Cytokines in Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock

by Redl, Heinz; Schlag, Gunther

• ISBN13: 9783764358778
• ISBN10: 3764358777
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-01-01
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

This book deals with the central role of cytokines in the generalized inflammatory response of the host as the consequence of severe infection/endotoxin action. International specialists cover several aspects in 20 chapters starting with the agents responsible (endotoxin, superantigens) and recognition during cytokine induction. Further chapters deal with the signal transduction cascade, its modulation due to sex or genetic polymorphism, and the possibilities and problems in detection (including surrogate markers). Major targets of actions are covered in the chapters on coagulation-/fibrinolysis, adherence molecules, vasoactive factors, apoptosis and metabolism. As not all actions of cytokines are beneficial, several chapters deal with the prevention of induction, modulation of the cytokine generation or scavenging cytokines including gene therapy approaches. Models are necessary for obtaining pathophysiological information and for testing therapeutic approaches, and thus all chapters deal with experimental models as well as clinical trials. The reasons why these have failed so far are the subject of the final chapter.

Table of Contents

List of contributors	xi
Preface and introduction	xv
Induction	1	(2)
Inducers
Endotoxin as an inducer of cytokines	3	(12)
F. Ulrich Schade
Regina Flach
Thomas Hirsch
Ralph R. Schumann
Acute lung inflammation in septic shock of the cytokine release induced by bacterial superantigens	15	(22)
Brigitte Neumann
Bernhard Holzmann
Lipopolysaccharide signaling pathways and their role in the development of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome	37	(20)
David J. Hackam
Sergio Grinstein
Ori D. Rotstein
Predisposing factors
Predisposing factors: Effect of sex, nutritional factors and age on immunity following shock and sepsis	57	(22)
Rene Zellweger
Alfred Ayala
Irshad H. Chaudry
Genetics: Cytokine polymorphisms	79	(14)
Frank Stuber
Diagnostic	93	(56)
Possibilities and problems of cytokine measurements	95	(26)
Jean-Marc Cavaillon
Soluble TNF receptors	121	(12)
Maarten G. Bouma
Wim A. Buurman
Relevance of surrogate tests in intensive care patients or ``Heisenberg at the ICU''	133	(16)
Wolfgang Strohmaier
Franz Tatzber
Actions (selected events)	149	(96)
Nitric oxide and endothelin-1 in circulatory shock involving cytokines	151	(22)
Christoph Thiemermann
Timothy D. Warner
Multistep processes in neutrophil homotypic aggregation and tissue injury	173	(26)
C. Wayne Smith
Scott I. Simon
Hartmut Jaeschke
Cytokines, coagulation and fibrinolysis	199	(14)
C. Erik Hack
Apoptosis: Its role in the systemic inflammatory response syndrome and the involvement of cytokines	213	(14)
R. William G. Watson
Importance of cytokine metabolism for malnutrition, catabolism and endocrinological state in sepsis	227	(18)
Erich Roth
Michael Bergmann
Therapy	245	(118)
Endotoxin scavengers as a therapeutic strategy for sepsis	247	(14)
Steven M. Opal
Interfering with the production of cytokines in sepsis	261	(24)
Peter Zabel
Soheyl Bahrami
Neutralizing antibodies and receptor constructs	285	(10)
Edward Abraham
Immunomodulation following shock and sepsis	295	(20)
Rene Zellweger
Alfred Ayala
Ping Wang
Irshad H. Chaudry
Gene therapy---an alternative approach for anti-cytokine therapies	315	(18)
Michael A. Rogy
The failure of clinical trials in sepsis
The failure of clinical trials in sepsis: Challenges of pre-clinical models	333	(16)
David Creery
John C. Marshall
The failure of clinical trials in sepsis: Challenges of clinical trial design	349	(14)
John C. Marshall
Index	363