Desert Regions: Population, Migration and Environment

by Portnov, Boris A.; Hare, A. Paul

• ISBN13: 9783540657804
• ISBN10: 3540657800
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-09-01
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

Addresses three distinctive aspects of desert development: regional planning, urban environment and building. Summarizes the results of 20 years of research carried out by the Center for Desert Architecture and Urban Planning at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel. DLC: City planning--Arid regions.

Table of Contents

Preface	v
List of Contributors	xv
Introduction	1	(16)
B.A. Portnov
Climatic Causes of Aridity	2	(1)
Criteria for Aridity	3	(1)
Geographic Extent of Deserts	4	(1)
The Process of Desertification	5	(1)
Deserts and Urban Growth	6	(4)
Scope of the Book	10	(7)
References	13	(4)
Part One REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND POPULATION CHANGE
Long-term Development Patterns of Peripheral Desert Settlements	17	(20)
B.A. Portnov
E. Erell
Introduction	17	(1)
Desert Urbanization in Israel: Prerequisites and Historical Background	18	(2)
Desert Settlements: Exogenous Factors	20	(1)
Development Paradigms	21	(3)
Economic Development of Peripheral Desert Areas	21	(2)
Population Growth	23	(1)
Research Method	24	(2)
Development Peculiarities of Desert Settlements	26	(4)
Influence of the Desert	30	(1)
Conclusions and Policy Implications	31	(6)
References	34	(3)
Sustainable Population Growth of Urban Settlements: Preconditions and Criteria	37	(24)
B.A. Portnov
D. Pearlmutter
Introduction	37	(1)
Defining Sustainability	37	(1)
Measuring Population Growth	38	(1)
Urban Settlements in Israel: Inequalities of Population Growth	39	(1)
Patterns of Urbanization in Israel and General Development Policies	40	(4)
A Generalized Model of In-country Migrations	44	(2)
Research Method	46	(2)
Components of Population Growth	48	(2)
The MB/NG Ratio as an Integrated Indicator for Measuring the Sustainability of Population Growth	50	(3)
Factors Influencing Migration Attractiveness of Urban Areas	53	(1)
Conclusions and Policy Implications	54	(7)
References	58	(3)
Private Construction as a General Indicator of Urban Development	61	(26)
B.A. Portnov
D. Pearlmutter
Introduction	61	(1)
Private Construction as a Development Indicator	62	(2)
Private Construction in Israel: Historical Background and Spatial Trends	64	(5)
History of Private Construction in Israel	65	(1)
Geographic Distribution of Private Construction in Israel: General Trends	65	(4)
Private Construction in the Hierarchy of Development Data	69	(2)
Location Paradigm	71	(3)
Case Study	74	(5)
Research Results	79	(1)
Applications in Planning	80	(7)
References	82	(5)
The Effect of Remoteness and Isolation on Development of Peripheral Settlements	87	(24)
B.A. Portnov
E. Erell
Introduction	87	(1)
Sustainable Population Growth of Urban Settlements Components and Research Paradigms	88	(3)
Population Growth	88	(1)
Measuring Economic Development	89	(2)
Spatial Characteristics of Urban Development in Peripheral Areas	91	(1)
Distribution of Population and Settlement Location	91	(1)
Research Method	92	(3)
Controls	95	(2)
Analysis Procedure	97	(1)
Research Results	98	(6)
Population Growth	98	(3)
Index of Clustering	101	(2)
Climatic Harshness	103	(1)
Economic Development	104	(4)
Conclusions and Policy Implications	108	(3)
References	109	(2)
Modeling the Migration Attractiveness of a Region	111	(22)
B.A. Portnov
Introduction	111	(1)
Employment and Housing Factors of Interregional Migration	112	(1)
Modeling the Migration Behavior	113	(1)
Housing-employment Paradigm of Interregional Migration	114	(2)
Israel and Japan: General Patterns of Regional Development	116	(2)
Patterns of Urbanization in Israel and Recent Development Policies	117	(1)
Current Issues of Regional and Urban Development in Japan	117	(1)
General Patterns of Interregional Migration	118	(4)
Israel	118	(2)
Japan	120	(2)
Research Method	122	(3)
Influencing Factors	125	(2)
Employment-housing Balance	127	(2)
Conclusion and Policy Implications	129	(4)
References	130	(3)
Investigating the Effect of Public Policy on Population Growth in Peripheral Areas	133	(20)
B.A. Portnov
Introduction	133	(1)
Regional Policy Evaluation: Contemporary Trends	134	(2)
Research Methodology	136	(2)
Research Approach	138	(2)
Preliminary Results and Discussion	140	(3)
Modeling Procedure	143	(1)
Influencing Factors	144	(1)
Alternative Scenarios	145	(2)
Conclusion	147	(6)
References	148	(5)
Ecological-oriented Options for the Sustainable Development of Drylands	153	(8)
U. N. Safriel
Desert and Development	153	(1)
Development of Hyperarid Drylands	154	(1)
Development of Arid Drylands	155	(1)
Development of Semiarid Drylands	155	(2)
Development of the Dry-Subhumid Drylands	157	(4)
References	158	(3)
Part Two CITIES OF COLD AND HOT DESERTS
Physical Environment and Social Attractiveness of Frontier Settlements: Cities of Siberia, Russia	161	(26)
B.A. Portnov
Introduction	161	(2)
Previous Research	163	(1)
The Region	163	(2)
The Cities	165	(1)
Economics of Transition	166	(1)
Research Method	167	(3)
Spatial Patterns of District Attractiveness	170	(3)
Components of Attractiveness	173	(1)
Relative Importance of Influencing Factors	174	(13)
``Experts'' and ``Residents'': Different Visions	176	(3)
District Attractiveness to Business Activity	179	(1)
IP and the Market Value of Residential Land	180	(2)
Social Factors	182	(1)
Applications in Planning	183	(1)
Conclusion	184	(1)
References	185	(2)
Planning Theories versus Reality: A Desert Study Case	187	(18)
I.A. Meir
Introduction	187	(1)
A Short Note on Settlement in the Past	188	(1)
The Modern Era	188	(8)
Ottoman Period and the European Influences (1900-1917)	188	(1)
Colonialism and British Mandate (1917-1948)	189	(1)
Suburban Agriculture of the First Israeli Period (1948-1950)	190	(1)
Garden City and Neighborhood Unit (1950s)	191	(1)
The New Master Plan and Design Experimentation (1960s)	192	(1)
Prefabrication, High Rise Buildings and Traffic Separation (1970s)	193	(1)
Satellite Rururban Development (1980s)	194	(1)
Emergency Planning for Immigrants (the Early 1990s)	195	(1)
Microclimatic Variability	196	(4)
Conclusions	200	(2)
Positive Intervention in the Existing Fabric	201	(1)
Creating Desert Responsive Urban Forms	202	(1)
Theory and Implementation	202	(3)
References	203	(2)
An Experimental Evaluation of Strategies for Reducing Airborne Dust in Desert Cities	205	(22)
E. Erell
H. Tsoar
Abstract	205	(1)
Introduction	205	(1)
Background	206	(1)
The Transport and Deposition of Dust in the Urban Environment	206	(1)
The Urban Climate	207	(2)
Temperature	208	(1)
Rainfall	208	(1)
Wind Regime	208	(1)
Experimental Sampling, Dust Deposits	209	(4)
Description of Sampling Locations	211	(2)
Field Methods	213	(1)
Laboratory Methods	213	(1)
Results	213	(5)
The Dust Deposition Rate	214	(1)
Grain Size Characteristics	215	(1)
Chemical and Mineralogical Composition	216	(1)
The Effects of a Major Dust Storm	217	(1)
Discussion	218	(6)
The Sources of Urban Dust in Desert Cities	218	(2)
The Effect of Common Design Strategies for Reducing Exposure to Airborne Dust	220	(3)
Reducing Dust in Desert Cities - A Comprehensive Approach	223	(1)
Conclusion	224	(3)
References	225	(2)
Planning in Desert Environments: Three Cases of Responsive Planning	227	(14)
Y. Gradus
Introduction	227	(1)
Israel: Ideology and Planning	228	(1)
Settlement System	228	(3)
Town-planning	231	(3)
Bedouin Towns	234	(4)
Summary and Applications in Planning	238	(3)
References	239	(2)
The Past as a Key for the Future in Resettling the Desert	241	(10)
A.S. Issar
Introduction	241	(1)
A Lost Paradigm	241	(2)
The Rise and Decline of the Deterministic Paradigm	243	(1)
The Breaking Down of the Consensus	244	(3)
Conclusions with Regard to the Future	247	(4)
Bibliography	248	(3)
Part Three BUILDING AND DESING
A Desert Solar Neighborhood in Sede Boker, Israel	251	(12)
Y. Etzion
Introduction	251	(3)
The Neighborhood	254	(1)
Orientation	254	(1)
Circulation	255	(3)
Building Clusters	258	(2)
Setback Lines	260	(1)
Water Heating	261	(1)
Conclusion	262	(1)
References	262	(1)
A Bio-Climatic Approach to Desert Architecture	263	(16)
Y. Etzion
The Climate of the Negev	263	(1)
Building Design: Sealing the Envelope	264	(5)
Windows: Opening the Envelope by Design	269	(4)
The Value of the Courtyard	273	(1)
Performance Monitoring	274	(5)
Urban Microclimate in the Desert: Planning for Outdoor Comfort under Arid Conditions	279	(12)
D. Pearlmutter
P. Berliner
Urban Attractiveness and the Desert Climate	279	(3)
Preconceived Planning in the Negev	280	(1)
Microclimatic Considerations	281	(1)
Case Study: Analyzing the Urban Microclimate	282	(6)
Summary of Case Study Results	284	(3)
Discussion: Creating the Urban ``Cool Island''	287	(1)
Conclusions	288	(3)
References	289	(2)
Adaptive Architecture: Low-Energy Technologies for Climate Control in the Desert	291	(16)
Y. Etzion
D. Pearlmutter
E. Erell
I. Meir
Introduction	291	(1)
The Problem - Local Climatic Conditions	291	(2)
The Response: Project Overview	293	(3)
Experimental Evaluation of the Building's Thermal Performance	296	(7)
The Sunken Atrium	296	(4)
The Evaporative Down Draft Cool Tower	300	(2)
Indirect Space Heating from Solar Heated Air	302	(1)
Conclusions	303	(4)
References	304	(3)
Part Four CASE STUDIES
Desert Settlements in Israel: Socio-Economic and Physical Data	307	(16)
B.A. Portnov
W. Motzafi-Haller
Be'er-Sheva	307	(3)
Eilat	310	(1)
Dimona	311	(2)
Arad	313	(2)
Yeroham	315	(2)
Mitzpe-Ramon	317	(6)
References	319	(4)
Subject Index	323	(6)
Author Index	329