Cytokines in Pulmonary Disease : Infection and Inflammation

by Martin; Thomas

• ISBN13: 9780824719319
• ISBN10: 082471931X
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-01-18
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Focusing on the role of the cytokine network in promoting immunity, this superb interdisciplinary collection intensively investigates the behavior of inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis and resolution of pathogen-specific pulmonary infections-highlighting recent basic findings and discussing the latest results of clinical trials. Defines the vital role that cytokines play in host defense and the pathophysiology of infections associated with pulmonary disease, emphasizing the potential of immunomodulators and gene therapy in treatment. Cytokines in Pulmonary Disease provides state-of-the-art knowledge of the field of cytokines and pulmonary diseases in a single, authoritative source reviews the roles of cytokines in pathogen-specific infections, including tuberculosis, HIV-related infections, fungal pneumonias, cystic fibrosis, and other disorders assesses the rationale and efficacy of new approaches in both the prevention and treatment of pulmonary infectious disease examines the clinical applications and impact of cytokines in pulmonary disease and more. Written by leading international authorities in their respective fields, Cytokines in Pulmonary Disease will find a place on the bookshelves of specialists in pulmonary and critical care medicine, infectious diseases, surgery, immunology, microbiology, cell and molecular biology, and medical school and graduate students in these disciplines.

Table of Contents

Series Introduction	p. iii
Preface	p. v
Contributors	p. vii
Cytokines and Pulmonary Host Defense Against Microbes	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Innate Immunity	p. 2
Specific Immunity	p. 7
Conclusions	p. 10
References	p. 10
Cytokine Networks and Leukocyte Recruitment	p. 19
Biology of Cytokines in Inflammation	p. 20
Leukocyte Chemotaxis and Organ System-Derived Cytokine Networks	p. 24
Summary	p. 31
References	p. 32
Cytokines and the Resolution of Lung Inflammation	p. 37
Introduction	p. 37
Resolution of Pneumonia	p. 39
Proinflammatory Cytokines Released During Inflammation	p. 42
Fibrogenic Cytokines Released During Inflammation	p. 43
Cytokines That Promote the Resolution of Inflammation	p. 44
Potential Roles of Trophic Cytokines	p. 45
Environmental and Genetic Influences on Cytokines and Resolution of Inflammation	p. 46
Regulation of Fibrinolysis During Resolution of Inflammation	p. 48
Summary	p. 50
References	p. 50
Transgenic Mice as Models of Cytokine Function in the Lung	p. 55
Cytokines: General Considerations	p. 55
Features of the Major Cytokine Families	p. 58
Transgenes and Targeted Gene Disruption	p. 59
Cytokine-Mediated Events in Lung Host Defense Defined Using Transgenic or Gene Knock-Out Mice	p. 65
Summary	p. 73
References	p. 74
Cytokines in Cell-Mediated Immune Responses	p. 83
Introduction	p. 83
Th1-Th2 Paradigm: Relationship to Cell-Mediated Immunity	p. 84
Essential Cytokines in the Type 1 Response	p. 86
Type 1 Cytokines in Infectious Disease	p. 102
Relevance to the Lung and Conclusions	p. 105
References	p. 107
Cytokines and Pleural Disease	p. 117
Cellular Events During Pleural Inflammation	p. 118
Chemokines in Parapneumonic Effusions	p. 122
Cytokines and the Pathogenesis of Empyema	p. 123
Cytokines and Granulomatous Disease of the Pleura	p. 125
Effect of Cytokines on Resident Cells, Recruited Cells, and Extracellular Matrix	p. 126
References	p. 127
Cytokines and the Antibacterial Defenses of the Lung	p. 131
Tumor Necrosis Factor-[alpha]	p. 132
The Chemokines	p. 139
Interleukin-10	p. 140
Interleukin-12	p. 141
Interferon-[gamma]	p. 141
Colony-Stimulating Factors	p. 143
Conclusion	p. 148
References	p. 148
Cytokines in Legionella pneumophila Infections	p. 155
Introduction	p. 155
Individual Cytokines in Legionellosis	p. 158
Pathways of Cytokine Induction	p. 177
Interference with Cytokine Responses	p. 179
Conclusion: Cytokine Therapy for Legionellosis?	p. 179
References	p. 180
Tuberculosis	p. 189
Immune Defenses Against Tuberculosis	p. 189
Cytokines Produced by Mononuclear Phagocytes	p. 190
Role of T-Cell Subpopulations in Protective Immunity	p. 196
Interaction Between M. tuberculosis and HIV	p. 200
Cytokines Produced by T Cells	p. 197
Cytokine Modulation in Treatment of Tuberculosis	p. 201
Cytokine Modulation in Prevention of Tuberculosis	p. 203
References	p. 203
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria	p. 213
Introduction	p. 213
Mechanisms of Infection	p. 215
Role of Immune Cells in the Host Defense Against	p. 218
Interaction of M. avium with Human Immunodeficiency Virus	p. 224
Potential Therapeutic Strategies	p. 226
Conclusions	p. 227
References	p. 227
Cytokines and Pulmonary Infection with Pneumocystis carinii	p. 235
Introduction	p. 235
Microbiology of Pneumocystis carinii	p. 236
Clinical Features of Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia	p. 236
Host Defenses Against Pneumocystis carinii Infection	p. 237
Specific Cytokines Associated with Pneumocystis carinii Infection	p. 239
Conclusions and Future Directions	p. 247
References	p. 247
Rationale and Experimental Support for Cytokine Therapy of Fungal Pneumonias	p. 253
Cryptococcus neoformans	p. 255
Candida albicans	p. 267
Host Defenses and Cytokine Therapy in Other Fungal Pneumonias	p. 273
Summary and Conclusions	p. 275
References	p. 276
Role of Viruses in Cytokine Induction from Lung Cells	p. 293
Introduction	p. 293
Role of Viruses in Lung Disease	p. 294
Viruses and Activation of Cytokine Genes	p. 295
Role of Transcription Factors in Viral Regulation of Cytokine Genes: Nuclear Factor-Kappa B	p. 298
Summary	p. 300
References	p. 300
Cytokines in Cystic Fibrosis	p. 307
Introduction	p. 307
Cystic Fibrosis	p. 308
Clinical Data	p. 310
Targets for Therapy	p. 321
Conclusions	p. 324
References	p. 325
HIV-1, Cytokines, and the Lung	p. 331
HIV-1 Infection	p. 332
HIV-1 Infection of the Lower Respiratory Tract	p. 339
Conclusion	p. 353
Perspectives	p. 353
References	p. 354
Cytokines in Pulmonary Transplantation	p. 365
Introduction	p. 365
Overview of Cytokines in Transplantation	p. 367
Cytokine Network in Lung Transplantation	p. 369
Cytokine-Based Therapies in Organ Transplantation	p. 382
Cytokine Profiles and Novel Therapeutic Strategies in Lung Transplantation	p. 383
Conclusion	p. 387
References	p. 389
Extrapulmonary Sepsis and Cytokines in Lung Injury and Defense	p. 403
Introduction and Definition of Terms	p. 403
Clinical Links Among Bacteremia, Sepsis, and Lung Injury	p. 405
Effects of Extrapulmonary Infections on the Lungs	p. 411
Pathogenetic Factors That Link Systemic Infection and Lung Injury	p. 413
Nonpulmonary Infection and Lung Injury: Clues to Pathogenesis from Human Studies	p. 419
Nonpulmonary Infection and Lung Injury: Clues from Experimental Studies	p. 423
Effects of Nonpulmonary Infections on Lung Antibacterial Defenses	p. 428
New Cytokine-Related Treatments, Tried and Untried	p. 430
Major Unanswered Questions and Future Directions	p. 437
References	p. 437
Gene Therapy, Cytokines, and Host Defense	p. 459
Introduction	p. 459
Vector Systems for Pulmonary Gene Delivery	p. 460
Candidate Cytokine Genes	p. 463
Results in Disease Models	p. 465
Conclusions	p. 474
References	p. 474
Cytokines and Host Defense: A Clinician's View	p. 481
Introduction	p. 481
Role of Cytokines in Common Forms of Pneumonia	p. 482
Cytokines in the Therapy of Infection	p. 492
Practical Implications of Cytokine Networks to the Clinician	p. 496
Summary	p. 499
References	p. 500
Author Index	p. 505
Subject Index	p. 581
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