Dendrites

by Stuart, Greg; Spruston, Nelson; Hausser, Michael

• ISBN13: 9780198504887
• ISBN10: 0198504888
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-01-13
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

Dendrites form the major receiving part of neurons. It is within these highly complex, branching structures that the real work of the nervous system takes place. The dendrites of neurons receive thousands of synaptic signals from other neurons. But dendrites do more than simply collect andfunnel these signals to the soma and axon; they shape and integrate the inputs in complex ways. Despite being discovered over a century ago, dendrites received little research attention until the early 1950s. Over the past few years there has been a dramatic explosion of interest in the function ofthese beautiful structures. Recent new research has developed our understanding of the properties of dendrites, and their role in neuronal function. This is the first book devoted exclusively and comprehensively to dendrites. Its main aim is to gather the new information on dendrites into a singlevolume, with contributions written by leading researchers in the field. It presents a survey of the current state of our knowledge of dendrites, from their morphology and development through to their electrical, chemical, and computational properties. As such it will not only be of interest toresearchers and graduate-level students in neuroscience, but will also be useful to researchers in computer science and IT, psychology, physiology, and biophysics.

Table of Contents

Contributors	xiii
Abbreviations and symbols	xvii
Dendrite structure	1	(34)
John C. Fiala
Kristen M. Harris
Summary	1	(1)
Introduction	1	(1)
Dendrite arbors	2	(8)
Intracellular structure of dendrites	10	(5)
Synaptic specializations of dendrites	15	(5)
Shapes of simple spines	20	(3)
Intracellular structure of synaptic specializations	23	(5)
Concluding remarks	28	(7)
Development of dendrites	35	(33)
Hollis T. Cline
Summary	35	(1)
Introduction	35	(1)
Glutamate function in the developing brain	36	(1)
In vivo imaging of dendritic arbor elaboration	37	(1)
Activity-dependent development of dendritic arbor structure	38	(3)
Glutamatergic synaptic activity and the development of dendritic structure	41	(2)
Structural dynamics and synaptic strength	43	(1)
Afferents inputs and dendritic arbor refinement	44	(2)
GABA function in the developing CNS	46	(1)
Development of GABAergic neurons	47	(1)
Regulation of dendritic arbor elaboration by GABA	48	(1)
Activity-regulated proteins and dendritic development	48	(1)
Activity-dependent circuit formation	49	(2)
Activity-induced genes and dendritic growth	51	(4)
Regulation of dendritic development: other mechanisms	55	(1)
Concluding remarks	56	(12)
Dendritic localization of mRNAs and local protein synthesis	68	(17)
James H. Eberwine
Summary	68	(1)
Introduction	68	(2)
Evidence for mRNA localization in neuronal dendrites	70	(1)
Possible mRNA targeting mechanisms	71	(2)
Regulated mRNA transport to dendrites	73	(1)
RNA in axons	74	(1)
Evidence proving protein synthesis in dendrites	74	(2)
Hypothesis for short-loop regulation of synaptic physiology by local protein synthesis	76	(1)
Possible role of dendritic protein synthesis in converting synaptic stimulation into neuronal response	77	(4)
Concluding remarks	81	(4)
Subcellular distribution of neurotransmitter receptors and voltage-gated ion channels	85	(29)
Zoltan Nusser
Summary	85	(1)
Introduction	85	(1)
Subcellular distribution of ionotropic glutamate receptors	86	(6)
Subcellular distribution of GABAA receptors	92	(4)
Subcellular distribution of glycine receptors	96	(1)
Subcellular distribution of metabotropic glutamate receptors	97	(4)
Subcellular distribution of GABAB receptors	101	(1)
Subcellular distribution of voltage-gated ion channels	102	(3)
Concluding remarks	105	(9)
Neurotransmitter-gated ion channels in dendrites	114	(25)
R. Angus Silver
Mark Farrant
Summary	114	(1)
Introduction	114	(1)
Pharmacological identification of synaptic receptors	115	(2)
Biophysical properties of synaptic channels	117	(1)
The time-course of the synaptic conductance	117	(2)
Recordings from dendritic patches	119	(1)
Synaptic channel conductance: direct resolution	119	(2)
Estimation of synaptic channel conductance with non-stationary fluctuation analysis	121	(4)
Receptor number, receptor occupancy and channel open probability	125	(3)
Synaptic function and dendritic location	128	(2)
Concluding remarks	130	(9)
Voltage-gated ion channels in dendrites	139	(22)
Jeffrey C. Magee
Summary	139	(1)
Introduction	139	(1)
The voltage-gated ion channels present in dendrites	140	(7)
Subcellular channel distributions	147	(6)
Relative Na+-, K+-channel densities and action potential backpropagation	153	(2)
Concluding remarks	155	(6)
Dendrites as biochemical compartments	161	(32)
Fritjof Helmchen
Summary	161	(1)
Introduction	161	(3)
Determinants of compartmentalization	164	(9)
Examples from dendritic ion and second-messenger signaling	173	(5)
Degrees of compartmentalization	178	(5)
Biochemical information processing	183	(3)
Concluding remarks	186	(7)
An historical perspective on modeling dendrites	193	(12)
Wilfrid Rall
Summary	193	(1)
Introduction	193	(1)
Sharp electrodes and membrane time constant	193	(1)
Data analysis needs models that include dendrites	194	(1)
Dendritic synaptic input and EPSP shapes	195	(1)
Passive versus active dendrites and diphasic extracellular voltage transients---theory and experiment	196	(1)
Experiment and theoretical modeling of the olfactory bulb	197	(2)
Excitable dendritic spines and asymmetric chain reaction	199	(1)
Geometric complexity versus membrane complexity	200	(2)
Compartmental nonuniformity of inputs and nonlinear membrane	202	(1)
Concluding remarks	203	(2)
A theoretical view of passive and active dendrites	205	(26)
Idan Segev
Michael London
Summary	205	(1)
Introduction: computing with single neurons, computing with neural networks	205	(2)
Models of dendrites---the foundation	207	(3)
Passive cable models for dendrites---the seven main insights	210	(4)
Nonuniform membrane conductance in dendrites	214	(3)
Why consider passive models when dendrites have active properties?	217	(2)
Models of excitable dendrites	219	(7)
Concluding remarks	226	(5)
Dendritic integration	231	(40)
Nelson Spruston
Greg Stuart
Michael Hausser
Summary	231	(1)
Introduction	231	(1)
The action potential is the final output signal of most neurons	232	(1)
Summation and propagation of PSPs depend on dendritic cable properties	232	(5)
Dendrites affect spatial and temporal integration	237	(6)
Action potential threshold is lowest in the axon	243	(2)
Spikes can be generated in dendrites under some conditions	245	(3)
Propagation of action potentials and dendritic spikes	248	(6)
What are the functions of dendritic excitability?	254	(6)
Concluding remarks	260	(11)
Why have dendrites? A computational perspective	271	(19)
Bartlett W. Mel
Summary	271	(1)
Introduction	271	(1)
Compartmentalization of nonlinear processing	272	(6)
Dendrites could play many computational roles in visual cortex	278	(6)
Concluding remarks	284	(6)
Dendritic processing in invertebrates: a link to function	290	(20)
Gilles Laurent
Summary	290	(1)
Introduction	290	(2)
The invertebrate neuron myths	292	(5)
The link between biophysics, computation and function	297	(5)
Coincidence detection and odor-encoding by synchronized cell assemblies	302	(2)
Concluding remarks	304	(6)
Functional plasticity at dendritic synapses	310	(29)
Zachary F. Mainen
Summary	310	(1)
Introduction	310	(1)
Dendritic spine NMDA receptors as Hebbian coincidence detectors	311	(3)
Electrical integration and compartmentalization by dendrites	314	(13)
Chemical compartmentalization and integration by dendrites	327	(4)
Concluding remarks	331	(8)
Structural plasticity of dendrites	339	(26)
Catherine S. Woolley
Summary	339	(1)
Introduction	339	(2)
Historical perspective on structural plasticity	341	(3)
Experience-dependent structural plasticity of dendrites	344	(3)
Structural plasticity of dendrites induced by physiological stimuli	347	(10)
Concluding remarks	357	(8)
Conclusion: The future of dendrite research	365	(4)
Michael Hausser
Nelson Spruston
Greg Stuart
Index	369