Delmar's Dental Assisting

by Phinney, Donna J.; Halstead, Judy Helen

• ISBN13: 9781401834807
• ISBN10: 1401834809
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-06-26
• Publisher: Cengage Learning

Summary

This exciting full-color comprehensive resource is designed to prepare dental assisting learners to pass the DANB certification exam, as well as to manage the challenges of working in the dental office. All of the learning elements that were so successful in the first edition have been retained in the new edition. New Web activity boxes, new and updated content, and additional teaching supplements have been added to make this dynamic learning system even better. Also brand new and completely updated are an Interactive Skills and Procedures CD-ROM, a workbook, (sold separately) and practice software (included), all designed to reinforce essential competencies needed to enter the field of dental assisting. This comprehensive and integrated learning package provides a complete approach to dental assisting knowledge and skills.

Table of Contents

List of Procedures	vi
Preface	xviii
How to Use this Text	xxii
How to Use the Practice Software	xxiv
How to Use the Interactive Skills and Procedures Software	xxvi
Section I: INTRODUCTION	1	(18)
Introduction to the Dental Profession	3	(16)
Introduction	4	(1)
History of Dentistry	4	(1)
Later Progress of Dentistry	5	(1)
Progress of Dentistry in the United States	5	(1)
Education and Organized Denistry	6	(2)
American Dental Association	7	(1)
The Dental Team	8	(4)
Dentists	8	(1)
Dental Hygienists	9	(1)
Dental Laboratory Technicians	10	(1)
Dental Assistants	10	(1)
Other Members of the Dental Team	11	(1)
Psychology and Understanding Individual Paradigms	12	(1)
Communication	12	(1)
The Message	12	(1)
Receiving the Message	13	(1)
Providing Feedback	13	(1)
Listening Skills	13	(1)
Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication	13	(2)
Territoriality or Spatial Relation	14	(1)
Posture and Position	14	(1)
Facial Expression	14	(1)
Gestures	14	(1)
Perception	14	(1)
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs	15	(1)
Defense Mechanisms	15	(1)
Multi-Cultural Interaction	15	(1)
Chapter Summary	16	(3)
Section II: Basic Dental Sciences	19	(140)
Oral Health and Nutrition	20	(30)
Introduction	21	(1)
Preventive Dentistry	21	(3)
Plaque Formation	21	(1)
Patient Motivation	22	(1)
Age Characteristics	22	(1)
Home Care	23	(1)
Oral Hygiene Aids	24	(3)
Disclosing Agents	24	(1)
Dentifrice	24	(1)
Mouth Rinses	25	(1)
Chewing Gum	26	(1)
Interdental Aids	26	(1)
Toothbrushes and Techniques	27	(4)
Manual Toothbrushes	27	(1)
Mechanical Toothbrushes	27	(1)
Brushing Techniques for the Manual Toothbrush	28	(3)
Tongue Brushing	31	(1)
Dental Flossing	31	(4)
Types of Floss	31	(1)
Hygienic Care of Prosthetic Devices	32	(3)
Oral Hygiene for Patients with Special Needs	35	(1)
Pregnant Patients	35	(1)
Patients with Cancer	36	(1)
Patients with Heart Disease	36	(1)
Older Patients	36	(1)
Additional Preventive Procedures Performed in the Dental Office	36	(1)
Fluoride	36	(5)
History of Fluoride in Dentistry	36	(1)
Fluoridation	36	(1)
Effects of Fluoride	37	(1)
Tooth Development	37	(1)
Fluoride in Dental Plaque	37	(1)
Fluoride Toxicity	37	(1)
Benefits of Fluoride	38	(1)
Forms of Fluorides	38	(1)
Topical Fluoride	39	(2)
Fluoride Rinses	41	(1)
Nutrition	41	(1)
Nutrients	41	(7)
Fats and Lipids	42	(1)
Proteins	42	(1)
Balancing Energy	43	(1)
Vitamins	43	(1)
Minerals	44	(2)
Water	46	(1)
Nutrition Labels	46	(2)
Diet, Culture, Religion, and Group	48	(1)
Chapter Summary	48	(2)
General Anatomy and Physiology	50	(21)
Introduction	51	(1)
Body Structure	51	(3)
Body Systems	51	(1)
Body Planes and Directions	51	(1)
Body Cavities	51	(2)
Basic Structure and Functions of the Cell	53	(1)
Skeletal System	54	(2)
Functions of the Skeleton System	54	(1)
Divisions of the Skeleton System	54	(1)
Composition of the Bones	55	(1)
Types of Joints	55	(1)
Diseases and Conditions of the Skeletal System	56	(1)
Muscular System	56	(3)
Functions of the Muscular System	56	(1)
Types of Muscles	56	(1)
Muscle Characteristics	57	(1)
Muscle Attachments	57	(1)
How Muscles Work and Function	57	(1)
Conditions and Diseases of the Muscular System	57	(2)
Nervous System	59	(2)
Functions of the Nervous System	59	(1)
Structure of the Nervous System	59	(1)
The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves	59	(1)
The Brain and the Cranial Nerves	60	(1)
Diseases of the Nervous System	60	(1)
Endocrine System and Reproductive System	61	(1)
Functions of the Endocrine System	61	(1)
Parts of the Endocrine System	61	(1)
Reproductive System	61	(1)
Diseases and Conditions of the Endocrine and Reproductive Systems	61	(1)
Circulatory System	62	(2)
Functions of the Circulatory System	62	(1)
Parts of the Circulatory System	62	(2)
Diseases and Conditions of the Circulatory System	64	(1)
Digestive System	64	(2)
Functions of the Digestive System	64	(1)
Parts of the Digestive System	65	(1)
Diseases and Conditions of the Digestive System	66	(1)
Respiratory System	66	(2)
Functions of the Respiratory System	66	(1)
Parts of the Respiratory System	67	(1)
Diseases of the Respiratory System	68	(1)
Lymphatic System and Immune System	68	(1)
Functions of the Lymphatic System	68	(1)
Parts of the Lymphatic System	68	(1)
Functions of the Immune System	69	(1)
Diseases and Conditions of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems	69	(1)
Chapter Summary	69	(2)
Head and Neck Anatomy	71	(18)
Introduction	72	(1)
Landmarks of the Face and Oral Cavity	72	(3)
Landmarks of the Face	72	(1)
Landmarks of the Oral Cavity	72	(1)
The Palate Area of the Oral Cavity	73	(1)
The Tongue	73	(1)
The Floor of the Mouth	73	(1)
The Salivary Glands	74	(1)
Bones of the Head	75	(2)
Bones of the Cranium	75	(1)
Bones of the Face	75	(2)
Temporomandibular Joint	77	(1)
Muscles of the Head and Neck	78	(5)
Muscles of Mastication	79	(1)
Muscles of Facial Expression	79	(2)
Muscles of the Tongue	81	(1)
Muscles of the Floor of the Mouth	82	(1)
Muscles of the Soft Palate	82	(1)
Muscles of the Neck	83	(1)
Nerves of the Head and Neck	83	(2)
The Maxillary Branch of the Trigeminal Nerve	83	(1)
The Mandibular Branch of the Trigeminal Nerve	84	(1)
Circulation of the Head and Neck	85	(2)
Arteries of the Face and Oral Cavity	85	(1)
External Carotid Artery	86	(1)
Veins of the Face and Oral Cavity	86	(1)
Chapter Summary	87	(2)
Embryology and Histology	89	(15)
Introduction	90	(1)
Embryology	90	(4)
Primitive Facial Development	91	(1)
Stages and Features of Pregnancy	91	(1)
Developmental Disturbances	92	(2)
Life Cycle of the Tooth	94	(2)
Bud Stage	94	(1)
Cap Stage	95	(1)
Bell Stage	95	(1)
Maturation Stage	95	(1)
Histology	96	(1)
Tooth Structure	96	(6)
Enamel	96	(1)
Dentin	97	(1)
Pulp	98	(1)
Components of the Periodontium	98	(1)
Cementum	98	(1)
Alveolar Bone	99	(1)
Periodontal Ligament	99	(2)
Gingiva	101	(1)
Chapter Summary	102	(2)
Tooth Morphology	104	(26)
Introduction	105	(1)
Dental Arches	105	(1)
Dental Quadrants	106	(1)
Types of Teeth and Their Functions	106	(2)
Primary Teeth	106	(1)
Permanent Teeth	107	(1)
Eruption Schedule	108	(1)
Divisions of the Tooth	108	(2)
Surfaces of the Teeth	110	(1)
Anterior Teeth	110	(1)
Posterior Teeth	110	(1)
Anatomical Structures	111	(4)
Permanent Teeth Descriptions	115	(11)
Maxillary Central Incisor	115	(1)
Maxillary Lateral Incisor	116	(1)
Maxillary Canine (Cuspid)	117	(1)
Maxillary First Premolar (Bicuspid)	118	(1)
Maxillary Second Premolar (Bicuspid)	118	(1)
Maxillary First Molar	119	(1)
Maxillary Second Molar	120	(1)
Maxillary Third Molar	120	(1)
Mandibular Central Incisor	121	(1)
Mandibular Lateral Incisor	122	(1)
Mandibular Canine (Cuspid)	122	(1)
Mandibular First Premolar (Bicuspid)	123	(1)
Mandibular Second Premolar (Bicuspid)	123	(1)
Mandibular Molars	124	(1)
Mandibular First Molar	124	(1)
Mandibular Second Molar	125	(1)
Mandibular Third Molar	125	(1)
Deciduous (Primary) Teeth Descriptions	126	(2)
Maxillary Deciduous Central Incisor	127	(1)
Maxillary Deciduous Lateral Incisor	127	(1)
Maxillary Deciduous Canine (Cuspid)	127	(1)
Maxillary Deciduous First Molar	127	(1)
Maxillary Deciduous Second Molar	127	(1)
Mandibular Deciduous Central Incisor	127	(1)
Mandibular Deciduous Lateral Incisor	127	(1)
Mandibular Deciduous Canine (Cuspid)	127	(1)
Mandibular Deciduous First Molar	127	(1)
Mandibular Deciduous Second Molar	128	(1)
Chapter Summary	128	(2)
Dental Charting	130	(17)
Introduction	131	(1)
Dental Charts	131	(1)
Numbering Systems	131	(2)
Universal/National System for Numbering	131	(1)
Federation Dentaire Internationale (FDI) System for Numbering	132	(1)
Palmer System for Numbering	132	(1)
Cavity Classifications	133	(1)
Class I	133	(1)
Class II	133	(1)
Class III	133	(1)
Class IV	134	(1)
Class V	134	(1)
Class VI	134	(1)
Abbreviations of Tooth Surfaces	134	(1)
Commonly Used Abbreviations	135	(1)
Basic Charting Terms	135	(1)
Charting Color Indications and Symbols	136	(6)
Chapter Summary	142	(5)
Microbiology	147	(12)
Introduction	148	(1)
Important People in Microbiology	148	(1)
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek	148	(1)
Louis Pasteur	148	(1)
Robert Koch	148	(1)
Groups of Microorganisms	148	(1)
Bacteria	149	(2)
Baceteria's Need for Oxygen	149	(1)
The Morphology of Bacteria	149	(1)
Disease Examples Caused by Bacteria	150	(1)
Protozoa	151	(1)
Disease Examples Caused by Protozoa	151	(1)
Rickettsiae	151	(1)
Disease Examples Caused by Rickettsiae	151	(1)
Yeasts and Molds	152	(1)
Disease Examples Caused by Yeasts and Molds	152	(1)
Viruses	153	(1)
Disease Examples Caused by Viruses	153	(1)
Diseases of Major Concern to the Dental Assistant	154	(2)
Herpes Simplex	154	(1)
Viral Hepatitis	154	(1)
Human Immunodeficiency Virus	155	(1)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome	155	(1)
How the Body Resists Diseases	156	(1)
Infection	156	(1)
Immunity	156	(1)
Normal Routes of Microorganism Exposure in the Dental Office	156	(1)
Direct Contact	157	(1)
Indirect Contact	157	(1)
Inhalation	157	(1)
Chapter Summary	157	(2)
Section III: PRECLINICAL DENTAL SKILLS	159	(90)
Infection Control	160	(29)
Introduction	161	(1)
Rationales and Regulations	161	(3)
Rationale of Infection Control	161	(1)
Regulations and Recommendations for Infection Control in the Dental Office	161	(2)
OSHA-Mandated Training for Dental Office Employees	163	(1)
Cross-Contamination Pathways	164	(1)
Routes of Microbial Transmission	164	(1)
Infection Control in the Dental Office	165	(7)
Immunizations	165	(1)
Medical History	165	(1)
Handwashing	165	(1)
Personal Protective Equipment	166	(5)
Barriers	171	(1)
Disinfection	172	(4)
Cleaning the Area	172	(1)
Environmental Protection Agency Approval	172	(1)
Chemical Disinfectants	173	(1)
Ultrasonic Cleaning	174	(1)
Packaging and Loading Sterilizers	175	(1)
Sterilization	176	(3)
Types of Sterilization	176	(2)
Equipment Maintenance	178	(1)
Handpiece Sterilization	179	(1)
Instrument Storage	179	(1)
Sterilization Monitoring	179	(1)
Biological Monitors	179	(1)
Process Indicators	179	(1)
Dosage Indicators	179	(1)
Techniques and Aids for Infection Control	180	(1)
Preprocedure Antiseptic Mouth Rinses	180	(1)
High Volume Evacuation	180	(1)
Dental Dam Usage	180	(1)
Disposable Items	180	(1)
Clinical Asepsis Protocol	181	(6)
Treatment Area Protocol for Disinfecting and Cleaning	181	(1)
Dental Unit Waterlines	181	(6)
Dental Radiography Room and Equipment	187	(1)
Dental Laboratory	187	(1)
Chapter Summary	187	(2)
Management of Hazardous Materials	189	(16)
Introduction	190	(4)
OSHA's Bloodborne Pathogen Standard Revision	194	(1)
Exposure Control Plan Additions	194	(1)
OSHA's Compliance Directive	195	(1)
Engineering/Work Practice Controls	195	(1)
Sharps	195	(3)
Occupational Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens	196	(2)
Employee Work Site	198	(1)
Hazardous Chemicals	198	(5)
Material Safety Data Sheets	199	(4)
Chapter Summary	203	(2)
Preparation for Patients Care	205	(12)
Introduction	206	(1)
Patient History	206	(1)
Personal Information	206	(1)
Medical Information	206	(1)
Dental Information	206	(1)
Clinical Observation	207	(1)
Clinical Evaluation	207	(2)
Vital Signs	209	(6)
Body Temperature	209	(2)
Pulse	211	(1)
Respiration	212	(1)
Blood Pressure	212	(3)
Chapter Summary	215	(2)
Pharmacology	217	(11)
Introduction	218	(1)
Drug Names	218	(1)
Brand Names	218	(1)
Generic Names	218	(1)
Prescriptions	218	(3)
Parts of a Prescription	219	(2)
Drug Laws	221	(1)
Drug Schedule for the Comprehensive Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970	221	(1)
Drug Administration Routes	221	(1)
Drugs	222	(1)
Tobacco	222	(1)
Caffeine	222	(1)
Alcohol	222	(1)
Marijuana	223	(1)
Cocaine	223	(1)
Narcotics	223	(1)
Heroin	223	(1)
Morphine	224	(1)
Codeine	224	(1)
Amphetamines	224	(1)
Hallucinogens	224	(1)
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide	224	(1)
Phencyclidine	224	(1)
Mescaline	225	(1)
Barbiturates	225	(1)
Drugs Prescribed	225	(1)
Analgesics	225	(1)
Tranquilizers	225	(1)
Antibiotics	225	(1)
Antifungal Agents	226	(1)
Anticholinergics	226	(1)
Chapter Summary	226	(2)
Emergency Management	228	(21)
Introduction	229	(1)
Routine Preparedness for Dental Team Members	229	(1)
The Dental Assistant's Role in Emergency Care	229	(1)
Dental Office Emergency Kit	230	(1)
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation	231	(7)
The ABCs of CPR	231	(4)
Foreign Body Airway Obstruction	235	(3)
Causes, Signs, and Treatment of Emergencies	238	(7)
Syncope	238	(1)
Asthma	239	(2)
Allergic Reactions	241	(1)
Anaphylactic Reaction	241	(1)
Hyperventilation	241	(1)
Epilepsy/Seizure Disorder	241	(1)
Diabetes Mellitus	242	(1)
Hypoglycemia	243	(1)
Cardiovascular Emergencies	243	(1)
Angina Pectoris	244	(1)
Myocardial Infarction	244	(1)
Congestive Heart Failure	245	(1)
Stroke/Cerebrovascular Accident	245	(1)
Dental Emergencies	245	(1)
Abscessed Tooth	245	(1)
Alveolitis	245	(1)
Avulsed Tooth	245	(1)
Broken Prosthesis	246	(1)
Soft Tissue Injury	246	(1)
Broken Tooth	246	(1)
Loose Permanent or Temporary Crown	246	(1)
Chapter Summary	246	(3)
Section IV: CLINICAL DENTAL PROCEDURES	249	(142)
Introduction to Chairside Assisting	250	(37)
Introduction	251	(1)
The Dental Office Design	251	(4)
The Reception Room	251	(2)
The Reception Desk and Business Office	253	(1)
Sterilizing Area	253	(1)
Dental Office Laboratory	253	(1)
X-Ray Processing Room	254	(1)
Radiography Room	254	(1)
Optional Rooms in the Dental Office	254	(1)
The Treatment Rooms and Dental Equipment	255	(8)
The Dental Chair	255	(1)
The Dental Unit	256	(3)
Dental Stools	259	(1)
Operating Light	260	(1)
Cabinetry	260	(1)
Sink	260	(1)
Dental X-Ray Unit	261	(1)
Small Equipment Found in the Treatment Room	261	(2)
Dental Air Compressor and Central Vacuum System	263	(1)
Routine Office Care	263	(1)
Concepts of Dental Assisting	263	(3)
Activity Zones	265	(1)
Classifications of Motion	265	(1)
Preparing the Treatment Room	266	(1)
Seating the Dental Patient	266	(1)
Greet and Escort the Patient	266	(1)
Seat and Prepare the Patient	266	(1)
Ergonomics for the Operator and the Assistant	267	(2)
Ergonomics for the Operator	268	(1)
Ergonomics for the Assistant	268	(1)
Dismissing the Patient	269	(1)
Patients with Special Needs	270	(1)
Child Patients	270	(1)
Senior Patients	270	(1)
Pregnant Patients	270	(1)
Hearing Impaired or Blind Patients	271	(1)
Patients with Wheelchairs or Walkers	271	(1)
Patients Who Speak No English	271	(1)
Instrument Transfer	271	(7)
Transfer Hand	272	(1)
Instrument Grasps	272	(1)
Instrument Transfer Methods	273	(1)
Instrument Transfer Modifications	274	(4)
Maintaining the Operating Field	278	(6)
Lighting	279	(1)
The Evacuation System	279	(3)
Saliva Ejector	282	(1)
The Air-Water Syringe	282	(1)
Retraction of Tissues	283	(1)
Techniques for Moisture Control and Isolation	284	(1)
Cotton Rolls	284	(1)
Dry Angles	285	(1)
Chapter Summary	285	(2)
Chairside Instruments and Tray Systems	287	(21)
Introduction	288	(1)
Instruments for Basic Chairside Procedures	288	(10)
Basic Structural Parts of Dental Hand Instruments	288	(2)
Basic Classification of Dental Instruments	290	(1)
Cutting Instruments	291	(2)
Non-Cutting Instruments	293	(1)
Basic Examination Instruments	293	(1)
Plastic Filling Instruments/Composite Instruments	294	(1)
Amalgam Carriers	295	(1)
Amalgam Condensers (Pluggers)	295	(1)
Carvers	296	(1)
Burnishers	296	(1)
Files	296	(1)
Finishing Knives	296	(1)
Miscellaneous Instruments	296	(2)
Instrument Care, Maintenance, and Sterilization	298	(1)
Dental Rotary Instruments	298	(3)
Parts of the Bur	298	(1)
Cutting Burs	298	(2)
Diamond Burs	300	(1)
Finishing Burs	300	(1)
Surgical Burs	300	(1)
Laboratory Burs	300	(1)
Fissurotomy Burs	301	(1)
Abrasives	301	(2)
Mandrels	301	(1)
Discs	301	(1)
Stones	302	(1)
Rubber Wheels	302	(1)
Rubber Points	302	(1)
Sterilization, Maintenance, and Storage	302	(1)
Dental Handpieces	303	(2)
The Parts of the Dental Handpiece	303	(1)
High-Speed Handpiece	303	(1)
Low-Speed Handpiece	303	(1)
Maintenance and Sterilization of Dental Handpieces	304	(1)
Air Abrasion	305	(1)
Tray Systems	305	(1)
Positioning on Trays	305	(1)
Cassette System for Instruments	306	(1)
Color-Coding Systems	306	(1)
Chapter Summary	306	(2)
Management of Pain and Anxiety	308	(19)
Introduction	309	(1)
Anesthetics and Sedation	309	(1)
General Anesthesia	309	(1)
Local Anesthesia	309	(1)
Topical Anesthesia	309	(1)
Sedation	309	(1)
Topical Anesthetics	309	(1)
Local Anesthetics	310	(2)
Local Anesthetic Agents	310	(1)
Vasoconstrictors	310	(1)
Possible Complications of Local Anesthetics	311	(1)
Types of Injections	311	(1)
Injection Sites	312	(2)
Anesthetics, Syringes, and Needles	314	(4)
The Syringe	314	(1)
The Needle	314	(1)
The Anesthetic Cartridge	315	(3)
Supplemental Anesthetic Techniques	318	(4)
Intraosseous Anesthesia	318	(3)
Periodontal Ligament Injection	321	(1)
Intrapulpal Injection	321	(1)
Electronic Anesthesia	322	(1)
Computer-Controlled Local Anesthesia Delivery System	322	(1)
Nitrous Oxide Sedation	322	(3)
Safety and Precautions	324	(1)
Equipment	325	(1)
Chapter Summary	325	(2)
Dental Radiography	327	(64)
Introduction	329	(1)
Radiation Physics and Biology	330	(2)
The Structure of an Atom and Ionization	330	(1)
Radiation Types	330	(2)
Biological Effects of Radiation	332	(1)
Somatic and Genetic Effects of Radiation	332	(1)
Radiosensitive Cells	332	(1)
Radiation Units of Measurement	332	(1)
Occupational Exposure	333	(1)
Daily Radiation Exposure	333	(1)
Accumulation of Radiation	333	(1)
Dental X-Ray Unit/Components	333	(3)
Control Panel	333	(2)
Arm Assembly and Tube Head	335	(1)
Safety and Precautions	336	(1)
Manufacturer's Responsibilities	336	(1)
Dentist's Responsibilities	336	(1)
Responsibilities of the Dental Assistant	337	(1)
Responsibilities of the Patient	337	(1)
Additional Notes Regarding Reducing Radiation Exposure	337	(1)
Radiation Production	337	(1)
Dental X-Ray Film	338	(2)
Composition of Dental X-Ray Film	338	(1)
Film Speed	338	(1)
Film Sizes	339	(1)
Dental Film Packet	339	(1)
Dental Film Storage	339	(1)
ProducinQuality Radiographs	340	(14)
Preparing for X-Ray Exposure	340	(1)
During Film Exposure	340	(1)
Patient Exposure	340	(1)
After the Films Are Exposed	341	(1)
Types of Film Exposures	341	(1)
Intraoral Techniques for Film Exposures	341	(1)
Bisecting Technique	341	(2)
Paralleling Technique	343	(2)
Full-Mouth Radiographic Survey	345	(1)
Bite-Wing Series	345	(1)
Positioning for the Maxillary Arch	346	(2)
Positioning for the Mandibular Arch	348	(6)
Producing Special Radiographs	354	(14)
Occlusal Radiographs	354	(1)
Pediatric Radiographs	354	(7)
Edentulous Radiographic Survey	361	(1)
Endodontic Radiographic Technique	362	(1)
Special Needs Patients/Compromised Patients	362	(1)
Common Radiographic Errors	363	(3)
Film Processing Errors	366	(2)
Processing Quality Radiographs	368	(6)
Manual Processing Equipment	368	(1)
Processing Preparation	369	(1)
Manual Film Processing Technique	370	(2)
Composition of Processing Solutions	372	(1)
Automatic Processor	372	(1)
Duplicating Radiographs	373	(1)
Mounting Radiographs	374	(3)
Storage of Patient Radiographs	377	(1)
Legal Implications of Radiographs	377	(1)
Extraoral Radiographs	377	(4)
Panoramic Radiography	377	(1)
Cassette Film Holders	378	(1)
Panoramic Exposure Technique Suggestions	379	(1)
Cephalometric Radiographs	379	(2)
Radiographic Interpretation	381	(4)
The Tooth and the Surrounding Tissues	382	(1)
The Mandibular Landmarks	382	(1)
The Maxillary Landmarks	383	(2)
Quality Assurance	385	(2)
Imaging Systems/Digital Imaging Systems	387	(1)
Computed Tomography (CT Scanning)	387	(1)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging	387	(1)
Digital Imaging (Computed Dental Radiography)	387	(1)
Chapter Summary	388	(3)
Section V: DENTAL SPECIALTIES	391	(180)
Endodontics	392	(20)
Introduction	393	(1)
The Endodontic Team	393	(1)
Progress of Pulpal and Periapical Diseases	393	(1)
Pulpal Diseases	393	(1)
Periapical Diseases	393	(1)
Endodontic Diagnosis	394	(3)
Medical History	394	(1)
Dental History	394	(1)
The Clinical Examination and Pulp Testing	394	(3)
Treatment Plan	397	(1)
Endodontic Instruments	397	(4)
Characteristics of Intracanal Instruments	397	(1)
Barbed Broaches	397	(1)
Files	398	(1)
Reamers	398	(1)
Rubber Stops	399	(1)
Gates-Glidden Drills	399	(1)
Peeso Reamers	399	(1)
Lentulo Spirals	399	(1)
Endodontic Spoon Excavator	400	(1)
Endodontic Explorer	400	(1)
Endodontic Spreaders, Pluggers, and the Glick #1	400	(1)
Endodontic Materials	401	(2)
Absorbent Paper Points	401	(1)
Gutta Percha	401	(1)
Irrigation Solutions	402	(1)
Root Canal Cleaning and Disinfecting	402	(1)
Root Canal Sealers/Cements	402	(1)
Equipment Assisting Endodontic Procedures	402	(1)
Sterilization Procedures	403	(1)
Endodontic Procedures	403	(4)
Root Canal Treatment	403	(3)
Pulpectomy	406	(1)
Pulpotomy	407	(1)
Surgical Endodontics	407	(3)
Apicoectomy	407	(2)
Root Amputation	409	(1)
Hemisection	409	(1)
Chapter Summary	410	(2)
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery	412	(28)
Introduction	413	(1)
The Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon's Office	413	(1)
The Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Team	413	(1)
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon	413	(1)
Receptionist and Business Staff	413	(1)
Surgical Dental Assistant	413	(1)
Oral Surgery Instruments	414	(7)
Scalpel	414	(1)
Retractors	414	(1)
Mouth Props	415	(1)
Hemostats	416	(1)
Needle Holders	416	(1)
Surgical Scissors	416	(1)
Surgical Aspirating Tips	416	(1)
Surgical Curettes	416	(1)
Surgical Chisels and Mallets	417	(1)
Surgical Bone Files	417	(1)
Rongeurs	418	(1)
Periosteal Elevator	418	(1)
Elevators	418	(1)
Forceps	418	(3)
Asepsis in Oral Surgery	421	(1)
Patient Considerations	421	(2)
Patient Preparation	423	(1)
Oral Surgery Procedures	423	(10)
Routine or Uncomplicated Extractions	423	(2)
Multiple Extractions and Alveoplasty	425	(1)
Impacted Teeth Extractions	426	(1)
Biopsy Procedures	426	(3)
Postoperative Care of the Patient	429	(3)
Postsurgical Complications	432	(1)
Temporomandibular Joint Disease	433	(1)
Signs and Symptoms of TMJ Dysfunction	433	(1)
Diagnosing TMJ Dysfunction	433	(1)
Treatment Options for TMJ Dysfunction	433	(1)
Dental Implants	434	(4)
Considerations for Dental Implants	434	(1)
Treatment Sequence	434	(1)
Types of Implants	435	(3)
Postoperative Care and Home-Care Instructions	438	(1)
Hospital Dentistry	438	(1)
Chapter Summary	438	(2)
Oral Pathology	440	(19)
Introduction	441	(1)
Inflammation	442	(1)
Oral Lesions	442	(1)
Lesions Classified Above the Surface of the Oral Mucosa	442	(1)
Lesions Classified Below the Surface of the Oral Mucosa	442	(1)
Lesions Classified Even or Flat with the Surface of the Oral Mucosa	442	(1)
Lesions Classified Flat or Above the Surface of the Oral Mucosa	443	(1)
Biological Agents	443	(2)
Actinomycosis	443	(1)
Herpes Simplex	443	(1)
Aphthous Ulcers	443	(1)
Herpes Zoster	444	(1)
Syphilis	444	(1)
Thrush	445	(1)
Physical Agents	445	(1)
Denture Irritation Causing Hyperplasia	445	(1)
Amalgam Tattoo	445	(1)
Radiation Injury	445	(1)
Chemical Agents	446	(2)
Aspirin Burn	446	(1)
Nicotine Stomatitis	446	(1)
Chewing Tobacco (Snuff) Lesion	447	(1)
Hairy Tongue	447	(1)
Gingival Hyperplasia	447	(1)
Hormonal Disturbances	448	(1)
Pregnancy Gingivitis	448	(1)
Pyogenic Granuloma	448	(1)
Puberty Gingival Enlargement	449	(1)
Developmental Disturbances	449	(2)
Disturbances in Tooth Development	449	(1)
Oral Tori	449	(1)
Exostoses	450	(1)
Fordyce's Spots (Granules)	450	(1)
Fissured Tongue	450	(1)
Bifid Tongue	451	(1)
Ankyloglossia	451	(1)
Nutritional Disturbances	451	(1)
Angular Cheilitis	451	(1)
Glossitis (Bald Tongue)	452	(1)
Neoplasms	452	(2)
Leukoplakia	452	(1)
Lichen Planus	452	(1)
Erythroplakia	453	(1)
Squamous Cell Carcinoma	453	(1)
Basal Cell Carcinoma	453	(1)
Papilloma	453	(1)
Fibroma	454	(1)
Oral Lesions Related to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and Human Immunodeficiency Virus	454	(1)
Hairy Leukoplakia	455	(1)
Candida Albicans	455	(1)
Kaposi's Sarcoma	455	(1)
Miscellaneous Disorders	455	(2)
Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis	455	(1)
Mucocele	456	(1)
Varix	456	(1)
Geographic Tongue	456	(1)
Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia	457	(1)
Bell's Palsy	457	(1)
Chapter Summary	457	(2)
Orthodontics	459	(29)
Introduction	460	(1)
The Orthodontic Practice	460	(2)
The Orthodontic Office	460	(1)
The Orthodontic Team	460	(2)
Occlusion and Malocclusion	462	(2)
Normal Occlusion	462	(1)
Malocclusion	462	(1)
Malpositions of Individual Teeth and Groups of Teeth	462	(2)
Etiology of Malocclusion	464	(1)
Types of Orthodontic Treatment	465	(1)
Preventive and Interceptive Orthodontics	465	(1)
Corrective Orthodontics	465	(1)
Process of Tooth Movement	465	(1)
Preorthodontic Treatment	465	(3)
Diagnostic Records	466	(1)
Medical-Dental History	466	(1)
Clinical Examination	466	(1)
Radiographs	466	(1)
Photographs	467	(1)
Study Models	467	(1)
The Consultation Appointment	468	(1)
Orthodontic Appliances	468	(5)
Fixed Appliances	468	(2)
Special Fixed Appliances	470	(1)
Removable Appliances	471	(2)
Orthodontic Instruments	473
Orthodontic Treatment	375	(109)
Separators	475	(1)
Selection of Orthodontic Bands	475	(4)
Band Cementation	479	(1)
Direct Bonding Brackets	480	(1)
Placement of the Arch Wire	480	(3)
Oral Hygiene Instructions	483	(1)
Periodic Office Visits for Adjustments	484	(1)
Completion Appointment	484	(2)
Chapter Summary	486	(2)
Pediatric Dentistry	488	(16)
Introduction	489	(1)
The Pediatric Dental Office	489	(1)
The Pediatric Dental Team	489	(1)
The Dental Assistant's Role in Pediatric Dentistry	490	(1)
Behavior Characteristics of Children at Various Ages	490	(1)
Patient Management	491	(1)
Behavior Management Techniques	491	(1)
Role of the Parent or Guardian	492	(1)
Procedures in Pediatric Dentistry	493	(7)
The Examination	493	(1)
Preventive Procedures	493	(1)
Restorative Procedures	494	(1)
Dental Dam Procedure	495	(1)
Pulp Therapy in Primary and Young Permanent Teeth	495	(3)
Stainless Steel Crowns	498	(2)
Emergency Treatment for Traumatic Injuries	500	(2)
Fractured Teeth	500	(1)
Traumatic Intrusion	501	(1)
Displaced Teeth	501	(1)
Avulsed Teeth	501	(1)
Child Abuse	502	(1)
The Law and Reporting Child Abuse	502	(1)
Chapter Summary	502	(2)
Periodontics	504	(26)
Introduction	505	(1)
The Periodontal Team	505	(1)
Periodontal Disease	505	(3)
Symptoms of Periodontal Disease	506	(1)
Causes of Periodontal Disease	506	(1)
Types of Periodontal Disease	507	(1)
Periodontal Diagnostic Procedures	508	(4)
Medical Dental History	508	(1)
Clinical Examination	509	(2)
Radiographic Interpretation	511	(1)
Presentation of the Treatment Plan	511	(1)
Periodontal Instruments	512	(5)
Instrument Sharpening	512	(1)
Periodontal Probes	512	(1)
Explorers	513	(1)
Curettes	513	(1)
Scalers	513	(1)
Files	514	(1)
Ultrasonic Instruments	514	(1)
Periodontal Knives	514	(1)
Interdental Knives	515	(1)
Surgical Scalpel	515	(1)
Electrosurgery	515	(1)
Pocket Marking Pliers	516	(1)
Periosteal Elevators	516	(1)
Periodontal Scissors, Rongeurs, and Forceps	516	(1)
Lasers	517	(1)
Uses of the Dental Laser	517	(1)
Benefits of Lasers in Dentistry	517	(1)
Non-Surgical Periodontal Procedures	517	(3)
Occlusal Adjustment	517	(1)
Scaling and Polishing	518	(1)
Root Planing	519	(1)
Gingival Curettage	519	(1)
Postoperative Treatment	519	(1)
Surgical Periodontal Procedures	520	(4)
Gingivectomy	520	(1)
Gingivoplasty	520	(1)
Periodontal Flap Surgery	520	(2)
Osseous Surgery	522	(1)
Mucogingival Surgery	523	(1)
Gingival Grafting	523	(1)
Frenectomy	524	(1)
Periodontal Dressing	524	(3)
Types of Periodontal Dressings	524	(3)
Periodontal Maintenance Procedures	527	(1)
Chapter Summary	528	(2)
Fixed Prosthodontics	530	(20)
Introduction	531	(1)
Patient Considerations	531	(1)
Case Presentation	531	(1)
Cosmetic/Esthetic Dentistry	532	(1)
The Cosmetic Dentist	532	(1)
The Scope of Cosmetic/Esthetic Dentistry	532	(1)
Types of Fixed Prostheses	532	(6)
Crowns	532	(1)
Inlays and Onlays	532	(1)
Bridges	533	(1)
Veneers	534	(4)
Types of Materials Used for Fixed Prostheses	538	(1)
Gold Casting Alloys	538	(1)
Tooth-Colored Cast Restorations	538	(1)
Role of the Laboratory Technician	538	(1)
Role of the Dental Assistant	539	(1)
Fabrication of the Prosthesis in the Dental Laboratory	539	(1)
Retention Techniques	539	(7)
Core Buildups	539	(6)
Retention Pins	545	(1)
Post-Retained Cores	545	(1)
Implant Retainer Prostheses	546	(1)
Maintenance of Fixed Prosthodontics	547	(1)
Fixed Prostheses Maintenance	547	(1)
Dental Implant Maintenance	547	(1)
Chapter Summary	548	(2)
Removable Prosthodontics	550	(21)
Introduction	551	(1)
Patient Considerations	551	(1)
The Dental Assistant's Role	551	(1)
The Diagnosis and Treatment Planning	552	(1)
The Consultation Appointment	552	(1)
The Removable Partial Denture	552	(4)
Advantages of a Removable Partial	552	(1)
Considerations for a Partial Denture	552	(1)
Components of a Removable Partial Denture	553	(1)
Partial Denture Procedure	554	(2)
The Complete Denture	556	(9)
Considerations for the Complete Denture	556	(1)
Necessities for Successful Denture Treatment	556	(2)
Components of the Complete Denture	558	(1)
Immediate Dentures	559	(1)
Examination and Diagnosis Appointments for the Complete Denture	559	(1)
Denture Construction Between Appointments	560	(1)
Denture Construction Between Appointments---Laboratory Procedures	560	(3)
Denture Construction Between Appointments---Final Laboratory Procedures	563	(1)
Denture Adjustment Appointments	563	(2)
Denture Reline	565	(1)
Denture Repair	566	(1)
Polishing the Removable Prostheses	567	(1)
The Overdenture	567	(1)
Endosseous Implant and Overdenture for Implant	567	(1)
Chapter Summary	568	(3)
Section VI: RESTORATIVE AND LABORATORY MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES	571	(82)
Chairside Restorative Materials	572	(35)
Introduction	573	(1)
The Role of the Dental Assistant	574	(1)
Properties of Dental Materials	574	(2)
Acidity	574	(1)
Adhesion	574	(1)
Biting Forces	574	(1)
Corrosion	575	(1)
Dimensional Change	575	(1)
Elasticity	575	(1)
Flow	575	(1)
Galvanism	575	(1)
Hardness	575	(1)
Microleakage	575	(1)
Retention	576	(1)
Solubility	576	(1)
Thermal Properties	576	(1)
Viscosity	576	(1)
Wettability	576	(1)
Types of Restorative Dental Materials	576	(1)
Dental Cements	577	(12)
Uses of Dental Cements	577	(1)
Zinc Phosphate Cement	577	(1)
Zinc Oxide Eugenol Cement	577	(5)
Polycarboxylate Cement	582	(2)
Glass Ionomer Cement	584	(1)
Calcium Hydroxide Material	585	(1)
Cavity Varnish	586	(2)
Resin Cement	588	(1)
Resin-Reinforced Glass Ionomer Cement	589	(1)
Compomer Cement	589	(1)
Bonding Agents	589	(1)
Enamel Bonding	589	(1)
Dentin Bonding	589	(1)
Restorative Dentistry	590	(3)
Classification	591	(1)
Cavity Detection	591	(1)
Cavity Cleaners/Disinfectants	591	(1)
Cavity Preparation Identification	592	(1)
Elements of Cavity Preparations	592	(1)
Amalgam Restorative Materials	593	(5)
Composition	593	(1)
Types of Dental Amalgam	593	(1)
Mercury Used in Dental Amalgam	593	(2)
Forms of Dental Alloy	595	(1)
Amalgam Properties	595	(2)
Amalgam Manipulation	597	(1)
Amalgam Bonding	598	(1)
Complete Amalgam Procedure	598	(1)
Composite Restorative Materials	598	(4)
Composites' Composition	598	(3)
Composites' Properties	601	(1)
Manipulation Considerations	601	(1)
Modifications	602	(1)
Glass Ionomer Restorations	602	(3)
Resin-Modified Glass Ionomers	602	(3)
Compomers	605	(1)
Chapter Summary	605	(2)
Laboratory Materials and Techniques	607	(46)
Introduction	608	(1)
Hydrocolloid Impression Materials	608	(10)
Alginate (Irreversible Hydrocolloid) Impression Material	608	(3)
Wax Bite Registration	611	(3)
Reversible Hydrocolloid Impression Material (Agar-Agar)	614	(4)
Elastomeric Impression Materials	618	(5)
Polysulfide	618	(1)
Silicone (Polysiloxane and Polyvinal Siloxanes)	618	(4)
Polyether	622	(1)
Gypsum Materials	623	(6)
Plaster	624	(1)
Type I: Impression Plaster	624	(1)
Type II: Laboratory or Model Plaster	624	(1)
Type III: Laboratory Stone	624	(1)
Orthodontic Stone	624	(1)
Type IV: Die Stone	624	(1)
Type V: High-Strength, High-Expansion Die Stone	624	(5)
Trimming and Finishing Diagnostic Casts	629	(5)
Articulating Casts or Study Models	634	(1)
Stephan Articulator	634	(1)
Dental Waxes	634	(1)
Groups of Waxes	634	(1)
Pattern Wax	634	(1)
Processing Wax	635	(1)
Impression or Bite Registration Waxes	635	(1)
Additional Waxes	635	(1)
Custom Trays	635	(1)
Acrylic Tray Resin Self-Curing Custom Trays	636	(1)
Acrylic Tray Resin Light-Cured Custom Trays	636	(1)
Vacuum-Formed Custom Trays	636	(1)
Thermoplastics Tray Material Custom Trays	636	(1)
Constructing a Custom Tray	636	(4)
Outlining the Margins of the Tray	636	(4)
Vacuum-Formed Tray	640	(1)
Temporary (Provisional) Restorations	640	(11)
Types of Temporary Restorations	642	(1)
Preformed Aluminum Temporary Crowns	642	(1)
Preformed Acrylic Temporary Crowns	642	(3)
Custom Acrylic or Composite Temporary Restorations	645	(6)
Chapter Summary	651	(2)
Section VII: EXPANDED FUNCTIONS	653	(66)
Advanced Chairside Functions	654	(65)
Dental Dam	654	(15)
Matrix and Wedge	669	(8)
Coronal Polish	677	(15)
Placing Cavity Liners, Cavity Varnish, and Cement Bases	692	(5)
Suture Removal	697	(7)
Gingival Retraction	704	(4)
Enamel Sealants	708	(4)
Bleaching Techniques	712	(7)
Section VIII: DENTAL PRACTICE MANAGEMENT	719	(56)
Dental Office Management	720	(34)
Introduction	721	(1)
The Reception Area	721	(1)
The Dental Receptionist and Business Office Staff	722	(1)
The Dental Receptionist	722	(1)
The Dental Office Bookkeeper	722	(1)
Dentistry Marketing	722	(1)
The United States Postal Service	723	(1)
United States Postal Service Services	723	(1)
Telephone Technique	723	(4)
Basic Telephone Techniques	724	(1)
Call Types	724	(1)
Answering Calls	724	(1)
Placing Callers on Hold	724	(1)
Taking Messages	724	(1)
Outgoing Calls	724	(1)
Long-Distance Calls	725	(1)
English as a Second Language	725	(1)
Telephone and Business Office Technology	726	(1)
Business Office Systems	727	(3)
Common Dental Office Software Applications	727	(1)
Datebase Management	728	(1)
Computer Safety	729	(1)
Patient Scheduling	730	(3)
Appointment Books	730	(1)
Computer Scheduling	731	(1)
Appointment Book Entries	731	(1)
Recall Patients	732	(1)
Dental Records Management	733	(2)
Equipment and Supplies for Record Management	733	(1)
Patient Chart Filing	734	(1)
Record Confidentiality	734	(1)
Daily Schedule	735	(1)
Accounts Receivable	735	(1)
Patient Fees	735	(1)
Patient Account Management	736	(9)
Pegboard System of Account Management	736	(1)
Computer System of Account Management	737	(1)
Monthly Billing	738	(1)
Financial Information	739	(1)
Dental Insurance	739	(1)
Capitation Program	740	(1)
Contract Fee Schedule Plan	741	(1)
Direct Reimbursement Plans	741	(1)
Managed Care Plans	741	(1)
Submitting Dental Insurance Claims	742	(1)
Dental Service Payment	743	(1)
Collection Management	744	(1)
Special Collection Situations	744	(1)
Recording Payments	744	(1)
Accounts Payable	745	(7)
Inventory Supply Items	747	(1)
Account Payment	747	(1)
Petty Cash	748	(1)
Payroll	748	(4)
Chapter Summary	752	(2)
Employment Strategies	754	(11)
Introduction	755	(1)
Obtaining National Certification	755	(1)
Employment	756	(1)
Solo or Partnership Practice	756	(1)
Group Practice	756	(1)
Dental Specialty Practice	757	(1)
Other Employment Choices	757	(1)
Employment Search	757	(1)
Preparing a Cover Letter and a Resume	757	(2)
Cover Letter	757	(2)
Setting Up an Interview	759	(1)
Interview Process	759	(2)
Leaving the Interview and Following Up	761	(1)
Receiving an Employment Offer	761	(1)
Professional Conduct During Employment	761	(2)
Terminating Employment	763	(1)
Continued Success	763	(1)
Chapter Summary	763	(2)
Ethics and Jurisprudence	765	(10)
Introduction	766	(1)
The Law	766	(1)
Civil and Criminal Law	766	(1)
Dental Practice Act	766	(1)
State Board of Dentistry	766	(1)
The Dentist, the Dental Assistant, and the Law	767
Contracts	767
Standard of Care	678	(91)
Malpractice	768	(1)
Torts	768	(1)
Assault and Battery	769	(1)
Defamation of Character	769	(1)
Invasion of Privacy	769	(1)
Fraud	769	(1)
Good Samaritan Law	769	(1)
Americans with Disabilities Act	769	(1)
Dental Records	769	(1)
Informed Consent	770	(1)
Implied Consent	770	(1)
Subpoenas	770	(1)
Statute of Limitations	770	(1)
Ethics	770	(1)
Advertising	770	(1)
Professional Fees and Charges	770	(1)
Professional Responsibilities and Rights	770	(1)
HIPAA	771	(2)
Privacy Rule	771	(1)
Protected Health Information	771	(2)
The American Dental Assisstants Association Principles of Ethics and Professional Conduct	773	(1)
Dental Assistants Following Ethics and Jurisprudence	773	(1)
Chapter Summary	773	(2)
Appendix A Dental and Dental-Related Organizations and Publications Resource List	775	(2)
Appendix B Stages of Tooth Eruption	777	(2)
Glossary	779	(18)
References	797	(4)
Index	801