Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

by Subramanian, N.

• ISBN13: 9780198086949
• ISBN10: 0198086946
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2014-03-01
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Author Biography

N. Subramanian, Consultant

Dr N. Subramanian is a consulting engineer living in Maryland, USA and former Chief Executive of Computer Design Consultants, Chennai. A Ph D from IIT Madras, he has 35 years of professional experience which include teaching, research, and consultancy. He has served as a consultant to several leading organizations in India and has designed several multi-storey concrete buildings, steel towers, industrial buildings, steel space frames, and structures using cold-formed steel sections. Dr Subramanian has authored several books and technical papers published in international and Indian journals and conferences. He has also been a reviewer for many Indian and international journals. He is also a fellow of several professional bodies.

Table of Contents

Preface
Notations/Symbols
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO REINFORCED CONCRETE
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Brief History
1.1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete
1.2 Concrete - making materials
1.2.1 Cement (Portland cement and other cements)
1.2.2 Aggregates
1.2.3 Water
1.2.4 Admixtures
1.2.5.1 Chemical admixtures
1.2.5.2 Mineral admixtures
1.3 Proportioning of Concrete Mixes
1.4 Hydration of Cement
1.5 Types of concrete
1.5.1 Ready mixed concrete
1.5.2 High Performance Concrete
1.5.2.1 Self Compacting Concrete
1.5.3 Structural Light-weight Concrete
1.5.3.1 Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC)
1.5.4 Fibre Reinforced Concrete
1.5.5 Ductile Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composites (DFRCC)
1.5.5.1 Engineered Cementitious composites (ECC)
1.5.5.2 Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC)
1.5.5.3 Compact Reinforced Composites (CRC)
1.5.5.4 SIFCON and SIMCON
1.5.6 Ferrocement
1.6 Reinforcing steel
1.6.1 Corrosion of Rebars
1.7 Concrete placing, compacting and curing
1.8 Properties of Fresh and Hardened concrete
1.8.1 Workability of concrete
1.8.2 Compressive Strength
1.8.2.1 Cube and cylinder tests
1.8.3 Stress-strain characteristics
1.8.4 Tensile strength
1.8.5 Bearing strength
1.8.6 Modulus of Elasticity and Poisson's ratio
1.8.7 Strength under combined stresses
1.8.8 Shrinkage and temperature effects
1.8.9 Creep of concrete
1.8.10 Non- destructive Testing
1.9 Durability of concrete
Examples
Summary
Review questions
Exercises
References
CHAPTER 2 STRUCTURAL FORMS
2.1 Basic Structural elements
2.2 Floors and Roof Systems
2.3 Precast concrete Buildings
2.4 Lateral Load Resisting Systems
2.5 Structural Integrity
2.6 Systems for Bridges
2.7 Shells and Folded Plates
2.8 Containment Structures
2.9 Chimneys and Towers
Examples
Summary
Chapter 3 LOADING AND LOAD COMBINATIONS
3.1 Characteristic Actions (Loads)
3.2 Dead Loads
3.3 Imposed Loads
3.3.1 Consideration of Slab loads on beams
3.3.2 Consideration of Wall loads on beams
3.4 Impact Loads
3.5 Snow & Ice Loads
3.6 Wind Loads
3.6.1 Vortex-shedding
3.6.2 Dynamic Effects
3.6.3 Wind effects on Tall buildings
3.7 Earthquake Loads
3.7.1 Natural Frequencies
3.7.2 The Equivalent Static Method
3.7.3 Rules to be followed for Buildings in Seismic Areas
3.7.4 Devices to Reduce Earthquake Effects
3.8 Other Loads and Effects
3.8.1 Foundation Movements
3.8.2 Thermal and Shrinkage Effects
3.8.2.1 Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement
3.8.2.2 Shrinkage strip and shrinkage compensating concrete
3.8.3 Soil and Hydrostatic Pressure
3.8.4 Erection and Construction Loads
3.8.5 Flood Loads
3.8.6 Axial Shortening of Columns
3.9 Pattern Loading
3.10 Load Combinations
3.10.1 Load Combinations for Non-orthogonal Buildings
Examples
Summary
Exercises
Review Questions
References
Chapter 4 THE BASIS OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN
4.1 Steps Involved in the Construction
4.2 Role and Responsibilities of The Designer
4.3 Design Considerations
4.3.1 Safety
4.3.2 Stability
4.3.3 Serviceability
4.3.4 Economy
4.3.5 Durability
4.3.5.1 Curing
4.3.5.2 Cover
4.3.5.3 Controlled permeability formwork (CPF) systems
4.3.6 Aesthetics
4.3.7 Environment friendliness
4.3.7.1 Geopolymer Concrete
4.3.8 Functional requirements
4.3.9 Ductility
4.4 Analysis and Design
4.4.1 Relative Stiffness
4.4.2 Redistribution of Moments
4.5 Codes and Specifications
4.6 Design Philosophies
4.6.1 Working Stress Method (WSM)
4.6.2 Ultimate Load Design (ULD)
4.6.3 Limit States Design
4.6.3.1 Uncertainties in Design
4.6.3.2 Limit States
4.6.3.3 Levels of Reliability Methods
4.6.3.4 Characteristic Load and Characteristic Strength
4.6.4 Sampling and Acceptance Criteria
4.7 Limit States Method (LSM)
4.7.1 Limit State of Strength
4.7.1.1Multiple Safety Factor Format
4.7.1.2 Load and Resistance Factor Design Format
4.7.1.3 Partial Safety Factor Format
4.7.2 Serviceability Limit States
4.7.2.1 Deflections and Crack widths
4.7.2.2 Vibration
4.8 Design by Using Model and Load Tests
4.9 The Strut-And-Tie Model
4.10 Performance Based Design
Summary
Examples
Review Questions
Exercises
References
Chapter 5 FLEXURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF BEAMS
5.1 Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Beams in Bending
5.1.1 Uncracked section
5.1.2 Cracking moment
5.1.3 Cracked section
5.1.4 Yielding of Tension Reinforcement and Collapse
5.2 Analysis and Design for Flexure
5.3 Analysis of Singly Reinforced rectangular sections
5.3.1 Assumptions made to Calculate Ultimate Moment of Resistance
5.3.2 Design Bending Moment Capacity of Rectangular Section
5.3.3 Balanced, under and over- reinforced Sections
5.3.4 Depth of Neutral Axis
5.3.4.1 Limiting values of Xu/d
5.3.5 Resisting Moment Strength for Balanced section
5.4 Design of Singly Reinforced rectangular sections
5.4.1 Minimum Depth for Given Mu
5.4.2 Limiting percentage of Steel
5.4.3 Factors affecting Ultimate Moment Capacity
5.4.4 Minimum Tension Reinforcement
5.4.5 Maximum Flexural Steel
5.4.5.1 Tension and Compression Controlled Sections
5.4.6 Slenderness Limits for Rectangular Beams
5.4.7 Guidelines for choosing dimensions and reinforcement of beams
5.4.8 Procedure for proportioning a section for given loads
5.4.9 Design of Over-Reinforced Section
5.4.10 Design Using Charts and Design Aids
5.5 Doubly Reinforced Rectangular beams
5.5.1 Behaviour of Doubly reinforced Beams
5.5.2 Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beams
5.5.3 Limiting Moment of Resistance and Compression Steel
5.5.4 Design of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beams
5.5.5 Design Using Charts and Design Aids
5.6 Flanged beams
5.6.1 Effective width of flange
5.6.2 Behaviour of Flanged Beams
5.6.3 Analysis of flanged beams
5.6.4 Minimum and Maximum steel
5.6.4.1 Transverse Reinforcement in Flange
5.6.4.2 Flexural Tension Reinforcement
5.6.5 Doubly reinforced flanged beams
5.6.6 Design of Flanged Beams
5.6.6.1 Flanged Beam under Negative Moment
5.6.6.2 Flanged Beam under Positive Moment
5.6.7 Design of Flanged Beams Using Charts and Design Aids
5.6.8 Design of L-beams
5.7 Minimum Flexural Ductility
5.8 Deep Beams
5.9 Wide-Shallow Beams
5.10 Hidden Beams
5.11 Lintel and Plinth Beams
5.12 High Strength steel and High strength Concrete
5.13 Fatigue behaviour of Beams
Examples
Summary
Review Question
Exercises
Chapter 6 Design for shear
Introduction
6.1 Behaviour of RC Beams under Shear
6.1.1 Behaviour of Uncracked Beam
6.1.2 Shear Behaviour of Beams without Shear Reinforcement
6.1.3 Types of Shear or web Reinforcement
6.1.4 Behaviour of Beams with Shear or Web Reinforcements
6.2 Size Effect
6.3 Modified Compression Field Theory
6.4 Design Shear Strength of Concrete in Beams
6.4.1 Factors affecting shear strength
6.4.2 Maximum shear stress
6.5. Critical Section for shear
6.5.1 Enhanced Shear Strength near Supports
6.6 Minimum and Maximum shear reinforcement
6.6.1 Upper Limit on Area of Shear Reinforcement
6.7 Design of Shear Reinforcement
6.7.1 Design Procedure for Shear Reinforcement
6.7.2 Design Aids
6.7.3 Anchoring of Shear Stirrups
6.8 Shear Design of Flanged Beams
6.9 Beams of Varying Depth
6.10 Beams located in earthquake zones
6.11 High Strength Concrete and High Strength Steel
6.12 Shear Strength of Members with Axial Force
Examples
Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Chapter 7 Design for Effective Bond between concrete and steel
Introduction
7.1 Local or Flexural Bond Stress
7.2 Average or Anchorage (Development) Bond Stress
7.3 Development Length
7.4 Bond failure and bond strength
7.5 Development length of Tension bars
7.6 Development length of compression bars
7.7 Equivalent development length of hooks and bends
7.8 Splicing of reinforcement
Example
Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Chapter 8 Design for members in Torsion
Introduction
8.1 Equilibrium and Compatibility Torsion
8.2 Behavior of beams in Torsion
8.3 Design Strength in Torsion
8.4 Interaction curves for combined flexure and torsion
8.5 Interaction curves for combined shear and torsion
8.6 Indian code provisions for design of longitudinal and transverse reinforcement
8.7 Detailing of Torsion steel
8.8 Torsion in curved beams
Examples
Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Chapter 9 Serviceability Limit States: Deflection and Cracking
Introduction
9.1 Design for Limit state of Deflection
9.2 Empirical method of Deflection control
9.3 Long- term deflections
9.4 Empirical method of control of cracking
9.5 Bar spacing rules for beams
9.6 Bar spacing rules for slabs
9.7 Minimum steel for Crack control
9.8 Slenderness Limits for beams for Stability
Examples
Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Chapter 10 Design of One-way Slabs
Introduction
10.1 Analysis of one-way slabs using coefficients
10.2 Shear in slabs
10.3 Design procedure for one-way slabs
10.4 Concentrated load on one-way slabs
Examples
Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Chapter 11 Design of Two-way Slabs
Introduction
11.1 Two-way action of slabs
11.2 Wall and beam supported two-way slabs
11.3 Moment in Two-way restrained slabs
11.4 Detailing of Reinforcements
11.5 Shear forces in two-way slabs
11.6 Procedure for design of two-way slabs
11.7 Concentrated loads on two-way slabs
11.8 Design of Non-rectangular slabs
Examples
Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Chapter 12 Limit State of Collapse for members in Compression
Introduction
12.1 Classification of Columns
12.2 Unsupported and effective length of columns
12.3 Slenderness limits for columns
12.4 Codal requirements on minimum eccentricities and Reinforcement
12.5 Design of axially loaded short columns
12.5.1 Design of longitudinal steel
12.5.2 Design of lateral ties
12.6 Design of short columns with axial load and uniaxial bending
12.7 Design of short columns with axial load and biaxial bending
12.8 Shear in columns subjected to moments
12.9 Design of non-rectangular columns
12.10 Design of slender columns bent about both axes.
12.11 Design procedure for slender columns
Examples
Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Chapter 13 Design of Footing and Pile Caps
Introduction
13.1 Types of footing
13.2 Soil pressure on foundation
13.3 Procedure of Independent footings
13.3.1 Procedure for design of footings
13.3.2 Design of Square footings
13.3.3 Design of Rectangular footings
13.3.4 Design of Combined footings
13.3.5 Design of eccentric footings
13.4 Design of Combined footings
13.5 Design of Pedestals
13.6 Design of Piles
13.7 Design of Pile Caps
13.8 Raft foundation
13.8.1 Piled raft
Examples
Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Chapter 14 Design of RC walls and shear walls
Introduction
14.1 Slenderness ratio of walls
14.2 Design of RC walls as per Indian Code
14.3 Procedure for design of RC walls
14.4 Basement wall
14.5 Types of retaining walls
14.6 Earth pressure theories
14.7 Design of cantilever retaining walls
14.8 Design of counterfort retaining walls.
Examples
Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Chapter 15 Design of Staircases
Introduction
15.1 Types of Staircases
15.2 Loads on Stair Slabs
15.3 Design of Stair Slabs Spanning Transversely
15.4 Design of Stair Slabs Spanning Longitudinally
Examples
Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Chapter 16 Design of Tension Members
Introduction
16.1 Design methods for members in Direct tension
16.2 Elastic method of design of tension members
16.3 Design procedure for direct tension
16.4 Design of members in Bending-tension
16.5 Interaction curves for bending and tension
16.6 Design for bending, shear and tension
Examples
Summary
Review Question
Exercises
Chapter 17 Detailing of Reinforcement
Introduction
17.1 Detailed Structural Drawings
17.2 Detailing for flexural members
17.3 Detailing for columns
17.4 Detailing of joints
17.5 Bar supports and cover
17.6 Deflection control
17.7 Detailing for ductility
Chapter 18 Case Study of design of a four storey building
Introduction
18.1 Detailed Structural Layout
18.2 Estimation of Loads
18.3 Gravity loads analysis
18.4 Lateral Load analysis
18.5 Comparison of manual method with analysis using a computer package
18.6 Design of various components
18.7 Serviceability checks
18.8 Design using computer programs
18.9 Detailing for ductility
18.10 Preparation of Bar schedule
18.11 Material take off and cost analysis
Chapter 19 Design of Joints
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Beam-Column Joints
19.2.1 Requirements of Beam-Column Joints
19.2.2 Design and Detailing of Joints
19.2.3 Corner Joints
19.2.4 T-Joints
19.2.5 Beam-Column Joints in Frames
19.2.6 Design of Beam-Column Joints
19.2.7 Anchorage of bars at joints
19.2.8 Constructability Issues
19.3 Beam-to-Beam Joints
19.4 Design of Corbels
19.5 Design of Anchors
19.5.1 Different Types of Anchors
19.5.2 Code Provisions for Design
19.5.3 Steel Strength of Anchor in Tension
19.5.4 Concrete Breakout Strength of Anchor in Tension
19.5.5 Pullout Strength in Tension
19.5.6 Concrete Side-face Blowout Strength in Tension
19.5.7 Failure modes in Shear Loading
19.5.8 Steel Strength of anchor in shear
19.5.9 Concrete Breakout Strength of Anchor in Shear
19.5.10 Concrete Pryout Strength of Anchor in Shear
19.5.11 Bond Strength of Adhesive Anchor in Tension
19.5.12 Required Strength of Anchors
19.5.13 Interaction of Tensile and Shear Forces
19.5.14 Seismic Design Requirements
19.5.15 Influence of Reinforcements to Resist Shear
19.5.16 Required Edge Distances and Spacing to Prevent Splitting of Concrete
19.6 Obtuse Angled and Acute Angled Corners
Examples
Summary
Review Question
Exercises
Chapter 20 Design of Multi-storey Buildings
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Example Frame
20.3 Detailed Structural Layouts
20.4 Estimation of Loads
20.5 Analysis of the Structure
20.6 Load Combinations
20.7 RC Design Using STAAD.Pro for Indian Codes
20.8 Serviceability Checks
20.9 Strength Design of Columns
20.10 Strength Design of Beams
20.11 Design of Foundations
20.12 Design of Slabs
20.13 STAAD.Pro Input File
Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
APPENDICES
A. Properties of soils
B. Analysis and Modeling of structures
C. Design using Strut-and-Tie Model
D. Design Aids
E. Practical Tips
REFERENCES
Index