Design of Integrated Circuits for Optical Communications

by Razavi, Behzad

• ISBN13: 9781118336946
• ISBN10: 1118336941
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2012-08-21
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

The increasing demand for high-speed transport of data has revitalized optical communications, leading to extensive work on high-speed device and circuit design. This book deals with the design of high-speed integrated circuits for optical communication transceivers. Building upon a detailed understanding of optical devices, the book describes the analysis and design of critical building blocks, such as transimpedance and limiting amplifiers, laser drivers, phase-locked loops, oscillators, clock and data recovery circuits, and multiplexers. This second edition of this best selling textbook has been updated to provide information on the latest developments in the field.

Author Biography

Behzad Razavi, PHD, Professor of Electrical Engineering at University of California, Los Angeles, is an award-winning author, researcher, and teacher. His research deals with wireless and wireline transceivers, high-speed communication circuits, and data converters. Author of more than 100 papers and seven popular books, Prof. Razavi is a Fellow of the IEEE, has served as an IEEE Distinguished Lecturer, and was recognized as one of the top ten authors in the fifty-year history of the International Solid-State Circuits Conference. He received the IEEE Donald O. Pederson Award in 2012 for his pioneering contributions to the design of high-speed CMOS communication circuits

Table of Contents

Preface to First Edition	p. xiii
Preface	p. xv
About the Author	p. xvii
Introduction to Optical Communications	p. 1
Brief History	p. 1
Generic Optical System	p. 2
Design Challenges	p. 5
State of the Art	p. 6
Basic Concepts	p. 8
Properties of Random Binary Data	p. 8
Generation of Random Data	p. 12
Data Formats	p. 14
NRZ and RZ Data	p. 14
8B/10B Coding	p. 14
Effect of Bandwidth Limitation on Random Data	p. 16
Effect of Low-Pass Filtering	p. 16
Eye Diagrams	p. 16
Effect of High-Pass Filtering	p. 18
Effect of Noise on Random Data	p. 21
Phase Noise and Jitter	p. 24
Phase Noise	p. 24
Jitter	p. 27
Relationship Between Phase Noise and Jitter	p. 28
Jitter Due to Additive Noise	p. 28
Transmission Lines	p. 30
Ideal Transmission Lines	p. 30
Lossy Transmission Lines	p. 33
Optical Devices	p. 36
Laser Diodes	p. 36
Operation of Lasers	p. 38
Types of Lasers	p. 40
Properties of Lasers	p. 42
External Modulation	p. 45
Optical Fibers	p. 46
Fiber Loss	p. 47
Fiber Dispersion	p. 48
Photodiodes	p. 55
Responsivity and Efficiency	p. 55
PIN Diodes	p. 56
Avalanche Photodiodes	p. 57
Optical Systems	p. 58
Transimpedance Amplifiers	p. 62
General Considerations	p. 62
TLA Performance Parameters	p. 64
SNR Calculations	p. 69
Noise Bandwidth	p. 72
Open-Loop TIAs	p. 73
Low-Frequency Behavior	p. 73
High-Frequency Behavior	p. 81
Feedback TIAs	p. 87
First-Order TIA	p. 87
Second-Order TIA	p. 89
Supply Rejection	p. 97
Differential TIAs	p. 100
High-Performance Techniques	p. 103
Gain Boosting	p. 103
Capacitive Coupling	p. 105
Feedback TIAs	p. 106
Inductive Peaking	p. 110
Automatic Gain Control	p. 114
Case Studies	p. 118
New Developments in TLA Design	p. 122
Limiting Amplifiers and Output Buffers	p. 130
General Considerations	p. 130
Performance Parameters	p. 130
Cascaded Gain Stages	p. 132
AM/PM Conversion	p. 136
Broadband Techniques	p. 138
Inductive Peaking	p. 138
Capacitive Degeneration	p. 140
Cherry-Hooper Amplifier	p. 143
fT Doublers	p. 147
Output Buffers	p. 149
Differential Signaling	p. 149
Double Termination	p. 153
Predriver Design	p. 156
Distributed Amplification	p. 159
Monolithic Transmission Lines	p. 159
Distributed Amplifiers	p. 163
Distributed Amplifiers with Lumped Devices	p. 170
Other Broadband Techniques	p. 171
T-Coil Peaking	p. 171
Negative Capacitance	p. 174
Active Feedback	p. 178
Triple-Resonance Peaking	p. 180
Oscillator Fundamentals	p. 185
General Considerations	p. 185
Ring Oscillators	p. 187
LC Oscillators	p. 198
Crossed-Coupled Oscillator	p. 201
Colpitts Oscillator	p. 204
One-Port Oscillators	p. 207
Voltage-Controlled Oscillators	p. 211
Tuning in Ring Oscillators	p. 214
Tuning in LC Oscillators	p. 222
Mathematical Model of VCOs	p. 227
LC Oscillators	p. 233
Monolithic Inductors	p. 233
Loss Mechanisms	p. 235
Inductor Modeling	p. 239
Inductor Design Guidelines	p. 242
Monolithic Varactors	p. 246
Basic LC Oscillators	p. 248
Differential Control	p. 251
Design Procedure	p. 253
Quadrature Oscillators	p. 255
In-Phase Coupling	p. 257
Antiphase Coupling	p. 259
Distributed Oscillators	p. 261
Phase-Locked Loops	p. 264
Simple PLL	p. 264
Phase Detector	p. 264
Basic PLL Topology	p. 265
Dynamics of Simple PLL	p. 274
Charge-Pump PLLs	p. 280
Problem of Lock Acquisition	p. 281
Phase/Frequency Detector and Charge Pump	p. 282
Basic Charge-Pump PLL	p. 286
Nonideal Effects in PLLs	p. 293
PFD/CP Nonidealities	p. 293
Jitter in PLLs	p. 297
Delay-Locked Loops	p. 300
Applications	p. 302
Frequency Multiplication and Synthesis	p. 303
Skew Reduction	p. 305
Jitter Reduction	p. 306
Clock and Data Recovery	p. 308
General Considerations	p. 308
Phase Detectors for Random Data	p. 320
Hogge Phase Detector	p. 320
Alexander Phase Detector	p. 324
Half-Rate Phase Detectors	p. 329
Frequency Detectors for Random Data	p. 333
CDR Architectures	p. 338
Full-Rate Referenceless Architecture	p. 338
Dual-VCO Architecture	p. 339
Dual-Loop Architecture with External Reference	p. 341
Quarter-Rate Phase Detectors	p. 342
Jitter in CDR Circuits	p. 344
Jitter Transfer	p. 345
Jitter Generation	p. 349
Jitter Tolerance	p. 351
Multiplexers and Laser Drivers	p. 356
Multiplexers	p. 356
2-to-1 MUX	p. 356
MUX Architectures	p. 361
Frequency Dividers	p. 364
Flipflop Dividers	p. 364
Miller Divider	p. 372
Laser and Modulator Drivers	p. 374
Performance Parameters	p. 374
Design Principles	p. 378
Power Control	p. 384
New Developments in Laser Driver Design	p. 385
Burst-Mode Circuits	p. 393
Passive Optical Networks	p. 393
Burst-Mode TIAs	p. 395
TIA with Top and Bottom Hold	p. 396
Burst-Mode TIA Variants	p. 400
Offset Correction in Limiting Amplifiers	p. 402
Burst-Mode CDR Circuits	p. 404
Effect of Finite Delays	p. 405
Effect of Frequency Mismatch and Offset	p. 406
Jitter Characteristics	p. 410
Alternative BM CDR Architectures	p. 413
Index	p. 417
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