Dental Materials : Clinical Applications for Dental Assistants and Dental Hygienists

by Hatrick, Eakle & Bird

• ISBN13: 9780721685830
• ISBN10: 0721685838
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-11-05
• Publisher: Elsevier Science Health Science

Summary

Unique and user-friendly, this hands-on resource provides an understanding of how dental materials are used in the treatment of a patient. While it presents the chemical makeup, physical properties, handling characteristics, and history of dental materials to provide a rationale for selecting a particular material for a treatment regimen, the primary focus of this text is on information that is relevant to the daily responsibilities of dental assistants and dental hygienists. Explaining the rationale for use of dental materials in the clinical setting, Dental Materials: Clinical Applications for Dental Assistants and Dental Hygienists includes important information on how to mix, use, and apply them for a specific treatment regimen. It also provides step-by-step procedures with rationales, drawings, and photographs to enhance the visual learning process and help you develop your skills in the handling and actual application of the materials. Book jacket.

Author Biography

W. Stephan Eakle is Professor and Chair, Division of Preclinical General Dentistry Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences School of Dentistry University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.

Table of Contents

Introduction to Dental Materials	1	(5)
Role of the Allied Oral Health Practitioner and Dental Materials	2	(1)
Historical Development of Dental Materials	2	(2)
Agencies Responsible for Standards	4	(2)
American Dental Association	4	(1)
Food and Drug Administration	5	(1)
International Agencies	5	(1)
Oral Environment and Patient Considerations	6	(12)
Force and Stress	8	(1)
Moisture and Acid Levels	9	(1)
Galvanism	10	(1)
Temperature	10	(1)
Retention	11	(1)
Microleakage	12	(1)
Biocompatibility	13	(1)
Esthetics	13	(1)
Detection of Restorative Materials	14	(4)
Physical Properties of Dental Materials	18	(7)
Physical Structure	19	(2)
Solids	19	(1)
Liquids	20	(1)
Application	21	(1)
Composition	21	(1)
Reaction	21	(1)
Manipulation	22	(3)
General Handling and Safety	25	(16)
Materials Hazards in the Dental Environment	26	(1)
Exposure to Particulate Matter	26	(1)
Exposure to Biologic Contaminants	26	(1)
Chemical Safety in the Dental Office	27	(1)
Hazardous Chemicals	27	(1)
Skin	27	(1)
Inhalation	27	(1)
Ingestion	27	(1)
Acute and Chronic Chemical Toxicity	28	(1)
Acute Chemical Toxicity	28	(1)
Chronic Chemical Toxicity	28	(1)
Personal Chemical Protection	28	(1)
Hand Protection	28	(1)
Eye Protection	28	(1)
Protective Clothing	28	(1)
Inhalation Protection	28	(1)
Control of Chemical Spills	29	(1)
Mercury Spill	29	(1)
Flammable Liquids	30	(1)
Acids	30	(1)
Eyewash	30	(1)
Ventilation	30	(1)
General Precautions for Storing Chemicals	30	(1)
Disposal of Chemicals	30	(1)
Empty Containers	30	(1)
Hazardous Waste Disposal	31	(1)
Occupational Safety and Health Administration Hazard Communication Standard	31	(5)
Hazard Communication Program	32	(4)
Bio-aerosols in the Dental Setting	36	(1)
Dental Bio-aerosols	36	(1)
Management of Bio-aerosols	37	(1)
Patient Safety	37	(4)
MSDS Labeling Exercise	40	(1)
Principles of Bonding	41	(19)
Basic Principles of Bonding	42	(7)
Enamel Etching	43	(1)
Dentin Etching	44	(1)
Bonding Agents	45	(1)
Enamel Bonding	46	(1)
Dentin Bonding	46	(2)
Microleakage	48	(1)
Clinical Applications of Bonding	49	(11)
Porcelain Bonding and Repair	49	(1)
Metal Bonding	49	(1)
Amalgam Bonding	49	(1)
Orthodontic Bracket Bonding	50	(1)
Bonding of Endodontic Posts	50	(1)
Hypersensitive Teeth	50	(5)
Enamel and Dentin Bonding	55	(1)
Surface Treatment for Bonding Porcelain Restorations or for Porcelain Repair	56	(2)
Bonding Orthodontic Brackets	58	(2)
Direct and Indirect Esthetic Restorative Materials	60	(29)
Direct-Placement Esthetic Restorative Materials	62	(13)
Composite Resin	62	(1)
Components	62	(1)
Polymerization	63	(2)
Classification of Composites	65	(2)
Physical Properties of Composites	67	(1)
Clinical Handling of Composites	68	(4)
Light Curing Units	72	(1)
Glass Ionomers	73	(2)
Hybrid (resin-modified) Ionomers	75	(1)
Compomers	75	(1)
Indirect-Placement Esthetic Restorative Materials	75	(4)
Porcelain	76	(1)
Porcelain-Metal Restorations	77	(1)
All-Ceramic Restorations	77	(1)
Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Manufacture (CAD/CAM) Porcelain Restorations	78	(1)
Veneers	78	(1)
Indirect Composites	78	(1)
Shade Taking	79	(10)
Hue, Chroma, and Value	79	(1)
Involving the Dental Assistant and Patient	79	(1)
Lighting for Shade Taking	80	(1)
Matching the Shade	81	(1)
Characterizing the Shade	81	(5)
Placement of Class II Composite Resin Restoration	86	(3)
Preventive and Bleaching Materials	89	(34)
Fluoride	91	(4)
Topical Versus Systemic Effects	91	(1)
Protection Against Erosion	92	(1)
Bacteria Inhibition	92	(1)
Fluoride and Antibacterial Rinses for Control of Dental Caries	92	(1)
Methods of Delivery	93	(1)
Safety	94	(1)
Pit and Fissure Sealants	95	(2)
Purpose	95	(1)
Indications	96	(1)
Composition	96	(1)
Working Time	97	(1)
Color and Wear	97	(1)
Placement	97	(1)
Effectiveness	97	(1)
Desensitizing Agents	97	(3)
Causes of Tooth Sensitivity	98	(1)
Function	98	(1)
Categories and Components	99	(1)
Mouth Guards and Splints	100	(1)
Sports Mouth Guards	100	(1)
Night Guards (Bruxism Mouth Guards)	100	(1)
Maintenance	100	(1)
Teeth Bleaching	101	(22)
How Bleaching Works	101	(1)
Types of Stains	101	(1)
In-Office Bleaching	102	(1)
Home Bleaching	103	(1)
Over-the-Counter Products	104	(1)
Role of the Dental Assistant or Hygienist	104	(1)
Potential Side Effects	104	(1)
Restorative Considerations	105	(1)
Contraindications	105	(1)
Re-Treatment	105	(5)
Applying Topical Fluoride	110	(1)
Applying Dental Sealants	111	(3)
In-Office Bleaching	114	(1)
Clinical Procedures for Home Bleaching	115	(2)
Fabrication of Custom Bleaching Trays	117	(3)
Fabrication of a Sports Mouth Protector	120	(3)
Metals in Dentistry	123	(32)
Dental Amalgam	125	(8)
Alloy Versus Amalgam	126	(1)
Silver-Based Amalgam Alloy Particles	126	(1)
Composition	126	(1)
Setting Transformation	127	(1)
Setting Reactions	127	(1)
Tarnish	127	(1)
Corrosion	128	(1)
Creep	128	(1)
Dimensional Change	128	(1)
Strength	129	(1)
Handling Characteristics of High-Copper Alloys	129	(1)
Manipulation of Amalgam	129	(2)
Bonding Amalgam	131	(1)
Mercury Safety Procedures	131	(2)
Mercury-Free Amalgam	133	(1)
Casting Alloys	133	(2)
All-Metal Castings	133	(1)
Porcelain Bonding Alloys	134	(1)
Removable Prosthetic Casting Alloys	135	(1)
Biocompatibility	135	(1)
Solders	135	(1)
Gold Solders	135	(1)
Silver Solders	136	(1)
Wrought Metal Alloys	136	(1)
Wire	136	(1)
Endodontic Files and Reamers	136	(1)
Metals Used in Orthodontics	136	(2)
Wires	136	(1)
Brackets and Bands	137	(1)
Lingual Retainer	137	(1)
Implant Materials	138	(5)
Subperiosteal Implants	138	(1)
Transosteal Implants	138	(1)
Endosseous Implants	138	(1)
Endosseous Implant Placement and Restoration	139	(1)
Maintenance	139	(2)
Home Care	141	(1)
Hygiene Visit	142	(1)
Implant Failure	143	(1)
Endodontic Posts	143	(12)
Purpose	143	(1)
Classification	143	(1)
Custom Posts	144	(1)
Preformed Posts	144	(7)
Assist with Placement of Class II Amalgam	151	(4)
Abrasion, Finishing, and Polishing	155	(17)
Finishing and Polishing	156	(5)
Factors Affecting Abrasion	157	(1)
Delivery Design of Abrasives	158	(1)
Materials Used in Abrasion	159	(1)
Preparations Used for Abrasion	160	(1)
Finishing and Polishing Procedures	161	(2)
Margination and the Removal of Flash	161	(1)
Amalgam	162	(1)
Composite	163	(1)
Gold Alloy	163	(1)
Porcelain	163	(1)
Polishing During an Oral Prophylaxis (Coronal Polish)	163	(2)
Amalgam	163	(1)
Composite	163	(1)
Gold Alloys and Porcelain	164	(1)
Resin Cement Interface	164	(1)
Air Polishing and Air Abrasion	164	(1)
Safety/Infection Control	165	(1)
Patient Education	165	(7)
Finishing and Polishing a Preexisting Amalgam Restoration	168	(2)
Polishing a Preexisting Composite Restoration	170	(2)
Dental Cement	172	(23)
Uses of Dental Cements	173	(3)
Pulpal Protection	173	(2)
Luting-Cementation	175	(1)
Restorations	175	(1)
Surgical Dressing	176	(1)
Properties of Dental Cements	176	(2)
Strength	176	(1)
Solubility	176	(1)
Viscosity/Film Thickness	177	(1)
Biocompatibility	177	(1)
Retention	177	(1)
Esthetics	178	(1)
Manipulation	178	(2)
Mixing	178	(1)
Loading the Restoration	179	(1)
Removal of Excess Cement	179	(1)
Cleanup, Disinfection, and Sterilization	180	(1)
Considerations During Instrumentation	180	(1)
Dental Cements	180	(15)
Zinc Oxide Eugenol	180	(1)
Zinc Phosphate	181	(1)
Zinc Polycarboxylate	181	(1)
Glass Ionomer Cements	182	(1)
Traditional Glass Ionomer Cements	182	(1)
Hybrid Ionomer Cements (Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Cements)	183	(1)
Resin-Based Cements (Composite Resin, Adhesive Resin, and Compomer)	183	(4)
Mixing Zinc Oxide Eugenol Cement: Primary and Secondary Consistency	187	(2)
Mixing Zinc Phosphate Cement: Primary and Secondary Consistency	189	(2)
Mixing Zinc Polycarboxylate Cement: Primary and Secondary Consistency	191	(1)
Mixing Glass Ionomer Cement: Predosed Capsule	192	(1)
Mixing Resin-Based Cement: Light-Cured and Dual-Cured	193	(2)
Impression Materials	195	(35)
Impression Trays	198	(1)
Elastic Impression Materials	198	(15)
Hydrocolloids	198	(8)
Elastomers	206	(7)
Inelastic Impression Materials	213	(2)
Dental Impression Compound	213	(1)
Impression Plaster	214	(1)
Zinc Oxide Eugenol Impression Material	215	(1)
Impression Wax	215	(1)
Disinfecting Impressions	215	(15)
Disinfecting Casts	217	(1)
Sterilizing Impression Trays	217	(5)
Making an Alginate Impression	222	(3)
Making a Double-Bite Impression for a Crown	225	(2)
Bite Registration with Elastomeric Material	227	(2)
Disinfection of Impression Material or Bite Registration	229	(1)
Gypsum Products	230	(19)
Properties and Behaviors of Gypsum Products	231	(2)
Chemical Properties	231	(1)
Physical Properties	232	(1)
Classification of Gypsum Products	233	(1)
Impression Plaster (Type I)	233	(1)
Model Plaster (Type II)	233	(1)
Dental Stone (Type III)	234	(1)
Dental Stone, High Strength (Type IV)	234	(1)
High-Strength, High-Expansion Dental Stone (Type V)	234	(1)
Manipulation	234	(15)
Selection	234	(1)
Proportioning (Water/Powder Ratio)	234	(1)
Mixing	235	(1)
Initial Setting Time---Working Time	235	(1)
Final Setting Time	235	(1)
Control of Setting Times	235	(1)
Pouring the Casts	236	(1)
Storage	237	(1)
Cleanup	237	(1)
Infection Control Issues	237	(1)
Trimming	238	(1)
Metal-Plated and Epoxy Dies and Resin-Reinforced Die Stone	238	(1)
Investment Materials	239	(3)
Mixing Gypsum Products	242	(1)
Pouring the Anatomic Portion of Diagnostic Casts	243	(2)
Pouring the Base Portion of Diagnostic Casts	245	(1)
Trimming Diagnostic Casts	246	(3)
Polymers for Prosthetic Dentistry	249	(25)
Review of Polymer Formation	250	(1)
Cross-Linked Polymers	251	(1)
Polymerization Reactions	251	(1)
Acrylic Resins (Plastics)	251	(6)
Properties	252	(1)
Acrylic Resin for Denture Bases	253	(1)
Polymerization Reaction	253	(4)
Denture Liners	257	(3)
Soft Lining Materials	257	(2)
Hard Lining Materials	259	(1)
Infection Control Procedures	259	(1)
Over-the-Counter Liners	259	(1)
Plastic (Acrylic) Teeth	260	(1)
Characterization of Dentures	260	(1)
Plastics for Maxillofacial Prostheses	261	(1)
Denture Repair	262	(1)
Chemical-Cured Acrylic Repair Material	262	(1)
Light-Cured Repair Material	262	(1)
Custom Impression Trays and Record Bases	262	(1)
Chemical-Cured Tray and Record Base Material	262	(1)
Light-Cured Tray and Record Base Material	263	(1)
Care of Acrylic Resin Dentures	263	(11)
Home Care	263	(1)
In-Office Care	263	(1)
Storage of Dentures	264	(5)
Fabrication of Custom Acrylic Impression Trays	269	(2)
Fabrication of Record Bases with Light-Cured Acrylic Resin	271	(3)
Provisional Restorations	274	(21)
Dental Procedures That May Require Provisional Coverage	275	(1)
Criteria for Provisional Coverage	275	(2)
Maintain Prepared Tooth Position to Adjacent and Opposing Teeth	275	(1)
Protect the Exposed Tooth Surfaces and Margins	276	(1)
Protect the Gingival Tissues	276	(1)
Provide Function and Esthetics	276	(1)
Properties of Provisional Materials	277	(1)
Strength	277	(1)
Hardness	278	(1)
Tissue Compatibility	278	(1)
Esthetics	278	(1)
Handling	278	(1)
Provisional Materials	278	(3)
Preformed Crowns	278	(1)
Stainless Steel Crowns	279	(1)
Aluminum Shell Crowns	279	(1)
Polycarbonate and Celluloid Crown Forms	279	(1)
Customized Provisionals	280	(1)
Acrylic Provisional Materials	281	(1)
Composite Provisional Materials	281	(1)
Intracoronal Cement Provisionals	281	(1)
Patient Education	282	(13)
Metal Provisional Crown	285	(3)
Polycarbonate Provisional Crown	288	(3)
Custom Provisional Coverage: Direct Technique	291	(2)
Intracoronal Cement Temporary Restoration	293	(2)
Dental Waxes	295	(9)
Composition and Properties	296	(1)
Melting Range	296	(1)
Flow	296	(1)
Excess Residue	296	(1)
Dimensional Change	296	(1)
Classification of Waxes	297	(1)
Pattern Waxes	297	(1)
Processing Waxes	297	(1)
Impression Waxes	298	(1)
Manipulation	298	(1)
Lost Wax Technique	298	(6)
Wax Bite Registration	302	(2)
Appendix A: Resources	304	(17)
Appendix B: Competencies	321	(33)
Appendix C: Conversion Tables	354	(2)
Appendix D: Answers to Review Questions	356	(2)
Glossary	358