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9780470935644

Deflagration and Detonation Flame Arresters

by
  • ISBN13:

    9780470935644

  • ISBN10:

    0470935642

  • Format: eBook
  • Copyright: 2010-08-01
  • Publisher: Wiley-AIChE
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Table of Contents

Preface
Acknowledgments
Acronyms and Abbreviations
Introduction
Intended Audience
Why This Book Was Written
What Is Covered in This Book
What the Reader Should Learn From This Book
Units of Measure
History and State-of-the Art
Historical Development of Flame Arresters
Case Histories of Successful and Unsuccessful Applications of Flame Arresters
Successful Applications
Unsuccessful Applications
Evolution of Standards and Codes
United States
Canada
United Kingdom
Europe and International
Safety Concerns and Environmental Regulations: Tradeoffs and Conflicts
References
Overview of Deflagration and Detonation Prevention and Protection Practices
Introduction
Deflagration and Detonation Flame Arresters
Deflagration Venting
Oxidant Concentration Reduction
Combustible Concentration Reduction
Deflagration Suppression
Deflagration Pressure Containment
Equipment and Piping Isolation
References
Overview of Combustion and Flame Propagation Phenomena Related to DDAs
Introduction to the Chemistry and Physics of Flame Propagation
Combustion Chemistry and Thermodynamics
Flammability Characteristics
Decomposition Flames
Dynamic of Flame Propagation
Burning Velocity and Flame Speed
Flame Acceleration and Deflagration-to-Detonation Transition (DDT)
Detonations
Ignition and Quenching
Theoretical Basis for Flame Arrester Design and Operation
References
Deflagration and Detonation Flame Arrester Technology
Where Flame Arresters May Be Needed
Types of Flame Arresters
Introduction
Crimped Metal Ribbon
Parallel Plate
Expanded Metal Cartridge
Perforated Plate
Wire Gauze
Sintered Metal
Ceramic Balls
Metal Shot
Hydraulic (Liquid Seal) Flame Arrester
Packed Bed Flame Arrester
Velocity Flame Stopper
High Velocity Vent Valve
Conservation Vent Valves as Flame Arresters
Selection and Design Criteria/Considerations
Classification According to NEC Groups and MESGs
Reactions and Combustion Dynamics of Fast-Burning Gases
Flame Propagation Direction
Quenching Diameter, Quenching Length, and Flame Velocity
Burnback Resistance
Pressure Drop Limitations
Fouling and Plugging Potential and Protection
Unwanted Phases
Material Selection Requirements
Special Design Options
System Constraints
Mixture Composition
Operating Temperature and Pressure
Ignition Location
Changes in Pipe Diameter
Location and Orientation
Reliability
Monitoring and Instrumentation
Inspection and Maintenance Requirements
Special Applications
Hydrogen
Acetylene
Ethylene Oxide
Information That Should Be Provided to Manufacturers
References
Installation in Process Systems
Design Considerations with Respect to Other System Components
Piping and Flame Arrester System Design Considerations
Maintaining Reliability
Optimum Location in System
Supports for Static and Dynamic Forces
References
Inspection and Maintenance of Flame Arresters
Need and Importance of Maintenance
Mechanical Integrity Issues
Inspection
Current Maintenance Practices
Documentation and Verification of Flame Arrester Maintenance
Training and Competence Issues for Operating and Maintenance Personnel
On-Stream Isolation and Switching of Parallel Spares
Check List for Inspection
References
Regulations, Codes, and Standards
Regulations, Codes, and Standards Summaries
United States
Canada
United Kingdom
Europe and International
Comparison of Various Flame Arrester Standards and Codes
Standards and Codes in Preparation
References
Illustrative Examples, Calculations, and Guidelines for DDA Selection
Introduction
Example 1-Protective Measures for a Vent Manifold System
Example 2-Sizing of an End-of-Line Deflagration Flame Arrester
Example 3-Calculation of Limiting Oxidant Concentration (LOC)
Example 4-Calculation of the LFL and UFL of Mixtures
Example 5-Calculation of the MESG of Mixtures
Determination If a DDT Can Occur
Typical Locations in Process Systems
List of Steps in the Selection of a DDA or Other Flame Propagation Control Method
References
Summary
Status of DDA Technology
Recommended Practices
Why Flame Arresters Fail
Future Technology Development
References
Flame Arrester Specification Sheet for Manufacturer Quotation
List of Flame Arrester Manufacturers
UL and FM Listings and Approvals
Suggested Additional Reading
Glossary
Index
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.

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