Data Analysis Methods in Physical Oceanography

by Thomson; Emery; Emery; Thomson

• ISBN13: 9780444507570
• ISBN10: 0444507574
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2001-04-18
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

Data Analysis Methods in Physical Oceanography is a practical reference guide to established and modern data analysis techniques in earth and ocean sciences. This second and revised edition is even more comprehensive with numerous updates, and an additional appendix on 'Convolution and Fourier transforms'. Intended for both students and established scientists, the five major chapters of the book cover data acquisition and recording, data processing and presentation, statistical methods and error handling, analysis of spatial data fields, and time series analysis methods. Chapter 5 on time series analysis is a book in itself, spanning a wide diversity of topics from stochastic processes and stationarity, coherence functions, Fourier analysis, tidal harmonic analysis, spectral and cross-spectral analysis, wavelet and other related methods for processing nonstationary data series, digital filters, and fractals. The seven appendices include unit conversions, approximation methods and nondimensional numbers used in geophysical fluid dynamics, presentations on convolution, statistical terminology, and distribution functions, and a number of important statistical tables. Twenty pages are devoted to references. Featuring: bull; An in-depth presentation of modern techniques for the analysis of temporal and spatial data sets collected in oceanography, geophysics, and other disciplines in earth and ocean sciences. bull; A detailed overview of oceanographic instrumentation and sensors - old and new - used to collect oceanographic data. bull; 7 appendices especially applicable to earth and ocean sciences ranging from conversion of units, through statistical tables, to terminology and non-dimensional parameters. In praise of the first edition: "(...)This is a very practical guide to the various statistical analysis methods used for obtaining information from geophysical data, with particular reference to oceanography(...) The book provides both a text for advanced students of the geophysical sciences and a useful reference volume for researchers." Aslib Book Guide Vol 63, No. 9, 1998 "(...)This is an excellent book that I recommend highly and will definitely use for my own research and teaching." EOS Transactions, D.A. Jay, 1999 "(...)In summary, this book is the most comprehensive and practical source of information on data analysis methods available to the physical oceanographer. The reader gets the benefit of extremely broad coverage and an excellent set of examples drawn from geographical observations." Oceanography, Vol. 12, No. 3, A. Plueddemann, 1999 "(...)Data Analysis Methods in Physical Oceanography is highly recommended for a wide range of readers, from the relative novice to the experienced researcher. It would be appropriate for academic and special libraries." E-Streams, Vol. 2, No. 8, P. Mofjelf, August 1999

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Acknowledgments	xv
Data Acquisition and Recording	1	(158)
Introduction	1	(1)
Basic sampling requirements	2	(6)
Sampling interval	3	(1)
Sampling duration	4	(2)
Sampling accuracy	6	(1)
Burst sampling versus continuous sampling	6	(1)
Regularly versus irregularly sampled data	7	(1)
Independent realizations	8	(1)
Temperature	8	(25)
Mercury thermometers	9	(3)
The mechanical bathythermograph (MBT)	12	(2)
Resistance thermometers (expendable bathythermograph: XBT)	14	(4)
Salinity/conductivity-temperature-depth profilers	18	(1)
Dynamic response of temperature sensors	19	(3)
Response times of CTD systems	22	(1)
Temperature calibration of STD/CTD profilers	23	(1)
Sea surface temperature	24	(6)
The modern digital thermometer	30	(2)
Potential temperature and density	32	(1)
Salinity	33	(9)
Salinity and electrical conductivity	34	(5)
The practical salinity scale	39	(3)
Nonconductive methods	42	(1)
Depth or pressure	42	(13)
Hydrostatic pressure	42	(1)
Free-fall velocity	43	(5)
Echo sounding	48	(6)
Other depth sounding methods	54	(1)
Seal-level measurement	55	(13)
Tide and pressure gauges	58	(4)
Satellite altimetry	62	(1)
Inverted echo sounder (IES)	63	(4)
Wave height and direction	67	(1)
Eulerian currents	68	(34)
Early current meter technology	70	(1)
Rotor-type current meters	70	(8)
Nonmechanical current meters	78	(5)
Profiling acoustic Doppler current meters (ADCM)	83	(11)
Comparisons of current meters	94	(1)
Electromagnetic methods	95	(1)
Other methods of current measurement	96	(1)
Mooring logistics	97	(2)
Acoustic releases	99	(3)
Lagrangian current measurements	102	(17)
Drift cards and bottles	103	(1)
Modern drifters	104	(3)
Processing satellite-tracked drifter data	107	(2)
Drifter response	109	(6)
Other types of surface drifters	115	(1)
Subsurface floats	116	(3)
Surface displacements in satellite imagery	119	(1)
Wind	119	(6)
Precipitation	125	(2)
Chemical tracers	127	(18)
Conventional tracers	128	(10)
Light attenuation and scattering	138	(4)
Oxygen isotope: δ18O	142	(1)
Helium-3; helium/heat ratio	143	(2)
Transient chemical tracers	145	(14)
Tritium	146	(3)
Radiocarbon	149	(4)
Chlorofluorocarbons	153	(2)
Radon-222	155	(2)
Sulfur hexafluoride	157	(1)
Strontium-90	158	(1)
Data Processing and Presentation	159	(34)
Introduction	159	(1)
Calibration	160	(1)
Interpolation	161	(1)
Data presentation	162	(31)
Introduction	162	(5)
Vertical profiles	167	(3)
Vertical sections	170	(2)
Horizontal maps	172	(5)
Map projections	177	(4)
Characteristic or property versus property diagrams	181	(4)
Time-series presentation	185	(2)
Histograms	187	(1)
New directions in graphical presentation	187	(6)
Stastical Methods and Error Handling	193	(112)
Introduction	193	(1)
Sample distributions	194	(3)
Probability	197	(4)
Cumulative probability functions	200	(1)
Moments and expected values	201	(6)
Unbiased estimators and moments	203	(1)
Moment generating functions	204	(3)
Common probability density functions	207	(4)
Central limit theorem	211	(3)
Estimation	214	(2)
Confidence intervals	216	(8)
Confidence interval for μ (σ known)	217	(1)
Confidence interval for μ (σ unknown)	218	(1)
Confidence interval for σ2	219	(1)
Goodness-of-fit test	220	(4)
Selecting the sample size	224	(1)
Confidence intervals for altimeter bias estimates	225	(2)
Estimation methods	227	(6)
Minimum variance unbiased estimation	228	(1)
Method of moments	229	(1)
Maximum likelihood	230	(3)
Linear estimation (regression)	233	(10)
Method of least squares	234	(4)
Standard error of the estimate	238	(1)
Multivariate regression	239	(1)
A computational example of matrix regression	240	(2)
Polynomial curve fitting with least squares	242	(1)
Relationship between least-squares and maximum likelihood	242	(1)
Relationship between regression and correlation	243	(6)
The effects of random errors on correlation	244	(1)
The maximum likelihood correlation estimator	245	(1)
Correlation and regression: cause and effect	246	(3)
Hypothesis testing	249	(8)
Significance levels and confidence intervals for correlation	253	(1)
Analysis of variance and the F-distribution	254	(3)
Effective degrees of freedom	257	(9)
Trend estimates and the integral time scale	261	(5)
Editing and despiking techniques: the nature of errors	266	(11)
Identifying and removing errors	266	(7)
Propagation of error	273	(1)
Dealing with numbers: the statistics of roundoff	274	(3)
Gauss-Markov theorem	277	(1)
Interpolation: filling the data gaps	277	(13)
Equally and unequally spaced data	277	(2)
Interpolation methods	279	(7)
Interpolating gappy records: practical examples	286	(4)
Covariance and the covariance matrix	290	(4)
Convariance and structure functions	291	(1)
A computational example	291	(2)
Multivariate distributions	293	(1)
Bootstrap and jackknife methods	294	(11)
Bootstrap method	295	(6)
Jackknife method	301	(4)
The Spatial Analyses of Data Fields	305	(66)
Traditional block and bulk averaging	305	(4)
Objective analysis	309	(10)
Objective mapping: examples	314	(5)
Empirical orthogonal functions	319	(25)
Principal axes of a single vector time series (scatter plot)	325	(3)
EOF computation using the scatter matrix method	328	(4)
EOF computation using singular value decomposition	332	(2)
An example: deep currents near a mid-ocean ridge	334	(2)
Interpretation of EOFs	336	(4)
Variations on conventional EOF analysis	340	(4)
Normal mode analysis	344	(12)
Vertical normal modes	344	(3)
An example: normal modes of semidiurnal frequency	347	(3)
Coastal-trapped waves (CTWs)	350	(6)
Inverse methods	356	(15)
General inverse theory	356	(5)
Inverse theory and absolute currents	361	(5)
The IWEX internal wave problem	366	(4)
Summary of inverse methods	370	(1)
Time-series Analysis Methods	371	(198)
Basic concepts	371	(2)
Stochastic processes and stationarity	373	(1)
Correlation functions	374	(6)
Fourier analysis	380	(12)
Mathematical formulation	381	(3)
Discrete time series	384	(3)
A computational example	387	(1)
Fourier analysis for specified frequencies	388	(2)
The fast Fourier transform	390	(2)
Harmonic analysis	392	(12)
A least-squares methods	392	(3)
A computational example	395	(2)
Harmonic analysis of tides	397	(1)
Choice of constituents	398	(1)
A computational example for tides	399	(3)
Complex demodulation	402	(2)
Spectral analysis	404	(60)
Spectra of deterministic and stochastic processes	409	(4)
Spectra of discrete series	413	(4)
Conventional spectral methods	417	(8)
Spectra of vector series	425	(7)
Effect of sampling on spectral estimates	432	(9)
Smoothing spectral estimates (windowing)	441	(9)
Smoothing spectra in the frequency domain	450	(4)
Confidence intervals on spectra	454	(1)
Zero-padding and prewhitening	455	(5)
Spectral analysis of unevenly spaced time series	460	(1)
General spectral bandwidth and Q of the system	461	(1)
Summary of the standard spectral analysis approach	461	(3)
Spectral analysis (parametric methods)	464	(16)
Some basic concepts	467	(1)
Autoregressive power spectral estimation	468	(10)
Maximum likelihood spectral estimation	478	(2)
Cross-spectral analysis	480	(21)
Cross-correlation functions	480	(2)
Cross-covariance method	482	(1)
Fourier transform method	482	(2)
Phase and cross-amplitude functions	484	(1)
Coincident and quadrature spectra	485	(1)
Coherence spectrum (coherency)	486	(4)
Frequency response of a linear system	490	(5)
Rotary cross-spectral analysis	495	(6)
Wavelet analysis	501	(15)
The wavelet transform	502	(2)
Wavelet algorithms	504	(1)
Oceanographic examples	505	(3)
The S-transformation	508	(3)
The multiple filter technique	511	(5)
Digital filters	516	(41)
Introduction	518
Basic concepts	517	(2)
Ideal filters	519	(8)
Design of oceanographic filters	527	(5)
Running-mean filters	532	(3)
Godin-type filters	535	(1)
Lanczos-window cosine filters	536	(7)
Butterworth filters	543	(8)
Frequency-domain (transform) filtering	551	(6)
Fractals	557	(12)
The scaling exponent method	561	(1)
The yardstick method	562	(1)
Box counting method	563	(1)
Correlation dimension	564	(1)
Dimensions of multifractal functions	564	(3)
Predictability	567	(2)
Appendices	569	(28)
Appendix A Units in physical oceanography	570	(2)
Appendix B Glossary of statistical terminology	572	(4)
Appendix C Means, variances and moment-generating functions for some common continuous variables	576	(1)
Appendix D Statistical tables	577	(8)
Appendix E Correlation coefficents at the 5% and 1% levels of significance for various degrees of freedom v	585	(1)
Appendix F Approximations and nondimensional numbers in physical oceanography	586	(7)
Appendix G Convolution	593	(4)
References	597	(24)
Index	621