaining Social Stratification	278	(1)
Criteria of Stratification: Power, Wealth, and Prestige	279	(1)
Global Connections
A Touch of Class, Global Style	280	(1)
Ascription and Achievement	281	(1)
Social Class in the United States	281	(2)
Caste	283	(1)
The Caste System in India	283	(1)
In the Field: Ethnography
Downward Mobility in the United States	284	(2)
The Dynamics of Caste	286	(1)
Changes in the Caste System	286	(1)
Stratification and Race	287	(3)
Racial Stratification in the United States	288	(1)
``Racial'' Minorities and School Achievement	288	(2)
Anthropology Makes a Difference
Anthropologists Take a Stand Against Racism	290	(1)
Racial Stratification Systems: A Comparison of the United States and Brazil	291	(3)
Summary	294	(1)
Key Terms	294	(1)
Suggested Readings	294	(1)
Multimedia	295	(1)
Ethnicity	296	(24)
Perspectives on Ethnicity	298	(1)
An Essentialist Perspective	298	(1)
A Constructionist Perspective	298	(1)
Perspectives in Anthropology
Who Is Kennewick Man?	299	(2)
The Nation-State and Ethnicity	301	(3)
How the Nation-State Shapes Ethnicity	302	(1)
The Nation-State and Ethnic Conflict	303	(1)
Global Connections
Refugees and Political Asylum: A Global Problem	304	(1)
Nation-States and Indigenous Peoples	305	(4)
The Imposition of Western Law	306	(1)
Saami Reindeer Herders and the Nation-State	307	(2)
Cultural Diversity and Ethnicity in the United States	309	(3)
Ethnicity and Immigration	310	(1)
The American Discourse on Immigration	311	(1)
U.S. Models of Cultural Diversity	312	(1)
Anthropology Makes a Difference
Anthropologists as Advocates for Indigenous Peoples	312	(2)
In the Field: Ethnography
The New Chinese Immigrants in San Francisco	314	(3)
Summary	317	(1)
Key Terms	318	(1)
Suggested Readings	319	(1)
Multimedia	319	(1)
PART FOUR: Symbols and Meanings
Religion	320	(28)
What Religion Does in Society	322	(1)
Searching for Order and Meaning	322	(1)
A Closer Look
Religion and Ecology	323	(1)
Reducing Anxiety and Increasing Control	324	(1)
Reinforcing or Modifying the Social Order	324	(1)
Anthropology Makes a Difference
Population Growth, Fertility, and Religion	325	(1)
Characteristics of Religions	326	(7)
Sacred Narratives and Symbols	326	(1)
The World of Spirits and Sacred Powers	327	(2)
Religious Rituals	329	(2)
Means of Addressing the Supernatural	331	(2)
Religious Practitioners	333	(1)
Shamans	333	(1)
Global Connections
The Globalization of Religion in the United States	334	(2)
Priests	336	(1)
Perspectives in Anthropology
The Ethnoarchaeology of Witchcraft and Gender Among the Mura	337	(1)
Witchcraft and Sorcery	338	(1)
What Are Witchcraft and Sorcery?	338	(1)
Accusations of Witchcraft or Sorcery	338	(1)
Modern Witches, Wiccans, and Neopagans	339	(1)
Religion and Change	339	(3)
Religion and Resistance	340	(1)
Religious Nativism and Vitalism	340	(1)
Religious Change in Native North America	341	(1)
In the Field: Ethnography
The Rastafari: Religion and Resistance to Domination	342	(4)
Summary	346	(1)
Key Terms	346	(1)
Suggested Readings	347	(1)
Multimedia	347	(1)
The Arts: Expressing Cultural Identities	348	(20)
Anthropological Perspectives on Art	350	(2)
The Artist in Society	350	(2)
Artistic Styles	352	(1)
Global Connections
World Beat	352	(1)
Some Functions of Art	353	(2)
Art in Ritual: Controlling the Environment	353	(1)
Art and the Display of Cultural Themes	353	(2)
Perspectives in Anthropology
Paleolithic Cave Art	355	(1)
The Integrative Function of the Arts	355	(1)
Cultural Identity: Art, Power, and the Making of History	356	(1)
A Closer Look
Bhangra: Resistance and Assimilation	356	(2)
Deep Play as a Form of Art	358	(1)
Representing the Other in Art	359	(3)
Orientalism in European Art: Picturing the Middle East	359	(2)
Representing Europeans: Performing the Conquest in Latin America	361	(1)
In the Field: Ethnography
The Arts, Tourism, and Cultural Identity among the Toraja	362	(2)
Marketing Cultural Identities through the Arts	364	(4)
Summary	365	(1)
Key Terms	366	(1)
Suggested Readings	366	(1)
Multimedia	367	(1)
PART FIVE: Culture Change
Culture Change in the Modern World	368	(26)
The World in 1400	370	(1)
European Expansion: Motives and Methods	370	(2)
Perspectives in Anthropology
Why the Natives Died	372	(1)
Pillage	372	(1)
Forced Labor	372	(2)
Joint Stock Companies	374	(1)
The Era of Colonialism	375	(4)
Colonizing the Americas	376	(1)
Colonizing in the Nineteenth Century	377	(1)
Making Colonialism Pay	378	(1)
In the Field: Ethnography
African Soldiers of Misfortune	379	(1)
Colonialism and Anthropology	380	(1)
Independence and Poverty	381	(1)
A Closer Look
Colonialism, Change, and Cargo Cults	382	(1)
Development	383	(2)
Anthropology Makes a Difference
Development Anthropology and the Anthropology of Development	385	(1)
Multinational Corporations	386	(1)
Urbanization	387	(2)
Population Pressure	389	(1)
Instability	390	(2)
Summary	392	(1)
Key Terms	392	(1)
Suggested Readings	392	(1)
Multimedia	393	(1)
APPENDIX A Brief Historical Guide to Anthropological Theory	394	(7)
Nineteenth-Century Evolutionism	394	(1)
The Early Sociologists	395	(1)
American Historical Particularism	395	(1)
Functionalism	395	(1)
Culture and Personality	396	(1)
Cultural Ecology and Neo-Evolutionism	396	(1)
Neo-Materialism: Evolutionary, Functionalist, Ecological, and Marxist	396	(1)
Structuralism	397	(1)
Ethnoscience and Cognitive Anthropology	397	(1)
Sociobiology, Evolutionary Psychology, and Behavioral Ecology	398	(1)
Anthropology and Gender	398	(1)
Symbolic and Interpretive Anthropology	399	(1)
Postmodernism and Its Critics	399	(1)
Multimedia	400	(1)
Glossary	401	(10)
References	411	(16)
Photo Credits	427	(2)
Index	429